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The Excelsius GPS (Globus Medical, Inc.) was approved by the FDA in 2017. This novel robot allows for real-time intraoperative imaging, registration, and direct screw insertion through a rigid external arm-without the need for interspinous clamps or K-wires. The authors present one of the first operative cases utilizing the Excelsius GPS robotic system in spinal surgery. A 75-year-old man presented with severe lower back pain and left leg radiculopathy. He had previously undergone 3 decompressive surgeries from L3 to L5, with evidence of instability and loss of sagittal balance. Robotic assistance was utilized to perform a revision decompression with instrumented fusion from L3 to S1. The usage of robotic assistance in spinal surgery may be an invaluable resource in minimally invasive cases, minimizing the need for fluoroscopy, or in those with abnormal anatomical landmarks. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/yVI-sJWf9Iw .
Assuntos
Descompressão Cirúrgica/métodos , Vértebras Lombares/cirurgia , Parafusos Pediculares , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Robóticos/métodos , Fusão Vertebral/métodos , Idoso , Descompressão Cirúrgica/instrumentação , Humanos , Vértebras Lombares/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Robóticos/instrumentação , Fusão Vertebral/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. OBJECTIVE: To compare long-term radiographic and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing anterior odontoid screw placement using traditional biplanar fluoroscopy or isocentric 3-dimensional C-arm (iso-C) fluoroscopy-assisted techniques. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Anterior screw fixation of odontoid fractures preserves motion at the C1-C2 joint, but accurate screw positioning is essential for successful outcomes. Biplanar fluoroscopy image guidance is most often used; however, iso-C imaging improves the ease and accuracy of screw placement with less radiation exposure. METHODS: Fifty-one patients underwent anterior odontoid screw fixation for type II (48 patients) and rostral type III fractures (3 patients). Procedures were guided by biplanar fluoroscopy in 25 (49%) patients, and with iso-C assistance in 26 (51%). Length of surgery, complications, and clinical outcomes based on the Smiley-Webster score were evaluated. Computed tomography confirmed adequate screw placement. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 9 months. RESULTS: At 3-month follow-up, screw position and fusion across the fracture were evident in 87% of the cases treated with biplanar fluoroscopy and in 100% treated by iso-C. The average outcome score in the iso-C group was superior to that of the biplanar group (1.08 vs. 1.33, respectively), although not statistically significant. At last follow-up, the rate of successful fusion was 88% in the biplanar group and 95% in the iso-C group. Length of surgery was significantly lower in the iso-C group compared with the biplanar group (P=0.05). The significantly longer preparation time in the iso-C group (P=0.04) accounted for no overall difference in total operating room occupancy time between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Iso-C significantly decreased surgical time. At last follow-up iso-C assistance was associated with improved rates of radiographic fusion with comparable outcome and complication profiles. This series represents the largest cohort of patients treated with intraoperative real-time navigation assistance for odontoid fractures.
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Parafusos Ósseos , Fluoroscopia/métodos , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Processo Odontoide/lesões , Processo Odontoide/cirurgia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/cirurgia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/instrumentação , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Processo Odontoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Cirurgia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Within a few months of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen's discovery of x-rays in 1895, Fedor Krause acquired an x-ray apparatus and began to use it in his daily interactions with patients and for diagnosis. He was the first neurosurgeon to use x-rays methodically and systematically. In 1908 Krause published the first volume of text on neurosurgery, Chirurgie des Gehirns und Rückenmarks (Surgery of the Brain and Spinal Cord), which was translated into English in 1909. The second volume followed in 1911. This was the first published multivolume text totally devoted to neurosurgery. Although Krause excelled in and promoted neurosurgery, he believed that surgeons should excel at general surgery. Importantly, Krause was inclined to adopt technology that he believed could be helpful in surgery. His 1908 text was the first neurosurgical text to contain a specific chapter on x-rays ("Radiographie") that showed roentgenograms of neurosurgical procedures and pathology. After the revolutionary discovery of x-rays by Röntgen, many prominent neurosurgeons seemed pessimistic about the use of x-rays for anything more than trauma or fractures. Krause immediately seized on its use to guide and monitor ventricular drainage and especially for the diagnosis of tumors of the skull base. The x-ray images contained in Krause's "Radiographie" chapter provide a seminal view into the adoption of new technology and the development of neurosurgical technique and are part of neurosurgery's heritage.
