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The increase in cancer incidence and mortality is challenging current cancer care delivery globally, disproportionally affecting low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) when it comes to receiving evidence-based cancer prevention, treatment, and palliative and survivorship care. Patients in LMICs often rely on traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine (TCIM) that is more familiar, less costly, and widely available. However, spheres of influence and tensions between conventional medicine and TCIM can further disrupt efforts in evidence-based cancer care. Integrative oncology provides a framework to research and integrate safe, effective TCIM alongside conventional cancer treatment and can help bridge health care gaps in delivering evidence-informed, patient-centered care. This growing field uses lifestyle modifications, mind and body therapies (eg, acupuncture, massage, meditation, and yoga), and natural products to improve symptom management and quality of life among patients with cancer. On the basis of this review of the global challenges of cancer control and the current status of integrative oncology, the authors recommend: 1) educating and integrating TCIM providers into the cancer control workforce to promote risk reduction and culturally salient healthy life styles; 2) developing and testing TCIM interventions to address cancer symptoms or treatment-related adverse effects (eg, pain, insomnia, fatigue); and 3) disseminating and implementing evidence-based TCIM interventions as part of comprehensive palliative and survivorship care so patients from all cultures can live with or beyond cancer with respect, dignity, and vitality. With conventional medicine and TCIM united under a cohesive framework, integrative oncology may provide citizens of the world with access to safe, effective, evidence-informed, and culturally sensitive cancer care.
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Terapias Complementares , Medicina Integrativa , Oncologia Integrativa , Neoplasias , Atenção à Saúde , Humanos , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
Imported fire ants are significant agricultural pests. Repellents can be used to prevent foraging fire ants from entering sensitive areas, including electrical equipment, nursing homes, and hospitals. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the essential oil extracted from gurjun balsam (Dipterocarpus turbinatus) resulted in the identification of (-)-α-copaene (1) as the repellent constituent with a minimum repellent effective dose (MRED) of 15.6 µg/g against both red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) and hybrid imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta × Solenopsis richteri). Stereoselective oxidation of 1 via autoxidation and chemical methods produced (-)-5R-hydroperoxy-α-copaene (2), (+)-3S-hydroperoxycopa-4-ene (3), (-)-α-copaene oxide (4), (+)-ß-copaen-4α-ol (5), copaenediol (6), and copaene ketol (7). Reduction of 2 and 3 with triphenylphosphine afforded (-)-5R-hydroxy-α-copaene (2a) and (+)-3S-hydroxycopa-4-ene (3a), respectively, which led to the structural revision of copa-3-en-2α-ol and copa-2-en-4-ol as 2a and 3, respectively. The configurational assignment of compound 4 in the literature was also clarified by the detailed analysis of 2D NMR spectroscopic data. Compounds 2-7 showed repellency with MREDs ranging from 3.9 to 15.6 µg/g against hybrid and red imported fire ants, indicating that chemical modification can enhance the repellent effect of (-)-α-copaene.
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Many polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols with fascinating chemical structures and intriguing biological activities have been identified as key to phytochemicals isolated from Garcinia, Hypericum, and related genera. In the present work, two chiral, tautomeric, highly-oxygenated polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols tethered with acyl and prenyl moieties on a bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanetrione core were isolated from the 95% ethanolic extract of Garcinia gummi-gutta fruit. The structures of both compounds were elucidated based on the NMR and MS data with ambiguity in the exact position of the enol and keto functions at C-1 and C-3 of the core structure. The structures of both polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols were established as a structurally revised guttiferone J and the new iso-guttiferone J with the aid of gauge-independent atomic orbital NMR calculations, CP3 probability analyses, specific rotation calculations, and electronic circular dichroism calculations in combination with the experimental data. The structures of both compounds resemble hyperforin, a potent activator of the human pregnane X receptor. As expected, both compounds showed strong pregnane X receptor activation at 10 µM [7.1-fold (guttiferone J) and 5.0-fold (iso-guttiferone J)], explained by a molecular docking study, necessitating further in-depth investigation to substantiate the herb-drug interaction potential of G. gummi-gutta upon co-administration with pharmaceutical drugs.
