Dependence of young female volleyballers' performance on their body build, physical abilities, and psycho-physiological properties.

AIM: The aim of the study was to establish which anthropometric characteristics, physical abilities and psycho-physiological properties determine the success of adolescent female volleyballers at competitions. METHODS: For this purpose we studied 32 female volleyballers aged 13-16 years. The anthropometric examination included 43 measurements, 7 tests of physical fitness, and 4 series of computerised psycho-physiological tests (n=21). The performance of game elements was measured empirically during championship games using the original computer program "Game". RESULTS: The proficiency of performing volleyball elements - serve, reception, feint, block and spike - was calculated by regression models from the 14 anthropometric measurements, 4 physical fitness and 7 psychophysiological test results, which showed significant correlation with proficiency in the game. The predictive power of the models was at least 32% and in average 56%. The anthropometric factor was significant in the performance of all the elements of the game, being most essential (71-83%) for attack, block and feint. Good results in physical ability tests granted success in serve, attack and reception. CONCLUSION: It was possible to predict the efficiency of reception (44%) by endurance, flexibility and speed measuring tests. Medicine ball throwing test was essential for attack (22%). Psycho-physiological tests were significant for the performance of block (98%), attack (80%), feint (60%) and reception (39%).

Systemic changes in body structure of 17-18-year-old schoolboys.

The purpose of this study was to assess the systemic structural changes in the body build of 17-18-year-old schoolboys in the final years of Tartu secondary schools within a height-weight classification dividing anthropometric variables into 5 SD-classes. Weight and height, 9 length, 8 breadth and 2 depth measurements, 16 circumferences and 12 skinfolds were measured. From these 5 length measurements and 53 indices were computed, which characterise the ratios of various parts of the body to body height, to upper and lower limbs' length and body composition. The subjects (n = 253) were divided into five standard deviation classes according to height and weight (Kaarma 1981, 1995). In the first three classes height and weight were proportional: (1) small height--small weight, (2) medium height--medium weight and (3) big height--big weight. In the fourth and the fifth class height and weight were non-proportional. In the fourth class weight was preponderant over height, and in the fifth class height was preponderant over weight. It was proved that a statistical difference exists between the opposite classes--the fourth and the fifth class. It was also revealed that the three proportional classes differ from each other significantly. Increase in body height and weight leads also to an increase in length, breadth and depth measurements, bone thicknesses, circumferences and skinfolds. Rohrer index, body mass index, total percentage of fat by Siri, absolute and relative mass of fat tissue increased from the small to the large class. The relationship of the length, width, and depth measurements, circumferences and bone thicknesses to height remains almost unchanged throughout the proportional classes. These investigations support the position that the whole body model may be reconstructed from body height and weight.

Using mothers' and newborns' clinical anthropometric data to analyse birth histories.

The aim of the study was to measure the effect of mothers' and babies' various anthropometric parameters on the deviation from the normal course of pregnancy and labour. For this purpose the clinical anthropometric parameters of 532 parturients (primipara) and their newborns, and some additional indices formed from these data were correlated with the sum in points of all individual deviations from the normal course of anamnesis, pregnancy and childbirth as independent risk factors ("birth index" BI). The analysis showed that mothers' and babies' anthropometric data are essential co-factors in the formation of the total risk for mothers' and babies' health. Our investigation has demonstrated that a two-dimensional classification formed from height and parturient's complex body build index (PCBBI) (3 x 3 SD classes with appropriate statistical data-processing) can form a common methodological basis for using anthropometric characteristics in evaluation of obstetric data. As in the future analogous classifications could be used on obstetric material by different authors, the content of all corresponding classes--the mean values of newborns' birthweight and the birth index--would also be statistically comparable.

Complex statistical characterization of women's body measurements.

670 young Estonian female students of the Tartu University (aged 18-22 years) were examined anthropometrically (37 body measurements and 10 skinfolds). By means of multidimensional statistical analysis we found that the woman's body as a whole is a linearly well-correlated system. The leading measurements are height and weight, which account for 50% of the variability of all the other measurements, while individual variability makes up 50%. There are no other body measurements besides weight and height that can give a reliable description of the general build of a woman's body. Variations in body height-weight sizes lead to systematic changes in the length, breadth and depth measurements, circumferences and body proportions. Comparative changes of body proportions in the general contingent and in the groups of purely pyknic and leptosomic women are based on the corresponding values of their body height and weight. These findings lead to the conclusion that the anthropological whole body primary model may be a classification of women's body height and weight.