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Medicina na Literatura , Neurocirurgia/história , Radiografia/história , Tecnologia Radiológica/história , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , HumanosRESUMO
The field of anatomy, one of the most ancient sciences, first evolved in Egypt. From the Early Dynastic Period (3100 BC) until the time of Galen at the end of the 2nd century ad, Egypt was the center of anatomical knowledge, including neuroanatomy. Knowledge of neuroanatomy first became important so that sacred rituals could be performed by ancient Egyptian embalmers during mummification procedures. Later, neuroanatomy became a science to be studied by wise men at the ancient temple of Memphis. As religious conflicts developed, the study of the human body became restricted. Myths started to replace scientific research, squelching further exploration of the human body until Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria. This period witnessed a revolution in the study of anatomy and functional anatomy. Herophilus of Chalcedon, Erasistratus of Chios, Rufus of Ephesus, and Galen of Pergamon were prominent physicians who studied at the medical school of Alexandria and contributed greatly to knowledge about the anatomy of the skull base. After the Royal Library of Alexandria was burned and laws were passed prohibiting human dissections based on religious and cultural factors, knowledge of human skull base anatomy plateaued for almost 1500 years. In this article the authors consider the beginning of this journey, from the earliest descriptions of skull base anatomy to the establishment of basic skull base anatomy in ancient Egypt.
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Bibliotecas/história , Medicina na Literatura , Medicina nas Artes , Base do Crânio/anatomia & histologia , Antigo Egito/etnologia , Grécia Antiga/etnologia , História Antiga , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECT: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a rare disease that results in progressive myeloradiculopathy related to pathological ossification of the ligament from unknown causes. Although it has long been considered a disease of Asian origin, this disorder is increasingly being recognized in European and North American populations. Herein the authors present demographic, radiographic, and comorbidity data from white patients with diagnosed OPLL as well as the outcomes of surgically treated patients. METHODS: Between 1999 and 2010, OPLL was diagnosed in 36 white patients at Barrow Neurological Institute. Patients were divided into 2 groups: a group of 33 patients with cervical OPLL and a group of 3 patients with thoracic or lumbar OPLL. Fifteen of these patients who had received operative treatment were analyzed separately. Imaging analysis focused on signal changes in the spinal cord, mass occupying ratio, signs of dural penetration, spinal levels involved, and subtype of OPLL. Surgical techniques included anterior cervical decompression and fusion with corpectomy, posterior laminectomy with fusion, posterior open-door laminoplasty, and anterior corpectomy combined with posterior laminectomy and fusion. Comorbidities, cigarette smoking, and previous spine surgeries were considered. Neurological function was assessed using a modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scale (mJOAS). RESULTS: A high-intensity signal on T2-weighted MR imaging and a history of cervical spine surgery correlated with worse mJOAS scores. Furthermore, mJOAS scores decreased as the occupying rate of the OPLL mass in the spinal canal increased. On radiographic analysis, the proportion of signs of dural penetration correlated with the OPLL subtype. A high mass occupying ratio of the OPLL was directly associated with the presence of dural penetration and high-intensity signal. In the surgical group, the rate of neurological improvement associated with an anterior approach was 58% compared with 31% for a posterior laminectomy. No complications were associated with any of the 4 types of surgical procedures. In 3 cases, symptoms had worsened at the last follow-up, with only a single case of disease progression. Laminoplasty was the only technique associated with a worse clinical outcome. There were no statistical differences (p > 0.05) between the type of surgical procedure or radiographic presentation and postoperative outcome. There was also no difference between the choice of surgical procedure performed and the number of spinal levels involved with OPLL. CONCLUSIONS: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament can no longer be viewed as a disease of the Asian population exclusively. Since OPLL among white populations is being diagnosed more frequently, surgeons must be aware of the most appropriate surgical option. The outcomes of the various surgical treatments among the different populations with OPLL appear similar. Compared with other procedures, however, anterior decompression led to the best neurological outcomes.