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Garcinia , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Garcinia/química , Estrutura Molecular , Frutas/química , Benzofenonas/química , Benzofenonas/isolamento & purificação , Benzofenonas/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Floroglucinol/química , Floroglucinol/isolamento & purificação , HumanosRESUMO
The flowers of Quararibea funebris are used to make a traditional drink called tejate, to which they add aroma, flavor and consistency. The study aims to profile the morphoanatomy of the floral parts of Q.â funebris and analyze the changes in its volatile chemical composition during the drying process from 0 to 180â days by HS-SPME-GC-MS. The calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium have distinct characteristics, such as non-glandular fused stellate trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, and large secretory ducts. Histochemical localization reveals the presence of mucilage and total lipids in all parts of the flower. The chemical analysis of the essential oil, extracted from the flowers, showed that transfarnesol and geraniol were the most abundant compounds, with a yield of 0.04 %. HS-SPME analysis indicated that fresh flowers had a more complex composition than dried ones. In total, 31â components were identified. Nonanal and geranyl acetone were found to be distinctive components of dried flowers. Microscopic examination helps in identifying and authenticating raw materials and also reveals the presence of secretory ducts in all floral parts, which is a distinctive feature. The chemical profile of volatiles provides an important parameter for the evaluation of the quality of Rosita de Cacao raw materials.
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Bombacaceae , Cacau , Óleos Voláteis , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Microextração em Fase Sólida , Óleos Voláteis/química , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/químicaRESUMO
The Brassicaceae family, commonly referred to as cruciferous plants, is globally cultivated and consumed, with the Brassica genus being particularly renowned for its functional components. These vegetables are rich sources of nutrients and health-promoting phytochemicals, garnering increased attention in recent years. This study presents a comprehensive microscopic, chromatographic, and spectroscopic characterization of Brassica napus L. seeds from Kazakhstan aimed at elucidating their morphological features and chemical composition. Microscopic analysis revealed distinct localization of flavonoids, total lipids, and alkaloids. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of seed extracts demonstrated a complex chemical profile with significant quantities of non-polar compounds in the hexane extracts. Additionally, methanolic extracts revealed the presence of diverse chemical compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and glucosinolates. The chemical composition exhibited varietal differences across different Brassica species, with B. napus L. seeds showing higher concentrations of bioactive compounds. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) analysis provided insights into the chemical composition, with sinapine isomers, feruloyl, and sinapoyl choline derivatives as major compounds in the seeds. This study contributes to a better understanding of the chemical diversity and quality control methods' approximations of B. napus L. seeds, highlighting their importance in functional food and nutraceutical applications.
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Brassica napus , Sementes , Brassica napus/química , Sementes/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Cromatografia em Camada Fina/métodos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Flavonoides/análise , Flavonoides/química , Alcaloides/análise , Alcaloides/química , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Glucosinolatos/análise , Glucosinolatos/químicaRESUMO
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening syndrome that causes high morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aerial parts of Euphorbia grantii Oliv. were extracted with methanol to give a total methanolic extract (TME), which was further fractionated into dichloromethane (DCMF) and the remaining mother liquor (MLF) fractions. Biological guided anti-inflammatory assays in vitro revealed that the DCMF showed the highest activity (IC50 6.9 ± 0.2 µg/mL and 0.29 ± 0.01 µg/mL) compared to. celecoxib (IC50 of 88.0 ± 1 µg/mL and 0.30 ± 0.01 µg/mL) on COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Additionally, anti-LOX activity was IC50 = 24.0 ± 2.5 µg/mL vs. zileuton with IC50 of 40.0 ± 0.5 µg/mL. LC-DAD-QToF analysis of TME and the active DCMF resulted in the tentative identification and characterization of 56 phytochemical compounds, where the diterpenes were the dominated metabolites. An LPS-induced inflammatory model of ALI (10 mg/kg i.p) was used to assess the anti-inflammatory potential of DCMF in vivo at dose of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg compared to dexamethasone (5 mg/kg i.p). Our treatments significantly reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and MPO), increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH), decreased the activity of oxidative stress enzyme (MDA), and reduced the expression of inflammatory genes (p38.MAPK14 and CY450P2E1). The western blotting of NF-κB p65 in lung tissues was inhibited after orally administration of the DCMF. Histopathological study of the lung tissues, scoring, and immunohistochemistry of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-ß1) were also assessed. In both dose regimens, DCMF of E. grantii prevented further lung damage and reduced the side effects of LPS on acute lung tissue injury.
