[Quantatitative evaluation of food consumption in epidemiological studies of cardiovascular diseases]. / Kolichestvennaia otsenka potrebleniia pishchevykh veshchestv, v epidemiologicheskikh issledovaniiakh serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii

On the basis of a brief calculation technique for foodstuffs a chart of the chemical composition of food was compiled, in which the most popular foodstuffs were averaged and classified according to their chemical similarity into 12 groups and 162 items. To check the correctness of the selection of the averaged units 21 males, aged 40 to 59 years, were questioned. The obtained data on the whole food consumed on the preceeding day were calculated in two variants: with the brief variant of calculations the averaged foodstuffs were used in accordance with the devised chart, with the long-term method the used data were retrieved from the available tables of the chemical composition of each product individually. A comparison of the results of calculations of the 21 daily rations obtained with the aid of the above two methods has demonstrated that the differences were absolutely negligible for total lipids, saturated, mono- and polynonsaturated fatty acids, total carbohydrates, refined and nonrefined sugar, compound carbohydrates, alcohol and the total caloric content of the food. The difference was meaningful for the total protein and cholesterol.

[Organization of collecting and analysis of the data on nutrition in epidemiological study of cardiovascular diseases]. / Organizatsiia sbora i obrabotki dannykh o pitanii v epidemiologicheskom issledovanii serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii.

The principles of collecting and analysis of information on nutrition in epidemiological study of cardiovascular diseases by means of electronic computers are described. A special program computes the consumption of 11 nutrients, the calorific value of the diet, and the calorie percentage of different nutrients with the exception of cholesterol. Certain coefficients are estimated, such as the ratio between the poly-unsaturated and the saturated fatty acids in the diet, and the ratio between the amount of starch and the total amount of refined and unrefined sugar, Well-trained technical personnel may be entrusted with the collection of the information, its coding, perforation, and feeding into the computer and with the obtainment of the data, which reduces the cost of the study considerably.

[Nutrition and risk factors of ischemic heart disease in men of the Chukot Autonomous Region]. / Pitanie i faktory riska ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa u muzhchin Chukotskogo avtonomnogo okruga.

The relationship between the nutritional status and the major risk factors of CHD has been studied in the indigenous and nonindigenous inhabitants of the Chukot Autonomous Region. The nutrition of the indigenous tundra inhabitants who show a significantly lower risk factors as compared with nonindigenous citizens living there for over ten years is characterized by a significantly higher proportion of protein of animal origin, a lower calorie intake in general and that of fat, in particular, a lower consumption of starch-containing products and a high consumption of refined sugar. A larger proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in food is markedly associated with reduced levels of cholesterol, beta-lipoprotein cholesterol and the diastolic blood pressure in Chukchi inhabitants living on the seacoast as against Chukchi living on the mainland. The detected differences in the level of risk factors are correlated with differences in the nature of nutrition.

[Comparative study of drug and dietary correction of dyslipoproteinemias among the population]. / Sravnitel'noe izuchenie medikamentoznoi i dieticheskoi korrektsii dislipoproteidemii v populiatsii.

A comparative study of diet and drug correction of dyslipoproteinemias in individuals with stable hypercholesterolemia showed that following a month of diet treatment of groups selected for the therapy with probucol and ascorbic acid there was a clear-cut decrease in the level of plasma cholesterol. The administration of probucol in combination with the diet therapy decreased cholesterol by 33.6%, triglycerides by 32.8% and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) by 19.7% as compared with the baseline values. Ascorbic acid showed virtually no effect on the lipid spectrum of the blood. Throughout the entire period of treatment, the patients in these groups showed a reduction in the body weight and blood pressure. In the group receiving only drug therapy, probucol use was associated with a statistically significant decrease in both total cholesterol and HDLC, with the HDLC/cholesterol ratio remaining almost unaltered while in the group receiving diet and probucol, the proportion of HDLC with regard to total cholesterol was elevated as against the initial values. The body weight in this group of patients remained actually unaltered.

[Determination of excess body mass in epidemiological studies of cardiovascular diseases]. / Opredelenie izbytochnoi massy tela v épidemiologicheskikh issledovaniiakh serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii.