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Vértebras Cervicais/cirurgia , Procedimentos Ortopédicos , Ossificação do Ligamento Longitudinal Posterior/etnologia , Ossificação do Ligamento Longitudinal Posterior/cirurgia , População Branca/etnologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Vértebras Cervicais/diagnóstico por imagem , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Ligamentos Longitudinais/diagnóstico por imagem , Ligamentos Longitudinais/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Procedimentos Ortopédicos/métodos , Ossificação do Ligamento Longitudinal Posterior/diagnóstico , Radiografia , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Few have explored the safety and efficacy of posterior vertebral column subtraction osteotomy (PVCSO) to treat tethered cord syndrome (TCS). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate surgical outcomes after PVCSO in adults with TCS caused by lipomyelomeningocele, who had undergone a previous detethering procedure(s) that ultimately failed. METHODS: This is a multicenter, retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected cohort. Patients were prospectively enrolled and treated with PVCSO at 2 institutions between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2018. Inclusion criteria were age ≥18 yr, TCS caused by lipomyelomeningocele, previous detethering surgery, and recurrent symptom progression of less than 2-yr duration. All patients undergoing surgery with a 1-yr minimum follow-up were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 20 patients (mean age: 36 yr; sex: 15F/5M) met inclusion criteria and were evaluated. At follow-up (mean: 23.3 ± 7.4 mo), symptomatic improvement/resolution was seen in 93% of patients with leg pain, 84% in back pain, 80% in sensory abnormalities, 80% in motor deficits, 55% in bowel incontinence, and 50% in urinary incontinence. Oswestry Disability Index improved from a preoperative mean of 57.7 to 36.6 at last follow-up (P < .01). Mean spinal column height reduction was 23.4 ± 2.7 mm. Four complications occurred: intraoperative durotomy (no reoperation), wound infection, instrumentation failure requiring revision, and new sensory abnormality. CONCLUSION: This is the largest study to date assessing the safety and efficacy of PVCSO in adults with TCS caused by lipomyelomeningocele and prior failed detethering. We found PVCSO to be an excellent extradural approach that may afford definitive treatment in this particularly challenging population.
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Meningomielocele/cirurgia , Defeitos do Tubo Neural/cirurgia , Osteotomia/métodos , Coluna Vertebral/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Meningomielocele/complicações , Meningomielocele/diagnóstico por imagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Defeitos do Tubo Neural/diagnóstico por imagem , Defeitos do Tubo Neural/etiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Recidiva , Estudos Retrospectivos , Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Cervical spondylosis may lead to spinal cord compression, poor vascular perfusion, and ultimately, cervical myelopathy. Studies suggest a neuroprotective effect of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors in the brain, but limited data exist regarding their impact on the spinal cord. PURPOSE: To investigate whether RAS blockers and other antihypertensive drugs are correlated with preoperative functional status and imaging markers of cord compression in patients with symptomatic cervical spondylosis. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. PATIENT SAMPLE: Individuals with symptomatic degenerative cervical stenosis who underwent surgery. OUTCOME MEASURES: Imaging features of spinal cord compression and functional status (modified Japanese Orthopedic Association [mJOA] and Nurick grading scales). METHODS: Two hundred sixty-six operative patients with symptomatic degenerative cervical stenosis were included. Demographic data, comorbidities, antihypertensive medications, and functional status (including mJOA and Nurick grading scales) were collected. We evaluated canal compromise, cord compromise, surface area of T2 signal cord change, and pixel intensity of signal cord change compared with normal cord on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences. RESULTS: Of 266 patients, 41.7% were women, 58.3% were men; median age was 57.2 years; 20.6% smoked tobacco; 24.7% had diabetes mellitus. One hundred forty-nine patients (55.8%) had hypertension, 142 (95.3%) of these were taking antihypertensive medications (37 angiotensin-II receptor blockers [ARBs], 44 angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and 61 other medications). Patients treated with ARBs displayed a higher signal intensity ratio (ie, less signal intensity change in the compressed cord area) compared with untreated patients without hypertension (p=.004). Patients with hypertension had worse preoperative mJOA and Nurick scores than those without (p<.001). In the multivariate analysis, ARBs remained an independent beneficial factor for lower signal intensity change (p=.04), whereas hypertension remained a risk factor for worse preoperative neurological status (p<.01). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, patients with hypertension who were treated with RAS inhibitors had decreased T2-weighted signal intensity change than untreated patients without hypertension. Patients with hypertension also had worse preoperative functional status. Prospective case-control studies may deepen understanding of RAS modulators in the imaging and functional status of chronic spinal cord compression.