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Lesão Pulmonar Aguda , Euphorbia , Proteína Quinase 14 Ativada por Mitógeno , Pneumonia , Animais , Ratos , NF-kappa B , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/induzido quimicamente , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologiaRESUMO
Atraphaxis pyrifolia is a native species of Central Asia, known for curing several disorders. The species has little knowledges about its chemical composition and any information about its morphological characteristics despite its importance in traditional Asian medicine. This is one of the first approaches to the phytochemical and morphological characterization of this species. Micro-morphology was performed on the stem, and leaf parts of this plant to profile the morpho-anatomical characters using brightfield, fluorescence, polarized and scanning electron microscopy. Leaves were extracted with hexane and methanol. The hexane extract was analyzed using GC-MS analysis revealing the major presence of γ-sitosterol and nonacosane. The methanolic extract was submitted to Vacuum Liquid Chromatography and Sephadex LH-20. HPTLC, HR-ESI-MS and NMR techniques were used to identify the main compounds. Four glycosylated flavonoids were isolated: 8-O-acetyl-7-O-methyl-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosylgossypetin (Compound 1), and 7-O-methyl-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosylgossypetin (Compound 3), and two other compounds reported for the first time in the literature (Compounds 2 and 4). The findings presented herein furnish pertinent information essential for the identification and authentication of this medicinal plant. Such insights are invaluable for facilitating robust quality control measures and serve as a foundational framework for subsequent endeavours in metabolic, pharmacological, and taxonomical analyses.
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Hexanos , Extratos Vegetais , Extratos Vegetais/química , Cazaquistão , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , MetanolRESUMO
Histomorphometric lung density measurements were used to evaluate the effects of Immulina on mouse pneumonia. Mice were intra-nasally exposed to H1N1 influenza virus at a dose of 5 × 104 PFU/50 µL/mouse. Lung density was measured using the NIH ImageJ software program. Density values were compared to semiquantitative pneumonia severity scores. Lung photomicrographs were evaluated at 25-×, 40-× and 400-× magnification. The study included viral inoculated controls (IC) and non-inoculated controls (NC) and mice either treated or not treated with Immulina. Three doses of Immulina were included (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg) and administered using 3 protocols: prophylactic treatment (P), prodromal treatment (PD) and therapeutic treatment (TH) (note that in most of the evaluations of the data for the three treatment protocols were combined). Groups of mice were evaluated on days 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 following exposure. The occurrence of "digital pneumonia" (DP) was defined as a density measurement above the 95% confidence limit of the corresponding NC values. A significant reduction in the occurrence of DP with Immulina treatment at the higher doses compared to IC was seen as early as day 3 and persisted up to day 15. There were also statistically significant dose-variable reductions in lung density in response to Immulina. The study suggests early administration of Immulina (P or PD protocols) may enhance resistance against influenza-induced viral pneumonia. A moderate correlation between pneumonia severity scores and lung density was observed for the 25-× and 40-× images (R = 0.56 and 0.53 respectively), and a strong correlation (R = 0.68) for 400-× images.
