RESUMO
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is defined by involvement of the central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with a wide range of both neurological and psychiatric manifestations. Although its aetiopathogenesis is not fully elucidated, NPSLE seems to be a consequence of cerebral vascular pathology including thromboembolism, small-vessel vasculopathy and, in rare cases, true vasculitis. Cerebral vasculitis is rare, and cerebral large-vessel vasculitis in SLE is even more unusual. We report the case of a female patient with the diagnosis of SLE. She presented with stroke-like symptoms, headache and vertigo, and palpable purpura on her legs. Further investigations revealed that she suffered from both vasculitis of the cerebral large vessels and coexisting cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis.
Assuntos
Artérias Cerebrais , Vasculite Associada ao Lúpus do Sistema Nervoso Central/diagnóstico , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética , Dermatopatias Vasculares/patologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Vasculite Associada ao Lúpus do Sistema Nervoso Central/complicações , Púrpura/etiologia , Púrpura/patologia , Dermatopatias Vasculares/etiologiaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Typically both breast and prostate cancer present as tissue with decreased elasticity. Palpation is the oldest technique of tumor detection in both organs and is based on this principle. Thus an operator can grade a palpable mass as suspicious for cancer. Strain elastography as modern ultrasound technique allows the visualization of tissue elasticity in a color coded elastogram and can be understood as technical finger. The following article shows similarities and differences of ultrasound strain elastography in the diagnosis of breast and prostate cancer. KEY POINTS: ⢠In prostata cancer elastography, in breast cancer B-mode is the primary sonographic search modality. ⢠The diagnostic value of the search modalities change with increasing age.⢠A cut-off value for a strain ratio is hard to obtain in the elastography of the prostata, because there is no stabile reference tissue in the prostata.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/fisiopatologia , Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade/métodos , Neoplasias da Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Próstata/fisiopatologia , Ultrassonografia Mamária/métodos , Módulo de Elasticidade , Feminino , Humanos , Aumento da Imagem/métodos , MasculinoRESUMO
Technical fusion is defined as the ultrasound-guided navigation through a previously generated 3âD imaging dataset such as a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This technique allows for moving the fused CT/MRI datasets synchroneously with the real-time ultrasound in the same plane. Established and furthermore not yet described applications, the technical principles and the limitations of this promising technique will be introduced.
Assuntos
Pontos de Referência Anatômicos/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Imagem Multimodal/métodos , Técnica de Subtração , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Neoplasias Urológicas/diagnóstico , Pontos de Referência Anatômicos/patologia , Sistemas Computacionais , Desenho de Equipamento , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/instrumentação , Avaliação da Tecnologia Biomédica , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/instrumentação , Ultrassonografia/instrumentação , Interface Usuário-ComputadorRESUMO
We used the recombinant chicken interferon-gamma (ChIFN-gamma) to determine its in vitro effects on chicken immune cells. We found that ChIFN-gamma induced nitric oxide (NO) production, upregulated Ia expression on the cell surface, and inhibited the replication of Newcastle disease virus in NCSU and HD11 cells (chicken macrophage cell lines). In addition, ChIFN-gamma had an antiproliferative effect on RP9 cells, a chicken B cell line. Finally, ChIFN-gamma inhibited mitogenic proliferation of normal chicken spleen cells and induced the cells to generate NO. Inhibition of viral replication and mitogenic proliferation of normal cells were correlated with NO production. We conclude that recombinant chicken ChIFN-gamma modulates chicken immune cells.