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Compressão da Medula Espinal , Doenças da Medula Espinal , Espondilose , Antagonistas de Receptores de Angiotensina , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/uso terapêutico , Vértebras Cervicais/diagnóstico por imagem , Vértebras Cervicais/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina , Medula Espinal , Compressão da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Compressão da Medula Espinal/etiologia , Compressão da Medula Espinal/cirurgia , Doenças da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Espondilose/complicações , Espondilose/diagnóstico por imagem , Espondilose/cirurgia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Robotics in spinal surgery has significant potential benefits for both surgeons and patients, including reduced surgeon fatigue, improved screw accuracy, decreased radiation exposure, greater options for minimally invasive surgery, and less time required to train residents on techniques that can have steep learning curves. However, previous robotic systems have several drawbacks, which are addressed by the innovative ExcelsiusGPSTM robotic system. The robot is secured to the operating room floor, not the patient. It has a rigid external arm that facilitates direct transpedicular drilling and screw placement, without requiring K-wires. In addition, the ExcelsisuGPSTM has integrated neuronavigation, not present in other systems. It also has surveillance marker that immediately alerts the surgeon in the event of loss of registration, and a lateral force meter to alert the surgeon in the event of skiving. Here, we present the first spinal surgery performed with the assistance of this newly approved robot. The surgery was performed with excellent screw placement, minimal radiation exposure to the patient and surgeon, and the patient had a favorable outcome. We report the first operative case with the ExcelsisuGPSTM, and the first spine surgery utilizing real-time image-guided robotic assistance.
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Monitorização Intraoperatória/métodos , Exposição à Radiação/prevenção & controle , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Robóticos/métodos , Fusão Vertebral/métodos , Cirurgia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Parafusos Ósseos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos/métodos , Duração da Cirurgia , Segurança do Paciente , Prognóstico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a degenerative pathology characterized by partial or complete conduction block on intraoperative neuromonitoring. We describe a case treated using osseoligamentous decompression and durotomy for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) release. Intraoperative monitoring demonstrated immediate signal improvement with CSF release, suggesting that clinical improvement in CSM may result from resolution of CSF flow anomalies.
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Descompressão Cirúrgica/métodos , Monitorização Neurofisiológica Intraoperatória/métodos , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/métodos , Doenças da Medula Espinal/cirurgia , Estenose Espinal/cirurgia , Vértebras Cervicais/cirurgia , Constrição Patológica/patologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças da Medula Espinal/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Doenças da Medula Espinal/etiologia , Estenose Espinal/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Estenose Espinal/complicações , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Many approaches to the lumbar spine have been developed for interbody fusion. The biomechanical profile of each interbody fusion device is determined by the anatomical approach and the type of supplemental internal fixation. Lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) was developed as a minimally invasive technique for introducing hardware with higher profiles and wider widths, compared with that for the posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) approach. However, the biomechanics of the interbody fusion construct used in the LLIF approach have not been rigorously evaluated, especially in the presence of secondary augmentation. METHODS: Spinal stability of 21 cadaveric lumbar specimens was compared using standard nondestructive flexibility studies [mean range of motion (ROM), lax zone (LZ), stiff zone (SZ) in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation]. Non-paired comparisons were made among four conditions: (I) intact; (II) with unilateral interbody + bilateral pedicle screws (BPS) using the LLIF approach (referred to as the LLIF construct); (III) with bilateral interbody + BPS using the PLIF approach (referred to as the PLIF construct); and (IV) with no lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) + BPS (referred to as the no-LIF construct). RESULTS: With bilateral pedicle screw-rod fixation, stability was equivalent between PLIF and LLIF constructs in lateral bending and flexion-extension. PLIF and LLIF constructs had similar biomechanical profiles, with a trend toward less ROM in axial rotation for the LLIF construct. CONCLUSIONS: LLIF and PLIF constructs had similar stabilizing effects.
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BACKGROUND: The ExcelsiusGPS® (Globus Medical, Inc., Audubon, PA) is a next-generation spine surgery robotic system recently approved for use in the United States. The objective of the current study is to assess pedicle screw accuracy and clinical outcomes among two of the first operative cases utilizing the ExcelsiusGPS® robotic system and describe a novel metric to quantify screw deviation. METHODS: Two patients who underwent lumbar fusion at a single institution with the ExcelsiusGPS® surgical robot were included. Pre-operative trajectory planning was performed from an intra-operative CT scan using the O-arm (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN). After robotic-assisted screw implantation, a post-operative CT scan was obtained to confirm ideal screw placement and accuracy with the planned trajectory. A novel pedicle screw accuracy algorithm was devised to measure screw tip/tail deviation distance and angular offset on axial and sagittal planes. Screw accuracy was concurrently determined by a blinded neuroradiologist using the traditional Gertzbein-Robbins method. Clinical variables such as symptomatology, operative data, and post-operative follow-up were also collected. RESULTS: Eight pedicle screws were placed in two L4-L5 fusion cases. Mean screw tip deviation was 2.1 mm (range 0.8-5.2 mm), mean tail deviation was 3.2 mm (range 0.9-5.4 mm), and mean angular offset was 2.4 degrees (range 0.7-3.8 degrees). All eight screws were accurately placed based on the Gertzbein-Robbins scale (88% Grade A and 12% Grade B). There were no cases of screw revision or new post-operative deficit. Both patients experienced improvement in Frankel grade and Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) score by 6 weeks post-op. CONCLUSION: The ExcelsiusGPS® robot allows for precise execution of an intended pre-planned trajectory and accurate screw placement in the first patients to undergo robotic-assisted fusion with this technology.