In epidemiological studies of cardiovascular diseases, in order to determine excessive body weight and its significance in the spread and development of ischemic heart disease among different populations it is necessary to use the best index characterizing the height-weight relationships and meeting such requirements as independence of growth and high correlation with weight. Analysis showed that the index weight/height2 may be used to determine excessive weight in 40--59-year-old males living in one of the Moscow districts. A 30.0 kg/m2 or higher value of this index is evidence of excessive increase in body mass.

[Effect of diet on major risk factors in an organized population]. / Vliianie diety na uroven' osnovnykh faktorov riska v organizovannoi populiatsii.

In the organized population, 364 male subjects aged 20-59 years (those with dyslipoproteinemias and borderline hypertension and patients with coronary heart disease) were on diet for 6 months, which resulted in a significant drop in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and body weight by 7.7%, 17%, 3%, 3.7%, and 5.3%, respectively. The portion of fat in the diet was reduced from 40% to 36% of total caloric value and that of sugar was decreased from 13% to 10%, at the same time complex carbohydrates and protein were increased from 8% to 12% and from 15% to 17%, respectively. A multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to define whether different variables were significant in lowering the risk factors.

[Blood glucose level and nutritional factors in the male population aged 20-59 years]. / Uroven' glikemii i faktory pitaniia v populiatsii muzhchin 20-59 let.

The levels of glycemia were studied on an empty stomach, 1 and 2 h after a glucose tolerance test (75 g of glucose) in an organized population of 799 men. The character of nutrition was studied by a questionnaire method regarding all food consumed during a previous day using models of previously weighed meals and food-stuffs as well as standard plates, spoons, glasses, etc. An analysis of the results obtained revealed the following peculiarities: in young patients (under 40) the level of glycemia was associated with excessive consumption of carbohydrates, especially starch; in the older age group (40-59) the level of glycemia showed positive correlation with the amount of consumed fats, protein, especially animal protein. The level of glycemia in persons with dyslipoproteinemia showed direct correlation with the amount of consumed saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.

[Efficacy of 3-year prophylaxis of coronary heart disease risk factors in an organized population]. / Effektivnost' 3-letnei profilaktiki faktorov riska ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa v organizovannoi populiatsii.

An organized community numbering 1563 men aged 20 to 59 years engaged in scientific activity were entered into an experimental and prophylactic study. The intervention measures were exercised in a high risk group with dyslipoproteinemia, borderline hypertension and coronary heart disease (CHD), mainly at the expense of alterations in nutrition. The three-year prophylaxis resulted in a 7-percent decrease in blood plasma cholesterol and a 13-percent fall in triglycerides. The prevalence of arterial hypertension declined by 3 and the excess body weight by 3.7 percent, which led to a 33-percent decrease in CHD risk development calculated with the aid of the R. P. Prochorskas risk logistic function. Advantages of the individual strategy of CHD prevention are discussed.

[Apolipoproteins B and A-I in the plasma of a random sample of an organized population of 20 to 59-year-old men and ischemic heart disease]. / Apolipoproteiny B i A-I plazmy krovi v sluchainoi vyborke iz organizovannoi populiatsii muzhchin 20-59 let i ishemicheskaia bolezn' serdtsa.

The authors presented the results of a study of the level of blood plasma apo-B and apo-A-I in random samples (by age decades from 20 to 60) of the organized male population (n = 309) and additionally of CHD patients who were not entered into the random samples (n = 82). Age differences in the level of blood plasma apo-B and apo-A-I were noted; a significant positive correlation with age of the level of apolipoprotein B at the age of 20 to 59 and a negative correlation of apo-A-I in males aged 20 to 39 were revealed. By the percentile distribution of apo-LP-B and A-I the relative borders of their high and low values were defined in random samples of males aged 20 to 39 and 40 to 59. Significant differences in the prevalence of high and low levels of apo-B and apo-A-I were demonstrated among patients with CHD and persons without this pathology.

[Features of the epidemiologic characteristics of ischemic heart disease among scientific research workers]. / Osobennosti épidemiologicheskoi kharakteristiki ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa u nauchnykh rabotnikov.