Assuntos
Interferon gama/farmacologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Galinhas , Proteínas Recombinantes , Baço/citologia , Baço/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The large number of phenotypically distinct strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) provide a broad genetic background for examining naturally occurring coronavirus variation. Comparisons of the published nucleotide sequence of S1 genes of strains isolated in Europe, Japan and the USA and four additional American strains described in this report identified 4 genetically distinct groups. The Dutch group was the most divergent sharing only about 60% identity with the American, Mass and European groups which were about 80% homologous with each other. Whereas the strains within the Mass, European and Dutch strains were at least 95% homologous, the strains within the American group were most variable, sharing about 80% identity. The hypervariable region (HVR) which tended to correlate with serotype extended from amino acid residue 53 to 148. In addition to the previously described putative recombination events in the S1 gene of PP14 and SE17, we have now described similar shifts in homology in the corresponding gene of the Gray, Holte, 6/82 (European strain), and Iowa strains. Although minor cross-over sites were identified in the more conserved 3' end at approximately nt 1000 and 1400, a frequently used hot-spot for recombination extended from nt 25 to a region immediately upstream of, but not including, the hypervariable region (HVR). In addition to point mutations, deletions, and insertions, recombination often involving Mass-like and Ark-like sequences, is a commonly used mechanism responsible for the evolution of IBV.
Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Genes Virais , Variação Genética , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Primers do DNA , Bases de Dados Factuais , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/classificação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fenótipo , Filogenia , RNA Viral , Recombinação Genética , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Homologia de SequênciaRESUMO
The cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a key molecule in the regulation of CD4 + T cell development and specifically potentiates T helper 1 responses in mouse and man. However, biological effects mediated by IL-12 have not been well defined in pigs. Herein, recombinant porcine IL-12 (rPoIL-12) was expressed in a swine poxvirus system as a biologically active heterodimer and used to stimulate bovine or swine lymphoblast cells. After 3 days of incubation, only bovine blasts were responsive to the rPoIL-12 treatment as monitored by cell proliferation in several independent trials. Similarly, i.m. administration of rPoIL-12 in the hind leg of 3-week-old pigs indicated a reduction in the number of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) producing lymphocytes isolated from inguinal lymph nodes. The porcine IL-12R beta2 (IL-12Rbeta2) sequence was cloned and results generated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated that the expression of IL-12R on porcine blasts as measured by the relative levels of IL-12Rbeta2 mRNA was less than that in bovine blasts and are in agreement with the reduced proliferation response of swine blast cells to rPoIL-12 treatment. Real time PCR analysis demonstrated that after PBMC stimulation, bovine blasts had an 11-fold increase in IL-12Rbeta2 mRNA levels while porcine blasts had almost no change. These data support a mechanism for IL-12 stimulation in swine inconsistent with that observed in conventional models.
Assuntos
Interleucina-12/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina/imunologia , Suínos/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Bioensaio , Western Blotting , Bovinos , Células Cultivadas , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Interferon gama/análise , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Interleucina-12/administração & dosagem , Interleucina-12/análise , Interleucina-12/genética , Ativação Linfocitária , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Subunidades Proteicas , RNA Mensageiro/análise , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Receptores de Interleucina/química , Receptores de Interleucina/genética , Receptores de Interleucina-12 , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Suipoxvirus/genética , Linfócitos T/citologiaRESUMO
In ten patients with biliary carcinomas, percutaneous biliary drainage was instituted and intracavitary irradiation performed, using 192iridium with a dose of 40 to 80 Gy. Eight of these patients had been found to be inoperable at laparotomy and two had had a recurrence. In half the patients there was a reduction in the degree of stenosis due to the tumour, but in only one patient was it possible to remove the draining catheter. Survival time in eight patients was between one and eight months, average 5 months. Two patients survived for eleven and twelve months respectively. The relatively poor results are due to extensive metastases. On the other hand, there can be no doubt about the effectiveness of this treatment on locally confined tumours, in view of the reduction in the obstruction caused by the tumour.