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OBJECTIVE: Coccidioidomycosis is an invasive fungal disease that may present with extrathoracic dissemination. Patients with spinal coccidioidomycosis require unique medical and surgical management. We review the risk factors and clinical presentations, discuss the indications for surgical intervention, and evaluate outcomes and complications after medical and surgical management. METHODS: A review of the English-language literature was performed. Eighteen articles included the management of 140 patients with spinal coccidioidomycosis. RESULTS: For the 140 patients, risk factors included male sex (95%), African American ethnicity (52%), and a recent visit to endemic areas (16%). The most frequent clinical presentation was pain (n = 80, 57%), followed by neurologic compression (52%). One-third of patients had concurrent pulmonary disease. The sensitivity of culture and histology for coccidioidomycosis was 80% and 90%, respectively. Complement fixation titers >1:128 suggest extensive or refractory vertebral infection. The most commonly affected spinal segments were the thoracic and lumbar spine (69%); an additional 40 patients (29%) had epidural and paravertebral abscesses. All patients received therapy with azoles (60%) and/or amphotericin B (43%). Surgical and medical management were used conjunctively to treat 110 patients (79%), with debridement (95% [105/110]) and fusion (64% [70/110]) being the most common surgical procedures. Clinical outcome improved/remained unchanged in 83 patients (59%) and worsened in 4 patients (3%). The mortality was 7%. Infection recurrence and disease progression were the most frequent complications. CONCLUSIONS: Emphasis should be placed on continuous and lifelong appropriate azole therapy. Spinal instability and neurologic compromise are surgical indications for decompression and fusion.
Assuntos
Coccidioidomicose/diagnóstico , Coccidioidomicose/terapia , Osteomielite/diagnóstico , Osteomielite/terapia , Doenças da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico , Doenças da Coluna Vertebral/terapia , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The far-lateral transcondylar surgical approach is often used to clip vertebral artery (VA) and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms. The role of condyle resection during this approach is controversial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patient outcomes in patients with VA-PICA aneurysms in whom drilling the occipital condyle was not necessary. METHODS: Between May 2005 and December 2012, a total of 56 consecutive patients with incidental or ruptured VA-PICA aneurysms underwent surgery with a far-lateral approach without condylar resection. Clinical presentation, surgical reports, presurgery and postsurgery radiological examinations, and clinical follow-up reports were assessed. Anatomic aneurysm location was analyzed through angiography or computed tomography angiography. We compared postsurgical Glasgow Outcome Scale scores, modified Rankin Scale scores, and morbidity in 2 groups: those with aneurysms in the anterior medullary segment and those with aneurysms in the lateral medullary segment. RESULTS: The predominant presentation was subarachnoid hemorrhage in 34 patients (60.7%). Most aneurysms (n = 27 [48.2%]) were located in the lateral medullary segment of the PICA, followed by the anterior medullary segment (n = 25 [44.6%]). Total aneurysm occlusion was achieved in 100% of patients, and bypass techniques were necessary in 3 patients (5.4%). Fifty-two patients (92.8%) had Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 4 or 5 postsurgery. CONCLUSIONS: A far-lateral approach that leaves the occipital condyle intact is adequate for treating most patients with VA-PICA aneurysms.
