A comparison of DNA sequencing and gene expression profiling to assist tissue of origin diagnosis in cancer of unknown primary.

Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is a syndrome defined by clinical absence of a primary cancer after standardised investigations. Gene expression profiling (GEP) and DNA sequencing have been used to predict primary tissue of origin (TOO) in CUP and find molecularly guided treatments; however, a detailed comparison of the diagnostic yield from these two tests has not been described. Here, we compared the diagnostic utility of RNA and DNA tests in 215 CUP patients (82% received both tests) in a prospective Australian study. Based on retrospective assessment of clinicopathological data, 77% (166/215) of CUPs had insufficient evidence to support TOO diagnosis (clinicopathology unresolved). The remainder had either a latent primary diagnosis (10%) or clinicopathological evidence to support a likely TOO diagnosis (13%) (clinicopathology resolved). We applied a microarray (CUPGuide) or custom NanoString 18-class GEP test to 191 CUPs with an accuracy of 91.5% in known metastatic cancers for high-medium confidence predictions. Classification performance was similar in clinicopathology-resolved CUPs - 80% had high-medium predictions and 94% were concordant with pathology. Notably, only 56% of the clinicopathology-unresolved CUPs had high-medium confidence GEP predictions. Diagnostic DNA features were interrogated in 201 CUP tumours guided by the cancer type specificity of mutations observed across 22 cancer types from the AACR Project GENIE database (77,058 tumours) as well as mutational signatures (e.g. smoking). Among the clinicopathology-unresolved CUPs, mutations and mutational signatures provided additional diagnostic evidence in 31% of cases. GEP classification was useful in only 13% of cases and oncoviral detection in 4%. Among CUPs where genomics informed TOO, lung and biliary cancers were the most frequently identified types, while kidney tumours were another identifiable subset. In conclusion, DNA and RNA profiling supported an unconfirmed TOO diagnosis in one-third of CUPs otherwise unresolved by clinicopathology assessment alone. DNA mutation profiling was the more diagnostically informative assay. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Real-world experience of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with solid tumours in the Top End of the Northern Territory, Australia from 2016 to 2021: a retrospective observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Use of immune checkpoint inhibitors is growing, but clinical trial data may not apply to Indigenous patients or patients living in remote areas. AIMS: To provide real-world incidence of immune-related adverse events (irAE) in the Top End of the Northern Territory and compare incidence between demographic subgroups. METHODS: This retrospective, observational, cohort study collected data from electronic records of patients living in the Top End with solid organ cancer treated with immunotherapy between January 2016 and December 2021. The primary outcome was cumulative incidence of any-grade and severe irAE. Secondary outcomes were overall survival, treatment duration and reason for treatment discontinuation. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-six patients received immunotherapy. Forty-eight (21%) lived in a remote or very remote area, and 36 (16%) were Indigenous. Cumulative incidence of any-grade irAE was 54% (122/226 patients); incidence of severe irAE was 26% (59/226 patients). Rates were similar between Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients of any-grade (42% vs 56%, P = 0.11) and severe (11% vs 18%, P = 0.29) irAE. However, Indigenous patients had shorter treatment duration, more frequently discontinued treatment due to patient preference and appeared to have shorter median overall survival than non-Indigenous patients (17.1 vs 30.4 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.92-2.66). There was no difference in mortality between remote and urban patients (median overall survival 27.5 vs 30.2 months; HR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.7-1.7). CONCLUSIONS: Rates of irAE in our cohort are comparable to those in the published literature. There was no significant difference in any-grade or severe irAE incidence observed between Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients.

Uncertainty and the unmet informational needs of patients with cancer of unknown primary (CUP): a cross-sectional multi-site study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the healthcare experiences, quality of life, and psychosocial needs of patients with cancer of unknown primary (CUP) early after diagnosis; comparing their experiences to patients with advanced cancer of a known primary (non-CUP control patients) and published general population reference data where available. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional, multi-site study comparing CUP patients (n = 139) compared to non-CUP controls (n = 45). Demographic, clinical information and patient-reported outcome questionnaire data were collected at baseline. RESULTS: Differences in healthcare experienced were found between CUP and non-CUP controls with CUP patients reporting higher scores for unmet medical communication/information needs compared with non-CUP control patients (p = 0.013) as well as greater uncertainty in illness (p = 0.042). Whilst no differences were found between CUP and non-CUP controls on the EORTC and PROMIS measures, of those that 'received written information about your cancer…' and asked '…how useful was it?' fewer CUP patients reported finding the information useful 40% vs 61%, and more were likely to not have received written information at all 59% vs 32%; (p = 0.002). Additionally, of those that found information about their cancer online, fewer patients with CUP reported finding it useful 32% vs 48% control patients (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: CUP patients have unmet medical communication/information needs and greater uncertainty in illness but do not differ in health-related quality of life domains compared to patients with advanced cancer of a known primary.