Assuntos
Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/diagnóstico por imagem , Braquiterapia/métodos , Irídio/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/cirurgia , Cateterismo , Terapia Combinada , Drenagem , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Radiografia , Radioisótopos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The Nuclear Medicine Division and 30 other groups at the University of Hannover School of Medicine are taken as examples to describe the diagnostic, therapeutic and research uses of radioactivity and the effectiveness of the associated radiation protection. The evolution of radiation exposures of 520 employees followed over the last six years and the methods used for the disposal of radioactive waste are explained. The adaptation of protective measures to individual and, in particular, specific working conditions has led to approximately 90% of all exposures remaining under the detection limit of the personal dosimeters during the entire observation period. Only a few people contributed to the collective radiation dose. In 1990, the average annual dose equivalent among personnel in the Nuclear Medicine Division was 0.12 mSv/person. By the installation of facilities for the storage of isotopes with short half-lives and of filters in the air circulation system, environmental contamination could be held much below the legal limits. Combustible and liquid waste containing radionuclides with long half-lives such as tritium and 14C had to be disposed of separately. However, they were a small fraction of the total radioactivity used.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais , Medicina Nuclear , Exposição Ocupacional , Proteção Radiológica , Poluentes Radioativos , Faculdades de Medicina , Alemanha Ocidental , Humanos , Resíduos Radioativos , Eliminação de ResíduosRESUMO
Palpation of organs is one of the oldest clinical examination techniques, for instance, if you think of the palpation of the breast or the digital rectal examination of the prostate, where hard palpable regions are suspicious for cancer. This is the basic principle of real-time elastography, an ultrasound technique, which is able to visualise tissue elasticity. Since prostate cancer features an increased stiffness due to the higher cell and vessel density than the normal surrounding tissue, real-time elastography has been used for several years for prostate cancer detection. This review introduces the different techniques of ultrasound elastography and furthermore summarises its limitations and potentials.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade/métodos , Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , MasculinoAssuntos
Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Medula Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Nucleotídeos de Adenina/metabolismo , Difosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Animais , Bovinos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Hidrólise , Técnicas In Vitro , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Fosfatos/metabolismoRESUMO
Throughout its 600 years, Heidelberg University has endured the social and political upheavals of history, repeatedly rising like a phoenix from the ashes of a series of disasters to fulfill its mission as a center of learning and research. Founded in 1386, and buffeted by wars, plaques, and diverse political and social systems ever since, the university has developed along lines determined as much by regional, European, and world politics as by the dynamics inherent in its disciplines. Its history may be divided into the following six historical phases: (1) the scholastic university of the late Middle Ages (1386-1556); (2) the Protestant university (1556-1685); (3) the Catholic university (1685-1807); (4) the university in the age of liberalism and nationalism (1803-1933); (5) the university during National Socialism (1933-1945); and (6) the contemporary university and its efforts to cope with the explosion of knowledge, steadily growing student numbers, and other problems related to growth, expansion, and diversification in all disciplines (1945 to the present).
Assuntos
Universidades/história , Alemanha , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História MedievalRESUMO
Yttrium-90 radiosynoviorthesis of the knee joint in rheumatic inflammatory diseases shows favourable results. Because of the supposed exposure of the patients gonads, Yttrium synoviorthesis has rarely been performed in patients below the age of 40. Scintigraphic studies in 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed no significant leakage of the radionuclide from the knee joint. Gamma camera measurements both phantom and in vivo in the regions of ovary and testes revealed a local dose of 1.05 microGy/MBq (3.9 mrd/mCi) or 1.1 microGy/MBq (4.1 mrd/mCi) of the injected radioactivity. Calculation of the maximum possible load of the gonads, supposing even total leakage of the injected 90-Yttrium from the knee joint, yielded a maximum possible dose of 6 mGy (600 mrd). We conclude from these studies and calculations that Yttrium-90 synoviorthesis of the knee joint can safely be carried out in patients below the age of 40.
Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide/radioterapia , Braquiterapia , Articulação do Joelho/efeitos da radiação , Ovário/efeitos da radiação , Lesões por Radiação/etiologia , Testículo/efeitos da radiação , Adulto , Carga Corporal (Radioterapia) , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Anatômicos , Doses de Radiação , Fatores de Risco , Radioisótopos de Ítrio/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
It is our experience that the use of sheep red blood cells pretreated with formaldehyde and pyruvaldehyde before sensitizing with viral antigen yields results that are comparable to that obtained by using the tannic acid method. The double aldehyde method provides the added advantage of being useful for assaying the viral antigen content in substances which contain high levels of interfering substances which would preclude the use of other assay methods.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/análise , Testes de Inibição da Hemaglutinação , Vírus do Tumor Mamário do Camundongo/imunologia , Aldeídos , Animais , Eritrócitos/imunologia , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Formaldeído , Humanos , Soros Imunes , Métodos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Leite/imunologia , Coelhos/imunologia , Ovinos/imunologia , TaninosRESUMO
Twenty patients were submitted to thyroidectomy and treated with iodine-131. Ten out of them received 100 mCi, the other ten 200 mCi. The activity of the total body and of the blood was determined by experimental proceeding. The doses absorbed by blood and bone marrow were calculated on the basis of the experimentally determined values. For the exposure of the blood, a medium value of 0.44 rd/mCi was found after 100 mCi and a medium value of 0.47 rd/mCi after 200 mCi. The corresponding values for the bone marrow are 0.24 and 0.3 rd/mCi, respectively. The total exposure is thus not so high as has been indicated hitherto in literature.
Assuntos
Sangue/efeitos da radiação , Medula Óssea/efeitos da radiação , Radioisótopos do Iodo/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/radioterapia , Adulto , Terapia Combinada , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , TireoidectomiaRESUMO
In 22 patients with bile duct carcinoma's intratumoral irradiation was performed through a percutaneous biliary drainage. 17 of them had been found to be inoperable at laparotomy, 5 others had recurrent carcinoma at the site of a biliodigestive anastomosis. The applied dose ranged from 60 to 80 Gy at 6 mm distance of the centre of the Iridium source. In 12/22 patients a clear reduction in the degree of tumor stenosis could be established. Regarding the survival of the patients (8.6 months) results were relatively poor, due to extensive metastases. Patients with a documented dilatation of tumor stenosis showed a low significant longer survival period (12.3 months) than those without detectable response (4.2 months).
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Sistema Biliar/radioterapia , Braquiterapia , Carcinoma/radioterapia , Radioisótopos de Irídio/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias do Sistema Biliar/mortalidade , Braquiterapia/métodos , Carcinoma/mortalidade , Humanos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/radioterapia , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
During an outbreak of severe respiratory disease, a field strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), PP14, was isolated from a bird in a Texas flock that had been previously vaccinated with an attenuated Mass serotype virus. After cloning and sequencing the S1 gene from several IBV strains, it was found that the 5' end of the cDNA was 96% identical to the published sequences of Mass41 and 77% identical with Ark99. The following 402 bases which included the hypervariable regions (HVR) of the S1 gene were 94% homologous with Ark99 and only 69% with Mass41. In addition, the HVR in the 3' noncoding region of the genome, which is totally absent in Mass41, was 99% homologous with the Ark99 strain. This abrupt shift in identity of PP14 in the S1 strongly indicated that a recombination event had occurred about 98 bases from the beginning of the S1 gene between an Ark-like and a Mass-like virus. Downstream, 33 bases from the PP14 recombination junction, a second putative "cross-over" site was identified in the S1 of the SE17 strain where the 5'131 bases of the S1 gene of the Ark99 and SE17 were found to be 95% identical and the following 368 base sequence was only 78% homologous. In addition, a second shift in homology in the S1 of SE17 was identified between nucleotide 1112 and 1460 which shared 95% identity with Mass41. The putative recombination junctions which were downstream of the signal sequence and upstream of the S1 HVR may represent a "hot spot," but not an exclusive region, for exchanging genetic material between IBV strains. Genetic shifts are apparently not only common mechanisms for variation in nature, but vaccine strains may actually play a critical role in these events in the evolution of virulent strains of IBV.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves , Infecções por Coronaviridae/veterinária , Genes Virais , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/genética , Recombinação Genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Aves , Embrião de Galinha , Infecções por Coronaviridae/microbiologia , Variação Genética , Genoma Viral , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/isolamento & purificação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico , TexasRESUMO
We report on 6 patients (4 female, 2 male, age 17-40 yrs.), admitted to hospital because of psychotic illness. In 2 patients paranoid-hallucinatory symptomatology was prominent, while a manic, a schizo-affective, a catatonic and a mixed organic brain syndrome were found in one case each. Neurological signs could be detected in 4 and EEG-abnormalities in 5 patients. On the basis of CSF findings typical of chronic encephalitis, together with evidence of demyelinating lesions on MRT we confirmed the presence of inflammatory brain disease in all six patients. As a specific etiology could not be established in any of the cases, we suggest the encephalitic variant of multiple sclerosis as the probable diagnosis. In view of our clinical observations, we assume that by using modern investigational techniques--especially sophisticated CSF analysis and MRT--an encephalitic etiology of schizophrenic and affective syndromes may be proven in higher frequency than in the past.