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Cerebelo , Aneurisma Intracraniano/cirurgia , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos , Osso Occipital/cirurgia , Artéria Vertebral/cirurgia , Cerebelo/irrigação sanguínea , Cerebelo/cirurgia , Escala de Resultado de Glasgow , Humanos , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/métodos , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/cirurgiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE If left untreated, occipitocervical (OC) instability may lead to serious neurological injury or death. Open internal fixation is often necessary to protect the neurovascular elements. This study reviews the etiologies for pediatric OC instability, analyzes the radiographic criteria for surgical intervention, discusses surgical fixation techniques, and evaluates long-term postoperative outcomes based on a single surgeon's experience. METHODS The charts of all patients < 18 years old who underwent internal OC fixation conducted by the senior author were retrospectively reviewed. Forty consecutive patients were identified for analysis. Patient demographic data, OC junction pathology, radiological diagnostic tools, surgical indications, and outcomes are reported. RESULTS The study population consisted of 20 boys and 20 girls, with a mean age of 7.3 years. Trauma (45% [n = 18]) was the most common cause of instability, followed by congenital etiologies (37.5% [n = 15]). The condyle-C1 interval had a diagnostic sensitivity of 100% for atlantooccipital dislocation. The median number of fixated segments was 5 (occiput-C4). Structural bone grafts were used in all patients. Postsurgical neurological improvement was seen in 88.2% (15/17) of patients with chronic myelopathy and in 25% (1/4) of patients with acute myelopathy. Preoperatively, 42.5% (17/40) of patients were neurologically intact and remained unchanged at last follow-up, 42.5% (17/40) had neurological improvement, 12.5% (5/40) remained unchanged, and 2.5% (1/40) deteriorated. All patients had successful fusion at 1-year follow-up. The complication rate was 7.5% (3/40), including 1 case of vertebral artery injury. CONCLUSIONS Occipitocervical fixation is safe in children and provides immediate immobilization, with excellent survival and arthrodesis rates. Of the radiographic tools evaluated, the condyle-C1 interval was the most predictive of atlantooccipital dislocation.
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Articulação Atlantoccipital/cirurgia , Transplante Ósseo/métodos , Vértebras Cervicais/cirurgia , Fixação de Fratura/métodos , Instabilidade Articular/cirurgia , Osso Occipital/cirurgia , Adolescente , Articulação Atlantoccipital/diagnóstico por imagem , Parafusos Ósseos , Transplante Ósseo/efeitos adversos , Vértebras Cervicais/diagnóstico por imagem , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comorbidade , Descompressão Cirúrgica/efeitos adversos , Descompressão Cirúrgica/métodos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Fixação de Fratura/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Lactente , Luxações Articulares/diagnóstico por imagem , Luxações Articulares/etiologia , Luxações Articulares/prevenção & controle , Luxações Articulares/cirurgia , Instabilidade Articular/diagnóstico por imagem , Instabilidade Articular/etiologia , Masculino , Osso Occipital/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECT: The effects of obesity on lumbar biomechanics are not fully understood. The aims of this study were to analyze the biomechanical differences between cadaveric L4-5 lumbar spine segments from a large group of nonobese (body mass index [BMI] < 30 kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) donors and to determine if there were any radiological differences between spines from nonobese and obese donors using MR imaging. METHODS: A total of 168 intact L4-5 spinal segments (87 males and 81 females) were tested using pure-moment loading, simulating flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Axial compression tests were performed on 38 of the specimens. Sex, age, and BMI were analyzed with biomechanical parameters using 1-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analyses. MR images were obtained in 12 specimens (8 from obese and 4 from nonobese donors) using a 3-T MR scanner. RESULTS: The segments from the obese male group allowed significantly greater range of motion (ROM) than those from the nonobese male group during axial rotation (p = 0.018), while there was no difference between segments from obese and nonobese females (p = 0.687). There were no differences in ROM between spines from obese and nonobese donors during flexion-extension or lateral bending for either sex. In the nonobese population, the ROM during axial rotation was significantly greater for females than for males (p = 0.009). There was no significant difference between sexes in the obese population (p = 0.892). Axial compressive stiffness was significantly greater for the obese than the nonobese population for both the female-only group and the entire study group (p < 0.01); however, the difference was nonsignificant in the male population (p = 0.304). Correlation analysis confirmed a significant negative correlation between BMI and resistance to deformation during axial compression in the female group (R = -0.65, p = 0.004), with no relationship in the male group (R = 0.03, p = 0.9). There was also a significant negative correlation between ROM during flexion-extension and BMI for the female group (R = -0.38, p = 0.001), with no relationship for the male group (R = 0.06, p = 0.58). Qualitative analysis using MR imaging indicated greater facet degeneration and a greater incidence of disc herniations in the obese group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on flexibility and compression tests, lumbar spinal segments from obese versus nonobese donors seem to behave differently, biomechanically, during axial rotation and compression. The differences are more pronounced in women. MR imaging suggests that these differences may be due to greater facet degeneration and an increased amount of disc herniation in the spines from obese individuals.
Assuntos
Deslocamento do Disco Intervertebral/cirurgia , Vértebras Lombares/cirurgia , Região Lombossacral/cirurgia , Obesidade/complicações , Maleabilidade/fisiologia , Amplitude de Movimento Articular/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Fenômenos Biomecânicos/fisiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Rotação , Fusão Vertebral/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Occipitocervical junction instability can lead to serious neurological injury or death. Open surgical fixation is often necessary to provide definitive stabilization. However, long-term results are limited to small case series. OBJECTIVE: To review the causes of occipitocervical instability, discuss the indications for surgical intervention, and evaluate long-term surgical outcomes after occipitocervical fixation. METHODS: The charts of all patients undergoing posterior surgical fixation of the occipitocervical junction by the senior author were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 120 consecutive patients were identified for analysis. Patient demographic characteristics, occipitocervical junction pathology, surgical indications, and clinical and radiographic outcomes are reported. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 64 male and 56 female patients with a mean age of 39.9 years (range, 7 months to 88 years). Trauma was the most common cause of instability, occurring in 56 patients (47%). Ninety patients (75%) were treated with screw/rod constructs; wiring was used in 30 patients (25%). The median number of fixated segments was 5 (O-C4). Structural bone grafts were implanted in all patients (100%). Preoperative neurological deficits were present in 83 patients (69%); 91% of those patients improved with surgery. Mean follow-up was 35.1 ± 27.4 months (range, 0-123 months). Two patients died, and 10 were lost to follow-up before the end of the 6-month follow-up period. Fusion was confirmed in 107 patients (89.1%). The overall complication rate was 10%, including 3 patients with vertebral artery injuries and 2 patients who required revision surgery. CONCLUSION: Occipitocervical fixation is a durable treatment option with acceptable morbidity for patients with occipitocervical instability. ABBREVIATIONS: AIS, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment ScaleCVJ, craniovertebral junctionmJOAS, modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association ScaleNLI, neurological level of injurySCI, spinal cord injury.
Assuntos
Atlas Cervical/cirurgia , Osso Occipital/cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Fusão Vertebral/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fusão Vertebral/efeitos adversos , Fusão Vertebral/instrumentação , Adulto JovemRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. OBJECTIVE: To compare surgical outcomes of patients who have undergone anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) with and without plating. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: In biomechanical testing, ALIF constructs supplemented with plating (ALIFP) reduce range of motion and increase construct stiffness compared with ALIF alone. However, whether ALIFP constructs translate into improved clinical outcomes over ALIF alone is unknown. METHODS: From 2004 through 2010, 231 patients underwent ALIF with (146) or without (85) plating. Eight patients lost to follow up were excluded from final evaluation. Patients' records were evaluated retrospectively for demographics, complications, and outcomes. RESULTS: At a mean follow-up of 13.7 months (range, 1-108 mo), the mean Economic, Functional, and Total Prolo scores for ALIF patients were 4.23, 3.63, and 7.87, respectively. The mean Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was 24%. At a mean follow-up of 11.2 months (range, 1-93 mo), the mean Economic, Functional, and Total Prolo scores for ALIFP patients were 4.28, 3.67, and 7.95, respectively. The mean ODI was 22.9%. There was no significant difference between rate of complications or Prolo scores or ODI between the 2 groups (t test). Neither diabetes, hypertension, smoking, sex, nor age older than 55 years was significantly related to whether patients had higher Prolo scores with or without plating. Patients with a normal body mass index and ALIF had significantly better Prolo Economic scores and total scores than patients with a normal body mass index and ALIFP (P=0.04 and 0.02, independent samples t test). Patients were also stratified by surgical indication for surgery, and there was no significant difference in Prolo scores or ODI for patients who underwent ALIF alone versus ALIFP. CONCLUSIONS: Even when stratified by indication for surgery, anterior plating does not seem to improve Prolo scores or ODI, suggesting that not all patients undergoing ALIF require plating.
Assuntos
Parafusos Ósseos , Vértebras Lombares/cirurgia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/cirurgia , Fusão Vertebral/instrumentação , Fusão Vertebral/métodos , Resultado do Tratamento , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Avaliação da Deficiência , Feminino , Seguimentos , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/instrumentação , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECT: Atlantooccipital dislocation (AOD) in adults cannot be diagnosed with adequate specificity and sensitivity using only CT or plain radiography, and the spine literature offers no guidelines. In children, the most sensitive and specific radiographic measurement for the diagnosis of AOD is the CT-based occipital condyle-C1 interval (CCI). The goal of the current study was to identify the normal CCI in healthy adults and compare it with the CCI in adults with AOD to establish a highly sensitive and specific cutoff value for the neuroimaging diagnosis of AOD. METHODS: A total of 81 patients, 59 without AOD and 22 with AOD, were included in this study. Measurements obtained from thin-slice CT scans of the craniovertebral joint to assess atlantooccipital dislocation included the CCI, condylar sum, the Wholey and Harris intervals, Powers and Sun ratios, Wackenheim line, and Lee X-lines. RESULTS: The group of patients without AOD included 30 men (50.8%) and 29 women (49.2%) with a mean age of 42.4 ± 16 years (range 19-87 years). The group of patients with AOD included 10 men (45.5%) and 12 women (54.5%) with a mean age of 38.2 ± 9.7 years (range 20-56 years). Interrater reliabilities within a 95% CI were all greater than 0.98 for CCI measurements. A total of 1296 measurements of the CCI were made in 81 patients. The mean CCI for non-AOD patients was 0.89 ± 0.12 mm, the single largest CCI measurement was 1.4 mm, and the largest mean for either right or left CCI was 1.2 mm. The mean condylar sum was 1.8 ± 0.2 mm, and the largest condylar sum value was 2.2 mm. Linear regression with age predicted an increase in CCI of 0.001 mm/year (p < 0.05). The mean CCI in AOD patients was 3.35 ± 0.18 mm (range 1.5 mm-6.4 mm). The shortest single CCI measurements in the AOD patients were 1.1 mm and 1.2 mm. The mean condylar sum for all 22 AOD patients was 6.7 ± 2.7 mm and the shortest condylar sums were 3.0 mm. Cutoff values for AOD were set at 1.5 mm for the CCI and 3.0 mm for the condylar sum, both with a sensitivity of 1 and false-negative rate of 0. Sensitivity for the Powers, Wholey, Harris, Sun, Wackenheim, and Lee criteria were determined to be 0.55, 0.46, 0.27, 0.23, 0.41, and 0.41, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The CCI is shorter in adult patients as opposed to the pediatric population. The revised CCI (1.5 mm) and condylar sum (3.0 mm) cutoff values have the highest sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of AOD in the adult population.
Assuntos
Articulação Atlantoccipital/diagnóstico por imagem , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Luxações Articulares/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulações/patologia , Osso Occipital/diagnóstico por imagem , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Luxações Articulares/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: Human cadaveric biomechanical study. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanics of lumbar motion segments instrumented with the CD HORIZON Spire Z plate system (Spire Z), a posterior supplemental fixation spinous process plate, alone and with additional fixation systems. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Plates and pedicle screw/rod and facet screw implants are adjuncts to fusion. The plate limits motion, improving segmental stability and the fusion microenvironment. However, the degree to which the plate contributes to overall stability when used alone or in conjunction with additional instrumentation has not been described. METHODS: Standard nondestructive flexibility tests were performed in 7 L2-L5 human cadaveric spines. Spinal stability was determined as mean range of motion (ROM) in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Paired comparisons were made between five conditions: (1) intact/control; (2) Spire Z; (3) Spire Z with unilateral pedicle screw/rod system (Spire Z+UPS); (4) Spire Z with unilateral facet screw system (Spire Z+UFS); and (5) Spire Z with bilateral facet screw system (Spire Z+BFS). Stiffness and ROM data were compared using one-way analysis of variance, followed by repeated-measures Holm-Sidák tests. RESULTS: Spire Z was most effective in limiting flexion (20% of normal) and extension (24% of normal), but less effective in reducing lateral bending and axial rotation. In lateral bending, Spire Z+BFS and Spire Z+UPS constructs were not significantly different and demonstrated greater ROM reduction compared with Spire Z+UFS and Spire Z (Pâ<â0.001). Spire Z+BFS demonstrated greatest stiffness in axial rotation compared with Spire Z+UPS (Pâ=â0.025), Spire Z+UFS (Pâ=â0.001), and Spire Z (Pâ<â0.001). Spire Z+UPS was not significantly different from Spire Z+UFS (Pâ=â0.21), and superior to Spire Z (Pâ=â0.013). CONCLUSION: The Spire Z spinous process plate provides excellent immediate fixation, particularly for flexion and extension. While the hybrid Spire Z+BFS screw construct afforded the greatest stability, Spire Z+UPS demonstrated considerable promise. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A.