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Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Influenza Humana , Pneumonia , Animais , Camundongos , Humanos , Pneumonia/tratamento farmacológico , PulmãoRESUMO
Structurally similar phytochemical compounds may elicit markedly different skin sensitization responses. Eugenol and isoeugenol are natural phenylpropanoids found in various essential oils are frequently used as fragrance ingredients in consumer products due to their pleasing aromatic properties. Both compounds are also skin sensitizers with isoeugenol being a stronger sensitizer than eugenol. The most commonly accepted mechanisms for haptenation by eugenol involve formation of a quinone methide or an ortho-quinone intermediate. The mechanism for the increased skin response to isoeugenol remains elusive, although quinone methide intermediates have been proposed. The recent identification of diastereomeric 7,4'-oxyneolignans as electrophilic, thiol-depleting isoeugenol derivatives has revived interest in the possible role of elusive reactive intermediates associated with the isoeugenol's haptenation process. In the present work, integrated non-animal skin sensitization methods were performed to determine the ability of syn-7,4'-oxyneolignan to promote haptenation and activation of further molecular pathways in keratinocytes and dendritic cells, confirming it as a candidate skin sensitizer. Kinetic NMR spectroscopic studies using dansyl cysteamine (DCYA) confirmed the first ordered nature of the nucleophilic addition for the syn-7,4'-oxyneolignan. Computational studies reaffirmed the "syn" stereochemistry of the isolated 7,4'-oxyneolignans along with that of their corresponding DCYA adducts and provided evidence for the preferential stereoselectivity. A plausible rationale for isoeugenol's strong skin sensitization is proposed based on the formation of a hydroxy quinone methide as a reactive intermediate rather than the previously assumed quinone methide.
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Eugenol , Indolquinonas , Pele/metabolismoRESUMO
The French Lentil & Leek Crumbles frozen food product was recently recalled due to reports of gastrointestinal issues. So far, 393 adverse illness complaints and 133 hospitalizations have been reported from consumption of this food, and the tara (Tara spinosa) protein flour ingredient is hypothesized to be responsible. A multipronged approach resulted in identification of (S)-(-)-baikiain in tara as a compound of interest due to its abundance, possible metabolic fate, and close resemblance to irreversible inhibitors of L-pipecolate oxidase. Oral administration of baikiain in ND4 mice showed a statistically significant increase in blood ALT levels and a reduction in liver GSH.
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Lens (Planta) , Animais , Camundongos , Farinha , Cebolas , Alimentos Congelados , FígadoRESUMO
Botanical ingredients are used widely in phytomedicines, dietary/food supplements, functional foods, and cosmetics. Products containing botanical ingredients are popular among many consumers and, in the case of herbal medicines, health professionals worldwide. Government regulatory agencies have set standards (collectively referred to as current Good Manufacturing Practices, cGMPs) with which suppliers and manufacturers must comply. One of the basic requirements is the need to establish the proper identity of crude botanicals in whole, cut, or powdered form, as well as botanical extracts and essential oils. Despite the legal obligation to ensure their authenticity, published reports show that a portion of these botanical ingredients and products are adulterated. Most often, such adulteration is carried out for financial gain, where ingredients are intentionally substituted, diluted, or "fortified" with undisclosed lower-cost ingredients. While some of the adulteration is easily detected with simple laboratory assays, the adulterators frequently use sophisticated schemes to mimic the visual aspects and chemical composition of the labeled botanical ingredient in order to deceive the analytical methods that are used for authentication. This review surveys the commonly used approaches for botanical ingredient adulteration and discusses appropriate test methods for the detection of fraud based on publications by the ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, a large-scale international program to inform various stakeholders about ingredient and product adulteration. Botanical ingredients at risk of adulteration include, but are not limited to, the essential oils of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia, Lamiaceae), rose (Rosa damascena, Rosaceae), sandalwood (Santalum album, Santalaceae), and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia, Myrtaceae), plus the extracts of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus, Ericaceae) fruit, cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ericaceae) fruit, elder (Sambucus nigra, Viburnaceae) berry, eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus, Araliaceae) root, ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgoaceae) leaf, grape (Vitis vinifera, Vitaceae) seed, saw palmetto (Serenoa repens, Arecaceae) fruit, St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum, Hypericaceae) herb, and turmeric (Curcuma longa, Zingiberaceae) root/rhizome, among numerous others.
