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AIM: Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the oral cavity is a rare event, despite detectable virus in saliva and oropharyngeal tissues of infected persons, unlike other mucosal sites. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) has been suggested as the main soluble factor responsible for the HIV inhibitory effect of saliva. The study was designed to estimate and compare the salivary SLPI levels in HIV patients and healthy controls. Furthermore, the relationship between salivary SLPI levels and disease severity was also investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Unstimulated whole saliva specimens were collected from 60 HIV-infected and 20 healthy subjects. Disease severity was determined by CD4 count in HIV subjects, who were divided into two groups: ≥200 cells/µL (n = 30) and < 200 cells/µL n = 30. Salivary SLPI levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Numerically higher SLPI levels were observed in HIV subjects 193.342 ng/mL vs. 190.587 ng/mL; P = 0.517. A nonsignificant negative correlation was noted between CD4 counts and SLPI levels r = -0.037, P = 0.781. CONCLUSION: The salivary anti-HIV factor, SLPI, is not only preserved in HIV infection but its concentration may even get enhanced in the infection. However, the clinical significance of SLPI levels and disease severity should be investigated further with a larger sample of patients.
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Drosophila cryptochrome (CRY) is a key circadian photoreceptor that interacts with the period and timeless proteins (PER and TIM) in a light-dependent manner. We show here that a heat pulse also mediates this interaction, and heat-induced phase shifts are severely reduced in the cryptochrome loss-of-function mutant cry(b). The period mutant per(L) manifests a comparable CRY dependence and dramatically enhanced temperature sensitivity of biochemical interactions and behavioral phase shifting. Remarkably, CRY is also critical for most of the abnormal temperature compensation of per(L) flies, because a per(L); cry(b) strain manifests nearly normal temperature compensation. Finally, light and temperature act together to affect rhythms in wild-type flies. The results indicate a role for CRY in circadian temperature as well as light regulation and suggest that these two features of the external 24-h cycle normally act together to dictate circadian phase.
Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila/metabolismo , Flavoproteínas/metabolismo , Temperatura Alta , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Animais , Comportamento Animal , Relógios Biológicos/genética , Relógios Biológicos/fisiologia , Ritmo Circadiano/genética , Criptocromos , Drosophila/genética , Flavoproteínas/genética , Luz , Modelos Biológicos , Mutação , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Circadianas Period , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The asymmetric division of Drosophila neuroblasts involves the basal localization of cell fate determinants and the generation of an asymmetric, apicobasally oriented mitotic spindle that leads to the formation of two daughter cells of unequal size. These features are thought to be controlled by an apically localized protein complex comprising of two signaling pathways: Bazooka/Drosophila atypical PKC/Inscuteable/DmPar6 and Partner of inscuteable (Pins)/Galphai; in addition, Gbeta13F is also required. However, the role of Galphai and the hierarchical relationship between the G protein subunits and apical components are not well defined. Here we describe the isolation of Galphai mutants and show that Galphai and Gbeta13F play distinct roles. Galphai is required for Pins to localize to the cortex, and the effects of loss of Galphai or pins are highly similar, supporting the idea that Pins/Galphai act together to mediate various aspects of neuroblast asymmetric division. In contrast, Gbeta13F appears to regulate the asymmetric localization/stability of all apical components, and Gbeta13F loss of function exhibits phenotypes resembling those seen when both apical pathways have been compromised, suggesting that it acts upstream of the apical pathways. Importantly, our results have also revealed a novel aspect of apical complex function, that is, the two apical pathways act redundantly to suppress the formation of basal astral microtubules in neuroblasts.
Assuntos
Divisão Celular/fisiologia , Drosophila/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Drosophila/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Neurônios/fisiologia , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Mammalian LGN/AGS3 proteins and their Drosophila Pins orthologue are cytoplasmic regulators of G-protein signaling. In Drosophila, Pins localizes to the lateral cortex of polarized epithelial cells and to the apical cortex of neuroblasts where it plays important roles in their asymmetric division. Using overexpression studies in different cell line systems, we demonstrate here that, like Drosophila Pins, LGN can exhibit enriched localization at the cell cortex, depending on the cell cycle and the culture system used. We find that in WISH, PC12, and NRK but not COS cells, LGN is largely directed to the cell cortex during mitosis. Overexpression of truncated protein domains further identified the Galpha-binding C-terminal portion of LGN as a sufficient domain for cortical localization in cell culture. In mitotic COS cells that normally do not exhibit cortical LGN localization, LGN is redirected to the cell cortex upon overexpression of Galpha subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins. The results also show that the cortical localization of LGN is dependent on microfilaments and that interfering with LGN function in cultured cell lines causes early disruption to cell cycle progression.