Assuntos
Encefalite/diagnóstico , Esclerose Múltipla/diagnóstico , Transtornos Neurocognitivos/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Antivirais/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Córtex Cerebral/patologia , Córtex Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Eletroencefalografia , Encefalite/psicologia , Potenciais Evocados/fisiologia , Feminino , Alucinações/diagnóstico , Alucinações/psicologia , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Esclerose Múltipla/psicologia , Transtornos Neurocognitivos/psicologia , Exame Neurológico , Admissão do Paciente , Esquizofrenia Paranoide/diagnóstico , Esquizofrenia Paranoide/psicologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
A study was made of microvessel response to hemorrhagic hypotension and the subsequent restoration of blood volume. The experiments were conducted on anesthetized rats in which the cremaster muscle was exteriorized for intravital microscopy. Variables measured during hypotension (40 mm Hg for 60 min) and after blood restoration (120 min observation) included systemic blood pressure, heart rate, arteriolar and venular diameter, sensitivity to epinephrine, velocity and volumetric flow rate. These findings were correlated with 24-hr survival statistics. The response to hemorrhagic hypotension is a reflection of two separate adjustments, cardiac output and peripheral vascular behavior. In survivors, the microvascular sequelae following blood replacement was one of continuous improvement of muscle perfusion, whereas in nonsurvivors the picture was one of progressive deterioration. The consistent hallmark of irreversibility, arteriolar hyposensitivity, was associated with a continuous falling off in mean arterial pressure despite restoration of normal blood volume.
Assuntos
Músculos Abdominais/irrigação sanguínea , Microcirculação/fisiopatologia , Choque Hemorrágico/fisiopatologia , Vasoconstrição , Animais , Arteríolas/efeitos dos fármacos , Arteríolas/fisiopatologia , Pressão Sanguínea , Epinefrina/farmacologia , Frequência Cardíaca , Masculino , Microcirculação/efeitos dos fármacos , Norepinefrina/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos , Vênulas/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Initiation of DNA replication from the Escherichia coli origin, oriC, is dependent on an RNA polymerase-mediated transcription event. The function of this RNA synthetic event in initiation, however, remains obscure. Since control of the synthesis of this RNA could serve a key role in the overall initiation process, transcription regulatory sites within and near oriC were identified using the galK fusion vector system. Our results confirm the existence of a transcription termination signal within oriC, first identified by Hansen et al. (1981), for the 16 kd transcript that is transcribed counterclockwise towards oriC. Termination is shown to be 92% efficient. A similar approach led to the detection of transcription termination within the chromosomal replication origin of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Approximately 50% of the E. coli 16 kd transcripts appear to terminate before reaching oriC between the XhoI (+416 bp) and the HindIII (+243 bp) sites. The predominant 3' ends of RNA that enter oriC, as determined by SI nuclease mapping, were located at positions +20 +/- 2, +23 +/- 2, +37, +39, +52, +66, +92, and +107. These termination sites, which map cl to RNA . DNA junctions identified by Kohara et al. (1985), appear as triplets and quadruplets. The E. coli oriC Pori-L promoter described in in vitro transcription studies by Lother and Messer (1981) was not detected in this study in either wildtype cells or isogenic dnaA mutants at the nonpermissive temperature. A new promoter activity, Pori-R1, was identified within the E. coli origin in the clockwise direction.