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Ingredientes de Alimentos , Óleos Voláteis , Plantas Medicinais , Plantas Medicinais/química , Suplementos NutricionaisRESUMO
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the essential oil of Santalum album led to the identification of α-santalol (1) and ß-santalol (2) as new chemotypes of cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2) ligands with Ki values of 10.49 and 8.19 µM, respectively. Nine structurally new α-santalol derivatives (4a-4h and 5) were synthesized to identify more selective and potent CB2 ligands. Compound 4e with a piperazine structural moiety demonstrated a Ki value of 0.99 µM against CB2 receptor and did not show binding activity against cannabinoid receptor type I (CB1) at 10 µM. Compounds 1, 2, and 4e increased intracellular calcium influx in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells that were attenuated by CB2 antagonism or inverse agonism, supporting the results that these compounds are CB2 agonists. Molecular docking showed that 1 and 4e had similar binding poses, exhibiting a unique interaction with Thr114 within the CB2 receptor, and that the piperazine structural moiety is required for the binding affinity of 4e. A 200 ns molecular dynamics simulation of CB2 complexed with 4e confirmed the stability of the complex. This structural insight lays a foundation to further design and synthesize more potent and selective α-santalol-based CB2 ligands for drug discovery.
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Agonismo Inverso de Drogas , Neuroblastoma , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Ligantes , Receptores de Canabinoides , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Receptor CB2 de Canabinoide , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Immulina is a commercially available extract of Arthrospira platensis enriched with bacterial lipoproteins that acts as a potent Toll-like receptor 2 agonist. However, the immunostimulatory effect of Immulina is not well understood in vivo. Here, to devise an Immulina formulation suitable for in vivo oral gavage dosing, Immulina nanosuspension was prepared and freeze-dried to yield lyophilized nano-Immulina, which had an average particle size of around 300 nm and fully retained the bioactivity as a Toll-like receptor 2 agonist. Compared to the regular Immulina powder, lyophilized nano-Immulina notably accelerated the dissolution in aqueous media. Immulina nanosuspension was found to stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and macrophages. The immune response to Immulina was investigated in healthy mice by longitudinally monitoring the phagocytic activity of circulating neutrophils as a surrogate marker. Following daily oral ingestion of Immulina nanosuspension (10 mg/mouse/day), the phagocytic activity of circulating neutrophils was significantly elevated, suggesting an important mechanism for Immulina to enhance innate immunity.
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Nanopartículas , Receptor 2 Toll-Like , Camundongos , Animais , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos , Macrófagos , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Tamanho da Partícula , SolubilidadeRESUMO
The leaves of Monteverdia ilicifolia (syn. Maytenus ilicifolia), commonly called espinheira-santa, are widely used in South American traditional medicines to treat gastritis and ulcers. Several products labeled as espinheira-santa are sold as dietary supplements in retail stores and via e-commerce. Many different species with similar leaf morphology are often mistaken for Monteverdia ilicifolia and used as espinheira-santa, including Monteverdia aquifolia (Celastraceae), Citronella gongonha (Cardiopteridaceae), Jodina rhombifolia (Santalaceae), Sorocea bonplandii (Moraceae), and Zollernia ilicifolia (Fabaceae). This study aimed to characterize M. ilicifolia and distinguish it from adulterants using morphological and microscopic techniques. In addition, foreign matter and powder characteristics of botanical materials sold as "espinheira-santa" were analyzed. The morphoanatomical studies of the leaves and stems of M. ilicifolia and its five adulterant species have revealed noteworthy features that can help species identification and quality control of commercial espinheira-santa. This study showed that many commercial espinheira-santa materials were adulterated and of inferior quality.