Significance of lung nodules detected on chest CT among adult Aboriginal Australians - a retrospective descriptive study.

INTRODUCTION: There are limited data on chest computed tomography (CT) findings in the assessment of lung nodules among adult Aboriginal Australians. In this retrospective study, we assessed lung nodules among a group of adult Aboriginal Australians in the Northern Territory of Australia. METHODS: Patients who underwent at least two chest CT scans between 2012 and 2020 among those referred to undergo lung function testing (spirometry) were included. Chest CT scans were assessed for the number, location, size and morphological characteristics of lung nodules. RESULTS: Of the 402 chest CTs assessed, 75 patients (18.7%) had lung nodules, and 57 patients were included in the final analysis with at least two CT scans available for assessment over a median follow-up of 87 weeks. Most patients (68%) were women, with a median age of 58 years and smoking history in 83%. The majority recorded only a single nodule 43 (74%). Six patients (10%) were diagnosed with malignancy, five with primary lung cancer and one with metastatic thyroid cancer. Of the 51 (90%) patients assessed to be benign, 64 nodules were identified, of which 25 (39%) resolved, 38 (59%) remained stable and one (1.8%) enlarged on follow-up. Nodules among patients with malignancy were typically initially larger and enlarged over time, had spiculated margins and were solid, showing no specific lobar predilection. CONCLUSIONS: Most lung nodules in Aboriginal Australians are likely to be benign. However, a proportion could be malignant. Further prospective studies are required for prognostication and monitoring of lung nodules in this population.

The molecular characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer in the Northern Territory's Top End.

AIM: Indigenous Australians with lung cancer have poorer survival than non-Indigenous Australians. The reasons for the disparity are not fully understood and this study hypothesized that there may be a difference in the molecular profiles of tumors. The aim of this study, therefore, was to describe and compare the characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the Northern Territory's Top End, between Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients, and describe the molecular profile of tumors in the two groups. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of all adults with a new diagnosis of NSCLC in the Top End from 2017 to 2019. Patient characteristics assessed were Indigenous status, age, sex, smoking status, disease stage, and performance status. Molecular characteristics assessed were epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF), ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1), Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). Student's t-test and Fisher's Exact Test were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: There were 152 patients diagnosed with NSCLC in the Top End from 2017-2019. Thirty (19.7%) were Indigenous and 122 (80.3%) were non-Indigenous. Indigenous patients compared to non-Indigenous patients were younger at diagnosis (median age 60.7 years versus 67.1 years, p = 0.00036) but were otherwise similar in demographics. PD-L1 expression was similar between Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients (p = 0.91). The only mutations identified among stage IV non-squamous NSCLC patients were EGFR and KRAS but testing rates and overall numbers were too small to draw conclusions about differences in prevalence between Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate the molecular characteristics of NSCLC in the Top End.

Breast cancer characteristics and pathological prognostic determinants in indigenous Australians: Retrospective cohort study in the Northern Territory.

BACKGROUND: There is a disparity in health outcomes between indigenous and nonindigenous Australians, with higher chronic disease burden and shorter life expectancy in this minority population. Although rates of breast cancer among indigenous women are lower than nonindigenous women, they face a higher breast cancer-associated mortality, which may not entirely be explained by socio-economic disadvantage. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study investigated previously described pathologic prognostic factors in indigenous Australians in the Northern Territory. RESULTS: Data analyzed confirmed that indigenous women were more likely to have poorer prognostic disease features, including ER/PR negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 amplified tumors, larger tumors, and higher stage disease. CONCLUSION: These pathologic features portend to a poor prognosis, raising the possibility these factors contribute to the disparity in health outcomes between indigenous and nonindigenous women with breast cancer, in addition to known socio-economic factors.

Immune and genomic biomarkers of immunotherapy response in cancer of unknown primary.