The peculiarities of prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD), its main risk factors and their interrelationships were studied on the basis of the results of epidemiological surveys of an organized population of men aged 20 to 59 engaged in research, and an unorganized male population in one of Moscow districts. A similar CHD frequency was revealed in both populations (10.5 and 9.5%), however the prevalence of possible CHD was significantly higher among the research workers. In this group more unfavorable epidemiological conditions were noted with relation to such CHD risk factors as hypercholesterolemia, disturbed glucose tolerance, a low physical activity, with practically the same prevalence of excess body mass and lower frequency of arterial hypertension and smoking. The results obtained formed the basis for a design of measures on primary and secondary CHD prevention among research workers.

[Age-related dynamics of the prevalence of ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension and the mean level of basic risk factors in men 20 to 69 related to the nature of their nutrition]. / Vozrastnaia dinamika rasprostranennosti ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa i arterial'noi gipertonii i srednii uroven' osnovnykh faktorov riska u muzhchin v vozraste 20--69 let v sviazi s kharakterom pitaniia.

Analysis of the data derived in the course of examination of men aged 20 to 69 years demonstrates a distinct rise of the prevalence of CHD and AH with age. The level of the total cholesterol also increases with advancing age, reaching a maximum at 40 to 49 years as does the level of Tg (maximal at 50 to 59 years). The body weight also shows a linear increase. Emphasis should be placed on a high alpha-cholesterol content in persons aged 30 to 39 years. Analysis of the nutrition pattern of the male population aged 20 to 69 years revealed an atherogenic nature of nutrition marked by a high quota of fat, saturated fatty acids, low ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids, and high cholesterol consumption with food. The highest consumption of energy sources and animal products was noted in persons aged 30 to 39 years. The same age demonstrated the lowest consumption of products of vegetable origin. Persons aged 50 to 59 years showed a reduction in consumption of protein of animal origin and essential polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as an increase in consumption of readily available sugars, which may lead to the development of obesity and hypertriglyceridemia and therefore to a higher risk of CHD development.

[Fatty acid makeup of the high-density lipoproteins in hyperalphalipoproteinemia]. / Zhirnokislotnyi sostav lipoproteidov vysokoi plotnosti pri giperal'falipoproteidemii.

An increase in the ratio of free cholesterol/phospholipids as well as in proportional content of oleic and linoleic acids were observed in lecithins of high density lipoproteins (HDL) from the 409-59 years old patients with hyper-alpha-lipoproteinemia. Activity of lecithine-cholesterol acyltransferase was also increased in blood plasma while the HDL cholesterol content increased. The data obtained suggest alterations in physicochemical properties of HDL and their effect on lecithine-cholesterol acyltransferase activity under conditions of hyper-alpha-lipoproteinemia.

[Nutritional and risk-factor dynamics of ischemic heart disease during a 3-year prophylactic intervention in an organized population]. / Dinamika pitaniia i faktorov riska ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa v techenie 3-letnego profilakticheskogo vmeshatel'stva v organizovannoi populiatsii.

An experimental and prophylactic study was performed in an organized population of 1563 men aged 20-59 years engaged in scientific work. Intervention was realized in a group at high risk, mainly at the expense of changes in nutrition. After 3 years the main group demonstrated the lowering of the total caloricity of nutrition, consumption of food cholesterol and refined sugar together with the rise of animal protein, poly- and monounsaturated fatty acids (PUFA and MUFA) and complex carbohydrates consumption, leading to reduction of risk factors for coronary disease. After 3 years the control group manifested a decrease of sugar and a rise of complex carbohydrates consumption, which was not associated with changes in risk factors. It has been established using a multiple step-by-step regression analysis that the greatest effect on the drop of blood plasma cholesterol was produced by body weight reduction and diminution of the content of SFA in the diet whereas the decrease of arterial pressure by body weight reduction and the rise of the PUFA portion in the diet.

[Reliability of the questionnaire method of studying nutrition]. / O dostovernosti oprosnogo metoda izucheniia pitaniia.

The authors studied the significance of the one-day questionnaire method in a randomized sample of men aged 40-59 years, living in one of the districts of Moscow. The questionnaire was performed twice by the same physicians, with an interval averaging 26.3 +/- 7.5 months between the first and second questionnaire. The examinees did not receive any recommendations as to the changes in the nutrition pattern. Analysis of the mean magnitudes of food consumption revealed no significant differences in the parameters under consideration (consumption of protein, fat and fatty acids, carbohydrates including qualitatively different carbohydrates, alcohol, cholesterol and caloricity). Consideration of the pair ratios of the correlation between the characteristics of the foods under study demonstrated a statistical significance of the correlations of the magnitudes that reflect the consumption of total fat, saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, starch, alcohol and overall caloricity. Thus, the one-day questionnaire method provides significant results upon an analysis of the group data on the whole. Meanwhile an analysis of individual food consumption also demonstrates the significance of the consumption characteristics with respect to some of the foods.

[Nutrition and arterial blood pressure level in an organized population]. / Pitanie i uroven' arterial'nogo davleniia v organizovannoi populiatsii.

A total of 1563 males, aged from 20 to 59 years, engaged in scientific-pedagogical activity were under study. Relationship between the nutrition parameters and arterial blood pressure level was established by multiple step-by-step regression analysis considering the main risk factors and age. Dietetic correction conducted during 3 years has resulted in the lowering of arterial blood pressure below the borderline level of arterial hypertension in 24.6% of the subjects, while in the control group normalization of arterial blood pressure was recorded only in 6.8% of the subjects with arterial hypertension (p less than 0.01). The highest effect on the arterial blood pressure lowering was produced by the body mass diminution due to a long-term dietetic correction and increased percent of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ration.

[Nutrition of patients with ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension in the general population]. / Izuchenie pitaniia bol'nykh ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa i arterial'noi gipertonieiv populiatsii.

A representative randomized sample of 525 men aged 40-59 years was examined in one of the regions of Moscow. The diet was studied by the method of a one-day questionnaire. Coronary heart disease (CHD) was revealed in 59 subjects, arterial hypertension (AH) in 51. Analysis of the means of food consumption and energy sources in subjects with and without CHD showed significant differences to manifest only in less consumption of carbohydrates and calories per kg bw by CHD patients. Application of discriminant analysis showed that age and consumption of carbohydrates per kg bw are informative signs that distinguish CHD patients from subjects without CHD. CHD patients were older and consumed less carbohydrates. Analysis of the means of food consumption and energy sources by AH patients and subjects without AH revealed differences in food cholesterol consumption per kg bw. It appeared to be lower in AH patients. Discriminant analysis demonstrated highly significant differences in the age of the examinees as well as in cholesterol (in mg per kg bw) and refined sugar consumption (in per cent of the energy value). Subjects with AH were older and consumed less food cholesterol and refined sugar, which, in all probability, is linked with a change in the pattern of nutrition caused by illness.

[Nutrition of boys aged 14-15 years from 2 regions of Moscow]. / Osobennosti pitaniia mal'chikov 14-15 let dvukh raionov Moskvy.

Representative sampling of boys (n-577) aged 14-15 years was used to study their nutrition structure. The results obtained have evidenced the atherogenic character of nutrition due to insufficient consumption of vegetable oils, complex carbohydrates, excessive consumption of animal fats and sugar. These data can be used as the basis of nutrition correction for prevention of such risk factors of atherosclerosis as arterial hypertension, excessive body mass, dyslipoproteinemia.

[Possibilities of correcting atherogenic trends of the diet in l4-15-year-old boys]. / Vozmozhnosti korrektsii aterogennoi napravlennosti pishchevykh ratsionov mal'chikov 14-15 let.

In a representative sample of boys aged 14-15 daily diet compositions have been modeled followed by 2-year preventive correction of expected atherogenic shifts in the above boys' nutrition. The correction did not imply changes in daily diet overall caloric value, but the intake of refined sugar was to be reduced with an increase in the intake of other carbohydrates and decrease in saturated fatty acids. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in daily diets was made greater. The highest effect was achieved in the boys who had not only changed their diet qualitatively, but also made their meals more frequent that is adopted dietary regimen with meals 3-4 times a day.

[Study of the age dynamics of nutritional indicators and blood lipids in connection with the incidence of ischemic heart disease in the male population of Frunze]. / Izuchenie vozrastnoi dinamiki pokazatelei pitaniia i lipidov krovi v sviazi v rasprostranennost'iu ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa v populiatsii muzhchin g. Frunze.

Epidemiological investigation of males aged 20-59 years in Frunze has shown atherogenic tendency of age dynamics of blood lipid level. The character of the nutrition of the population studied proved to be as a whole atherogenic due to imbalance with respect to the main food substances. The shifts detected in the parameters of nutrition and blood lipids correlate well with rather high incidence of coronary heart disease among the population investigated.