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Celastraceae , Maytenus , Brasil , Microscopia , Controle de Qualidade , Extratos VegetaisRESUMO
Several Baccharis species are popularly known in traditional medicine as "carquejas", "vassouras", "ervas-santas" and "mio-mios", and are used as anti-inflammatories, digestives, and diuretics. This study aimed to investigate the chemical compositions and cytotoxic activities of essential oils (EOs) of six Baccharis species belonging to subgenus Coridifoliae, namely B. albilanosa, B. coridifolia, B. erigeroides, B. napaea, B. ochracea, and B. pluricapitulata. GC/MS analyses of the EOs showed that the oxygenated sesquiterpenes spathulenol (7.32-38.22 %) and caryophyllene oxide (10.83-16.75 %) were the major components for all the species. The EOs of almost all species were cytotoxic against cancer (BT-549, KB, SK-MEL and SK-OV-3) and normal kidney (VERO and LLC-PK1) cell lines, whereas B. erigeroides EO showed cytotoxicity only against LLC-PK1. This article augments the current knowledge about the chemical-biological properties of Baccharis subgenus Coridifoliae and discusses the therapeutic potentials of these economically unexploited plants.
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INTRODUCTION: Sarcocephalus latifolius is one of the most used plants in West African traditional medicine to treat malaria. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to establish a strategy to control the quality of herbal preparations made from S. latifolius. METHOD: A UHPLC-PDA method was developed for the determination and quantification of the two main bioactive compounds (angustoline and strictosamide) in various parts of the plant. Additionally, an LC-QToF with electrospray ionization method is described for the identification and confirmation of compounds in samples of different parts of the plant. RESULTS: With the UHPLC-PDA method, separation was achieved within 5 min using a C18 column stationary phase at a temperature of 45°C and a gradient system with a mobile phase of water and acetonitrile, both containing 0.1% formic acid. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The LOD and LOQ of angustoline were found to be 0.3 and 0.8 µg/ml, respectively, and those of strictosamide were found to be 0.1 and 0.3 µg/ml, respectively. Using the LC-QToF method, 90 secondary metabolites, including four isolated compounds from the plant's roots, were identified from leaf, bark, and root samples of S. latifolius. CONCLUSION: This work is the first to propose a strategy to control the quality of herbal preparations made from S. latifolius. The developed method allows the quantification of the main bioactive compounds and the established chemical profile allows to distinguish the plant from any other species.
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Extratos Vegetais , Rubiaceae , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Rubiaceae/química , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
Identifying novel phytochemical secondary metabolites following classical pharmacognostic investigations is tedious and often involves repetitive chromatographic efforts. During the past decade, Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time of Flight-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-QToF-MS/MS), in combination with molecular networking, has been successfully demonstrated for the rapid dereplication of novel natural products in complex mixtures. As a logical application of such innovative tools in botanical research, more than 40 unique 3-oxy-, 3, 6-dioxy-, and 3, 6, 27-trioxy-steroidal saponins were identified in aerial parts and rhizomes of botanically verified Smilax sieboldii. Tandem mass diagnostic fragmentation patterns of aglycones, diosgenin, sarsasapogenin/tigogenin, or laxogenin were critical to establishing the unique nodes belonging to six groups of nineteen unknown steroidal saponins identified in S. sieboldii. Mass fragmentation analysis resulted in the identification of 6-hydroxy sapogenins, believed to be key precursors in the biogenesis of characteristic smilaxins and sieboldins, along with other saponins identified within S. sieboldii. These analytes' relative biodistribution and characteristic molecular networking profiles were established by analyzing the leaf, stem, and root/rhizome of S. sieboldii. Deducing such profiles is anticipated to aid the overall product integrity of botanical dietary supplements while avoiding tedious pharmacognostic investigations and helping identify exogenous components within the finished products.