BACKGROUND: Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is a heterogeneous group of metastatic cancers where a primary tissue of origin (TOO) is uncertain. Most patients with CUP have limited treatment options and poor survival outcomes. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can be efficacious in some patients with CUP, but the optimal predictive biomarkers are unknown. We therefore assessed immune and genomic biomarkers as well as predicted TOO in patients with CUP, including a subset treated with ICIs. METHODS: Patients with CUP were subject to gene-expression profiling (GEP) and DNA panel sequencing. Immune and stromal-related gene expression was explored by NanoString, including genes associated with immunotherapy response (IR) in other solid malignancies. ICI responsive cancer types were assigned based on Food and Drug Administration-approved indications, and either detection of a latent primary tumor or the TOO was suspected based on genomics informed pathology review. Tumor mutation burden (TMB) and gene mutations were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 219 patients with CUP were included, 215 assessed for TOO in a previous study, with the majority (163) receiving both RNA and DNA tests. Of GEP profiled cases, 33% (59/175) had a high IR gene-expression score. Of the DNA sequenced cases, 16% (32/203) had high TMB (>10 mutations/Mb), including two with mismatch repair deficiency. Low correlation was observed between TMB and an IR score (R=0.26, p<0.001). Among 110 CUPs with a latent primary or suspected TOO, 47% (52/110) belonged to ICI-responsive cancer types. More than half of the CUPs had at least one feature that may predict ICI response (high IR score, high TMB, ICI-responsive cancer type). Among patients with CUP treated with ICIs, 8/28 (29%) responded (2 complete responses and 6 partial responses). Among non-responders, 9 had stable and 11 had progressive disease. All responders had a high IR score (7/8) and/or high TMB (3/8), while most (5/8) belonged to ICI-responsive cancer types. These features were detected at a lower frequency in non-responders and mostly in patients with stable disease. CONCLUSIONS: A significant fraction of CUP tumors had genomic features previously associated with ICI response. High IR score was the most sensitive predictive feature of ICI response, warranting evaluation in a larger patient series.

Utility of prechemotherapy echocardiographical assessment of cardiac abnormalities.

BACKGROUND: Echocardiography provides both morphological and functional information offering a potential advantage over nuclear medicine gated blood pool scans which only estimate ejection fraction. This additional information may be relevant to management of patients receiving potentially cardiotoxic cancer treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively audited all prechemotherapy echocardiograms (ECHO) ordered by medical oncologists at our institution over a 36 months period. The primary objective was to determine the frequency of cardiac abnormality detection on the initial ECHO. We also looked at the frequency of clinically relevant cardiac abnormalities other than ejection fraction abnormalities including diastolic dysfunction, intracardiac shunts, moderate-severe valvular abnormalities, pulmonary hypertension, ventricular hypertrophy, pericardial effusion, wall motional abnormalities, ventricular dysfunction/dilatation, cardiac tumours and congenital anomalies. RESULTS: Baseline ECHOs were analysed in 217 consecutive patients. Female patients comprised 89% of population, and the majority had breast cancer (75.5%). The median age of the patients at the time of ECHO was 55 years (range, 16 to 87); 13.4% of patients had at least one clinically relevant abnormality on ECHO. Systolic and moderate diastolic dysfunctions were seen in 5% and 2.7%, respectively. Aortic stenosis was seen in five (2.3%) patients. Atrial septal defects were seen in two patients, moderate mitral regurgitations in two patients and left atrial tumour in one patient. A total of 7.4% of patients had abnormalities, which would not have been detected by gated blood pool scan (GBPS). The ECHO resulted in change in chemotherapy plan in 2.8% and referral to cardiology in 3.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Our retrospective analysis suggests that prechemotherapy ECHO can provide more useful clinical information than the GBPS, which may impact on clinical management of cancer patients.

Bilateral facial nerve palsy associated with amphiphysin antibody in metastatic breast cancer: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome is an immune-mediated phenomenon where antibodies from tumor cells are produced against neuronal proteins. Amphiphysin antibody is an onconeural antibody linked to the diagnosis of breast cancer and small-cell lung cancer. It is uncommon and typically associated with stiff-person syndrome, of which 90% of patients are eventually diagnosed with breast cancer. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 47-year-old Caucasian woman with metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer who developed bilateral facial nerve palsy while on treatment with nab-paclitaxel. The patient was found to have anti-amphiphysin antibody in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. She was treated with methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin, which resulted in partial improvement in her facial nerve palsy. CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights a rare presentation of bilateral facial nerve palsy that likely related to paraneoplastic syndrome associated with the presence of anti-amphiphysin antibody.

Practical Considerations for Treating Patients With Cancer in the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Cancer has become a prevalent disease, affecting millions of new patients globally each year. The COVID-19 pandemic is having far-reaching impacts around the world, causing substantial disruptions to health and health care systems that are likely to last for a prolonged period. Early data have suggested that having cancer is a significant risk factor for mortality from severe COVID-19. A diverse group of medical oncologists met to formulate detailed practical advice on systemic anticancer treatments during this crisis. In the context of broad principles, issues including risks of treatment, principles of prioritizing resources, treatment of elderly patients, and psychosocial impact are discussed. Detailed treatment advice and options are given at a tumor stream level. We must maintain care for patients with cancer as best we can and recognize that COVID-19 poses a significant competing risk for death that changes conventional treatment paradigms.

Pectoralis major radiation recall.

Radiation recall is an uncommon phenomenon describing an acute localised inflammatory toxicity affecting tissue previously exposed to radiotherapy. It is precipitated by administration of certain medications, including chemotherapy. We describe a case involving a 50-year-old Aboriginal male smoker from a remote community in Northern Australia who underwent treatment for stage IV non-small cell lung cancer with localised radiotherapy to the primary right upper lung lobe tumour. This was followed by a course of gemcitabine, which was ceased prematurely after four cycles when he presented with radiation recall to his right pectoralis major. Our case description is complemented with a brief review of current literature regarding our case and gemcitabine-related radiation recall. This was in the context of concurrent musculoskeletal strain, an as-yet unreported association with radiation recall. His condition settled with steroid administration and discontinuation of gemcitabine.

Thymic hyperplasia following double immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in two patients with stage IV melanoma.

Hyperplasia of the thymus is commonly seen in myasthenia gravis and other autoimmune disorders. Thymic size also varies with age, corticosteroid use, infections, and inflammatory disease. Although thymic hyperplasia has been described following chemotherapy, there is no known association of true thymic hyperplasia with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. We present two cases of suspected true thymic hyperplasia in patients with stage IV melanoma who were treated with the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab, which was complicated by immune-related toxicity requiring corticosteroid therapy, and then subsequently also by secondary hypoadrenalism requiring replacement hydrocortisone. In one patient, histological and flurocytometric analyses of an incisional biopsy of the thymus revealed findings consistent with true thymic hyperplasia. In the other case, the stable fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/Computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) findings were consistent also with true thymic hyperplasia. These are the first described cases of true thymic hyperplasia following combination immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for metastatic melanoma. We hypothesize that the true thymic hyperplasia in these cases results from initial lymphocyte depletion caused by intense corticosteroid therapy followed by rebound thymic hyperplasia during the period of relative hypocortisolism, which may have been aggravated by the onset of secondary hypoadrenalism.

Pembrolizumab for metastatic melanoma in a renal allograft recipient with subsequent graft rejection and treatment response failure: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Transplant patients were excluded from the pivotal phase III trials of checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic melanoma. The efficacy and toxicity profiles of checkpoint inhibitors in this cohort of patients are not well described. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a renal transplant patient with stage IV melanoma treated with a programmed cell death protein 1 checkpoint inhibitor that led to both treatment failure and renal graft rejection. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 58-year-old white man with a long-standing cadaveric renal transplant who was diagnosed with a B-Raf Proto-Oncogene, Serine/Threonine Kinase wild-type metastatic melanoma. He was treated with first-line pembrolizumab but experienced subsequent graft failure and rapid disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights the risks associated with the administration of checkpoint inhibitors in patients with a renal transplant and on immunosuppressive therapy. More specifically, it adds to the literature indicating that, compared with the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 inhibitor ipilimumab, anti-programmed cell death protein 1 agents are more likely to lead to renal graft failure. Additionally, these novel immunotherapeutics may be ineffective in transplant patients; therefore, clinicians should be very aware of those risks and carefully consider selection of agents and full disclosure of the risks to their patients.

Mediastinal lymphadenopathy in a patient with previously treated T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Mediastinal lymphadenopathy in a patient with previously treated T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is a diagnostic problem. The differential diagnosis in an adult is sarcoidosis, metastases, lymphoma or, rarely, tuberculosis. Mediastinal lymph node involvement is uncommon in tuberculosis. In view of its relative rarity but good prognosis, it is important to distinguish tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenitis in adults from other causes of mediastinal masses.