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Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Ciclo Celular/fisiologia , Mitose/fisiologia , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto de Actina/metabolismo , Animais , Células COS , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Células Cultivadas , Chlorocebus aethiops , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Subunidades alfa de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Camundongos , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Ratos , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genéticaRESUMO
The keratocystic odontogenic tumor, although a benign lesion, is peculiarly aggressive with a high recurrence rate. Its involvement with the maxillary antrum is atypical. We report the unusual case of a 20-year-old male patient with an extensive antral tumor associated with an impacted third molar, which was initially misdiagnosed as a dentigerous cyst. Clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic aspects were analyzed to provide useful information for the correct diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis within a multidisciplinary approach.
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Orofacial amyloidosis is an extremely rare and generally a benign condition. In contrast to systemic amyloidosis, other organs are not involved; however, extensive investigations are recommended to intercept any systemic involvement. Diagnosis is confirmed by histological examination and Congo red staining. This condition does not have a known etiology, and hence no general consensus exists regarding its management. We are presenting a case of a 65-year-old female patient with orofacial amyloidosis having ocular and extensive oral involvement.
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Amiloidose/diagnóstico , Doenças da Boca/diagnóstico , Idoso , Biópsia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Diagnóstico por Imagem , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
Lymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC) of the maxillary sinus is an exceedingly rare malignancy. It may be asymptomatic or present with non-specific obstructive nasal symptoms which makes its pre-operative diagnosis very challenging. This report describes our clinical and radiological findings in a 45-year-old Indian female patient with locally-advanced LEC of the right maxillary antrum. Histopathological and immunohistochemical results are also discussed. The case was effectively managed by external beam radiotherapy and the patient has remained disease-free at 20-month follow-up.
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Gingival fibromatosis is characterised by varying degrees of fibrotic gingival overgrowth that can be caused by a variety of aetiological factors. Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF) is a rare genetic disorder, characterised by a slowly progressive, benign enlargement of keratinised gingiva. The condition may be found in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, the former being more common. It usually develops as an isolated disorder but can be one feature of a multisystem syndrome. Accordingly, HGF has been divided into two forms: non-syndromic and syndromic. The gingival enlargement can be localised or generalised, but usually involves both arches. The authors describe a case of non-syndromic generalised severe HGF, involving the maxillary and mandibular arches in two brothers. This report focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and control of the disease. The pattern of inheritance and histopathologic characteristics are also emphasised.
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BACKGROUND: The role of interleukin (IL)-1ß in periodontal disease pathogenesis is well researched. This study aimed to assess and compare the salivary IL-1ß levels in patients with chronic periodontitis before and after periodontal phase I therapy and periodontally healthy controls. Further, relationships between IL-1ß levels and various clinical parameters were explored. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with moderate-to-severe generalized chronic periodontitis and 24 age-, race-, and ethnicity-matched controls participated in this study. Saliva samples were obtained from all patients. The clinical parameters recorded were clinical attachment loss (AL), probing depth, bleeding on probing, periodontal index, and gingival index. Clinical evaluation and sample collection were repeated 1 month after periodontal phase I therapy in patients with periodontitis. IL-1ß levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Mean IL-1ß levels in patients with periodontitis at baseline (1,312.75 pg/mL) were significantly higher (P <0.0001; eight-fold) than in controls (161.51 pg/mL). Although treatment in patients with periodontitis resulted in significant reduction in IL-1ß levels (mean: 674.34 pg/mL; P = 0.001), they remained significantly higher (P <0.0001; four-fold) than control levels. There were significant correlations between IL-1ß levels and all clinical parameters (P <0.01) except percentage sites with clinical AL >2 mm (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that IL-1ß levels are raised in the saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis, which are reduced after phase I therapy, suggesting a close association between salivary IL-1ß and periodontitis. Additional longitudinal studies are needed to validate salivary IL-1ß as a marker for periodontal disease.
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Periodontite Crônica/imunologia , Raspagem Dentária , Interleucina-1beta/análise , Aplainamento Radicular , Proteínas e Peptídeos Salivares/análise , Adulto , Perda do Osso Alveolar/classificação , Perda do Osso Alveolar/imunologia , Perda do Osso Alveolar/terapia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Periodontite Crônica/classificação , Periodontite Crônica/terapia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hemorragia Gengival/classificação , Hemorragia Gengival/imunologia , Hemorragia Gengival/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Higiene Bucal , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Perda da Inserção Periodontal/classificação , Perda da Inserção Periodontal/imunologia , Perda da Inserção Periodontal/terapia , Índice Periodontal , Bolsa Periodontal/classificação , Bolsa Periodontal/imunologia , Bolsa Periodontal/terapia , Periodonto/imunologia , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Neoplasias Mandibulares/diagnóstico , Mieloma Múltiplo/diagnóstico , Idoso , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
Introduction: Angioedema is a rare but potentially life threatening (fatal laryngeal edema) disease. It is a relapsing subcutaneous or submucosal edema caused by various factors. The episodes can vary significantly from one individual to another. Causative factors should always be sought, but a large proportion of patients have the idiopathic form of the disease. A minority of patients represent a diagnostic and treatment challenge. A comprehensive history and close monitoring of response to treatment are the most cost effective diagnostic and treatment tools. Objective: This paper presents a highly representative clinical case of idiopathic variety of the disease where a ten year old boy reported with a complaint of swelling over right side of the face and upper lip since 4 hours. Conclusion: There was no associated pain or discomfort. There was slight itching in the same area prior to the appearance of swelling. Condition showed prompt improvement following antihistamines.
Introdução: Angioedema é uma doença rara, porém, com potencial risco à vida (edema fatal de laringe).É um edema subcutâneo ou submucoso recidivante causado por vários fatores. Os episódios podem variar significativamentede um indivíduo para outro. Fatores causadores da doença sempre devem ser pesquisados, mas uma grande proporção dos pacientes tem a forma idiopática da doença. Uma minoria de pacientes representaum desafio no diagnóstico e tratamento. O histórico completo e o acompanhamento da resposta ao tratamentosão as ferramentas de diagnóstico e tratamento de menor custo. Objetivo: Este trabalho apresenta um casoclínico altamente representativo da variedade idiopática da doença: um menino de dez anos se apresentou comqueixa de inchaço no lado direito da face e no lábio superior nas últimas 4 horas. Conclusão: Não havia dorassociada ou desconforto, havia leve coceira na mesma área, anterior ao aparecimento de inchaço. A condiçãomostrou rápida melhora após medicação com anti-histamínicos.
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Humanos , Masculino , Criança , Angioedema/diagnóstico , Face/anormalidades , Lábio/anormalidades , Angioedema/tratamento farmacológico , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/uso terapêutico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Heterotrimeric G proteins mediate asymmetric division of Drosophila neuroblasts. Free Gbetagamma appears to be crucial for the generation of an asymmetric mitotic spindle and consequently daughter cells of distinct size. However, how Gbetagamma is released from the inactive heterotrimer remains unclear. Here we show that Locomotion defects (Loco) interacts and colocalizes with Galphai and, through its GoLoco motif, acts as a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) for Galphai. Simultaneous removal of the two GoLoco motif proteins, Loco and Pins, results in defects that are essentially indistinguishable from those observed in Gbeta13F or Ggamma1 mutants, suggesting that Loco and Pins act synergistically to release free Gbetagamma in neuroblasts. Furthermore, the RGS domain of Loco can also accelerate the GTPase activity of Galphai to regulate the equilibrium between the GDP- and the GTP-bound forms of Galphai. Thus, Loco can potentially regulate heterotrimeric G-protein signaling via two distinct modes of action during Drosophila neuroblast asymmetric divisions.
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Drosophila/citologia , Proteínas Heterotriméricas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/fisiologia , Locomoção , Neurônios/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , GTP Fosfo-Hidrolases/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/enzimologiaAssuntos
Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Mandibulares/diagnóstico , Mieloma Múltiplo/diagnósticoRESUMO
Asymmetric cell division is a fundamental mechanism used to generate cellular diversity in invertebrates and vertebrates. In Drosophila, asymmetric division of neuroblasts is achieved by the asymmetric segregation of cell fate determinants Prospero and Numb into the basal daughter cell. Asymmetric segregation of cell fate determinants requires an apically localized protein complex that includes Inscuteable, Pins, Bazooka, DmPar-6, DaPKC and Galphai. Pins acts to stabilize the apical complex during neuroblast divisions. Pins interacts and colocalizes with Inscuteable, as well as maintaining its apical localization. We have isolated a mouse homologue of pins (Pins) and characterized its expression profile. Mouse PINS shares high similarity in sequence and structure with Pins and other Pins-like proteins from mammals. Pins is expressed in many mouse tissues but its expression is enriched in the ventricular zone of the developing central nervous systems. PINS localizes asymmetrically to the apical cortex of mitotic neuroblasts when ectopically expressed in Drosophila embryos. Like Pins, its N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeats can directly interact with the asymmetric localization domain of Insc, and its C-terminal GoLoco-containing region can direct localization to the neuroblast cortex. We further show that Pins can fulfill all aspects of pins function in Drosophila neuroblast asymmetric cell divisions. Our results suggest a conservation of function between the fly and mammalian Pins homologues.