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Saponinas , Smilax , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Distribuição Tecidual , Saponinas/química , Extratos VegetaisRESUMO
The application of essential oils has historically been limited to topical (massage therapy) and inhalational (aromatherapy) routes of administration. More recently, however, evaluation of the therapeutic effects of essential oils has expanded to include the oral route of administration, which increases the herb-drug interaction potential. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the herb-drug interaction potential of lavender essential oil and two of its primary phytoactive constituents, namely linalool and linalyl acetate. The metabolic stability of linalool and linalyl acetate was determined in human liver microsomes (HLM) and S9 fractions by quantitative analysis using UPLC-MS/MS system. Linalool was metabolically unstable in HLM and S9 fractions with an intrinsic clearance of 31.28 mL·min-1·kg-1, and 7.64 mL·min-1·kg-1, respectively. Interestingly, it was observed that linalyl acetate converted to linalool both in HLM and S9 fractions. Lavender oil showed weak inhibitory effect on the catalytic activity of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 enzymes (IC50 12.0 and 21.5 µg/mL). Linalyl acetate inhibited CYP3A4 (IC50 4.75 µg/mL) while linalool did not show any inhibitory effect on any of the enzymes. The lavender oil and its constituents did not activate PXR to a considerable extent, and no activation of AhR was observed, suggesting a lack of potential to modify the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of conventional medications if used concurrently.
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Lavandula , Óleos Voláteis , Humanos , Cromatografia Líquida , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Elderberry is highly reputed for its health-improving effects. Multiple pieces of evidence indicate that the consumption of berries is linked to enhancing human health and preventing or delaying the onset of chronic medical conditions. Compared with other fruit, elderberry is a very rich source of anthocyanins (approximately 80% of the polyphenol content). These polyphenols are the principals that essentially contribute to the high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities and the health benefits of elderberry fruit extract. These health effects include attenuation of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory disorders, as well as anti-diabetic, anticancer, antiviral, and immuno-stimulatory effects. Sales of elderberry supplements skyrocketed to $320 million over the year 2020, according to an American Botanical Council (ABC) report, which is attributable to the purported immune-enhancing effects of elderberry. In the current review, the chemical composition of the polyphenolic content of the European elderberry (Sambucus nigra) and the American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), as well as the analytical techniques employed to analyze, characterize, and ascertain the chemical consistency will be addressed. Further, the factors that influence the consistency of the polyphenolic chemical composition, and hence, the consistency of the health benefits of elderberry extracts will be presented. Additionally, adulteration and safety as factors contributing to consistency will be covered. The role of elderberry in enhancing human health alone with the pharmacological basis, the cellular pathways, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed health benefits of elderberry fruit extracts will be also reviewed.
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Sambucus , Humanos , Sambucus/química , Antocianinas/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Polifenóis/química , Estresse Oxidativo , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Frutas/químicaRESUMO
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller or Lavandula officinalis Chaix) is an ethnopharmacological plant commonly known as English lavender. Linalool and linalyl acetate are putative phytoactives in lavender essential oil (LEO) derived from the flower heads. LEO has been used in aroma or massage therapy to reduce sleep disturbance and to mitigate anxiety. Recently, an oral LEO formulation was administered in human clinical trials designed to ascertain its anxiolytic effect. However, human pharmacokinetics and an LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of linalool are lacking. To address this deficiency, a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the analysis of linalool in human serum. Prior to the analysis, a simple sample preparation protocol including protein precipitation and liquid-liquid extraction of serum samples was created. The prepared samples were analyzed using a C18 reversed-phase column and gradient elution (acetonitrile and water, both containing 0.1% formic acid). A Waters Xevo TQ-S tandem mass spectrometer (positive mode) was used to quantitatively determine linalool and IS according to transitions of m/z 137.1â95.1 (tR 0.79 min) and 205.2â149.1 (tR 1.56 min), respectively. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, matrix effects, and stability, and it was successfully applied to characterize the oral pharmacokinetics of linalool in humans. The newly developed LC-MS/MS-based method and its application in clinical trial serum samples are essential for the characterization of potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions.