Compounds Related to Saudin and Three New Series of Diterpenoids from Clutia lanceolata.

Clutia lanceolata is a medicinal plant native to Ethiopia and sub-Saharan Africa and to the Arabian Peninsula. It is used traditionally in Saudi Arabia for the treatment of diabetes. Previous phytochemical analysis of this species has been limited to the identification of methylthiocoumarins. Further work has led to isolation of 19 new diterpenoids in three structural classes. Their structures were established by HRMS and by a range of NMR techniques (1H, 13C, COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC), with confirmation for some examples by X-ray crystallography. NOESY and 1H-1H NMR coupling constants gave the relative stereochemical configurations and conformational information, with absolute configurations being established through X-ray crystallography. One example closely related to the known hypoglycemic compound saudin (found in C. richardiana and also in C. lanceolata) and one with a different core tetracycle were found to enhance strongly the glucose-triggered release of insulin from murine pancreatic islets. Biosynthetic proposals for the three groups of new diterpenoids by alternative cyclization of a common precursor are put forward. Lanceolide P (16) is proposed as a lead compound for further development for the treatment of diabetes.

Structural and compositional segregation of the gut microbiota in HCV and liver cirrhotic patients: A clinical pilot study.

Gut microbial dysbiosis during the development of Hepatitis C virus and liver-related diseases is not well studied. Nowadays, HCV and liver cirrhosis are the major concerns that cause gut bacterial alteration, which leads to dysbiosis. For this purpose, the present study was aimed at correlating the gut bacterial community of the control group in comparison to HCV and liver cirrhotic patients. A total of 23 stool samples were collected, including control (9), liver cirrhotic (8), and HCV (6). The collected samples were subjected to 16 S rRNA Illumina gene sequencing. In comparison with control, a significant gut bacterial alteration was observed in the progression of HCV and liver cirrhosis. Overall, Firmicutes were significantly abundant in the whole study. No significant difference was observed in the alpha diversity of the control and patient studies. Additionally, the beta diversity based on non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) has a significant difference (p = 0.005) (ANOSIM R2 = 0.14) in all groups. The discriminative results based on the LEfSe tool revealed that the HCV-infected patients had higher Enterobacteriaceae and Enterobacterial, as well as Lactobacillus and Bacilli in comparison than the liver-cirrhotic patients. These taxa were significantly different from the control group (p < 0.05). Regarding prospects, a detailed analysis of the function through metagenomics and transcriptomics is needed.

Lactobacillus plantarum strains attenuated DSS-induced colitis in mice by modulating the gut microbiota and immune response.

Gut microbiota has become a new therapeutic target in the treatment of inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Probiotics are known for their beneficial effects and have shown good efficacy in the clinical treatment of IBD and animal models of colitis. However, how these probiotics contribute to the amelioration of IBD is largely unknown. In the current study, the DSS-induced mouse colitis model was treated with oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum strains to investigate their effects on colitis. The results indicated that the L. plantarum strains improved dysbiosis and enhanced the abundance of beneficial bacteria related to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. Moreover, L. plantarum strains decreased the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-6, IL-22, and TNF-α and increased the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., TGF-ß, IL-10. Our result suggests that L. plantarum strains possess probiotic effects and can ameliorate DSS colitis in mice by modulating the resident gut microbiota and immune response.

Albendazole and mebendazole in the treatment of ancylostomiasis in school children between the ages of 6-15 in Swat, Pakistan.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to September, 2018 on the efficacies of albendazole and mebendazole against ancylostomiasis in school children of district Swat, Pakistan. Faecal samples were collected from primary school children and preserved in 10% formalin. The samples were then sent to the Laboratory of Parasitology, in the University of Malakand for microscopic analysis. On the basis of drug availability, the Ancylostoma dueodenale infected students were divided into two groups. Group A was treated with Albendazole 400-450mg while group B was orally treated with Mebendazole 350-400mg. Eggs per gram were calculated before and after the treatment. From the total sample of 296, 192 (64.8%) children were found infected with Ancylostoma duodenale. Of the total number of infected children, this study found 87.8% (n=137/156)of them with light intensity of infection, 10.8%(n=17/156) with moderate and 1.2% (n=2/156) with heavy intensity of infection. Albendazole showed a high rate 75% of efficacy than mebendazole 71% (p<0.05). The present study concluded that albendazole and mebendazole are drugs of choice for the treatment of Ancylostomiasis.

Sustainable, Renewable and Environmental-Friendly Insulation Systems for High Voltages Applications.

With the inception of high voltage (HV), requisites on the insulating permanence of HV equipment is becoming increasingly crucial. Mineral/synthetic oil liquid insulation-together with solid insulation materials (paper, pressboard)-is the fundamental insulation constituent in HV apparatuses; their insulation attributes perform a substantial part in a reliable and steady performance. Meanwhile, implications on the environment, scarcity of petroleum oil supplies and discarding complications with waste oil have stimulated investigators to steer their attention towards sustainable, renewable, biodegradable and environmentally friendly insulating substances. The contemporary insulating constituent's evolution is driven by numerous dynamics-in particular, environmental obligations and other security and economic issues. Consequently, HV equipment manufacturers must address novel specifications concerning to these new standards. Renewable, sustainable and environmentally friendly insulating materials are continuously substituting conventional insulating items in the market place. These are favorable to traditional insulating materials, due to their superior functionality. The also offer explicit security and eco-friendly advantages. This article discusses cutting-edge technology of environmentally friendly insulating materials, including their fabrication, processing and characterization. The new renewable, insulating systems used in HV equipment are submitted and their fundamental gains stated in comparison with conventional insulating materials. Several experimental efforts carried out in various parts of the world are presented, offering an outline of the existing research conducted on renewable insulating systems. The significance of this article lies in summarizing prior investigations, classifying research essence, inducements and predicting forthcoming research trends. Furthermore, opportunities and constraints being experienced in the field of exploration are evidently reported. Last but not least, imminent research proposals and applications are recommended.

Albendazole in the treatment of Hymenolepiasis in school children.

Hymenolepiasis is a helminthic and occasionally fatal disease of human imposing heavy economic losses to human society. Present study was aimed to diagnose the school children for the prevalence and control of Hymenolepiasis. A school based cross-sectional analysis of stool samples collected from 188 children aged 06-15 years was carried out (February to June 2016). Two stool samples were collected from each student before diagnosing and after treatment. The samples were fixed in 10% formalin and observed under the light microscope using the methods of direct smear in Lugol's solution, normal saline and flotation techniques. On the basis of drugs accessibility all the H. nana infected children were divided in to 2- groups. Children in group A were treated with albendazole (bendazol) 400mg once orally, group B was treated with albendazole (zentel) 200mg orally. Eggs per gram of faeces were counted in each group before and after treatment. Of the 188 children, current study reveals only 6.08% (n=18/296) infection with H.nana and 10.5% (n=16/151) were diagnosed with co infections. The % efficacy of albendazole (Zentel) and albendazole (bendazol) against Hymenolepis nana infection was reported as 83% and 75% respectively. Present study was concluded that albendazole (zentel) is the drug of choice for the treatment of hymenolepiasis in children.

An unusual presentation of takotsubo syndrome in an elderly patient.

Takotsubo syndrome occurs predominantly in women and is usually preceded by acute emotional and/or physical stress. Patients commonly present with chest pain and/or dyspnea. Syncope or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a rare presentation. We report an unusual case of takotsubo syndrome in an elderly patient who presented with left facial droop, slurred speech, and syncopal episode. Initial presumed diagnosis was an ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack. However, the patient was then treated for acute myocardial ischemia/infarction based on abnormal electrocardiogram, elevated cardiac troponin, and unremarkable neurological workup. Eventually diagnosed with takotsubo syndrome. Our case illustrates the importance of prompt identification particularly in the context of atypical presentation and further evaluation to rule out serious causes to mitigate related morbidity and mortality while simultaneously avoiding unnecessary investigations.

Prognostic Factors and Survival Outcomes in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Database Analysis.

Introduction Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid (SCCT) is a rare, aggressive thyroid cancer distinguished by the emergence of squamous cells due to chronic inflammation or metaplasia. It poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, often identified at an advanced stage with a poor prognosis. The rarity of SCCT underscores the necessity for advanced research on effective treatments and diagnostic strategies. The current data utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to determine the characteristics and outcomes of patients with primary SCCT. Methods De-identified data from patients with primary SCCT from 2000 to 2020 were collected using the SEER database. Demographic data, including age, sex, race, income, and housing, and clinical data including tumor size, tumor stage, nodal status, metastases, treatment modality, survival, and the patient's status, were extracted. Exclusion criteria were patients with unknown outcomes and missing death certificates. A detailed comparison of the two patient cohorts and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression survival analyses were conducted. Results Among the 159 primary SCCT patients, the median age was 71 ± 21 years, with 83 females (52.2%) and 76 males (47.8%). The median overall follow-up was 6.0 years (4.41-7.59). The majority were White (108, 67.9%), followed by Hispanic (19, 11.9%). The five-year overall survival (OS) of the study group was 17.6% (95% CI = 14.5-20.7). The five-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was 37.6% (95% CI = 32.7-42.5). There was no significant difference based on surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation (p = 0.134). Age, tumor stage, nodal status, and distant metastases were negative prognostic factors. Sex, race, income, and housing were not predictive of survival. Conclusion The current study on SCCT highlights a low five-year OS rate of 17.6% and a DSS rate of 37.6%, with no significant difference in survival based on surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. The negative prognostic factors included age, tumor stage, nodal status, and distant metastases, whereas sex, race, income, and housing did not significantly predict survival outcomes. These findings underscore the critical need for early detection and the development of more effective treatment strategies to manage SCCT.

Colorectal Leiomyosarcoma: Demographics Patterns, Treatment Characteristics, and Survival Analysis in the U.S. Population.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal leiomyosarcoma (CR-LMS) is a rare neoplasm arising from smooth muscle cells. It accounts for less than 0.1% of all colorectal malignancies. In this population-based study, we aim to understand the demographics, treatment characteristics, and pathologic factors associated with survival in CR-LMS. METHODS: Data from the SEER Program (2000-2018) were analyzed using SEER*Stat and SPSS. Statistical methods included descriptive analysis, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards regression to assess the impact of various factors on disease-specific and overall survival. RESULTS: A total of 191 cases of CR-LMS were identified. Most patients were 60-69 years of age (median: 64 years) and Caucasian (78%). There was nearly the same distribution in sex (M:F ratio; 1:1.2). The overall 5-year observed survival was 50.3% (95% C.I., 46.3-54.2). The 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was 66.1% (95% C.I., 62.0-70.1). The 5-year overall survival after resection was 60.8% (95% C.I., 56.3-65.3). Multivariable analysis identified grades III and IV (p = 0.028) as negative predictors of overall survival. Regional spread and distant stage are negative predictors of overall survival (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our data reveals that colorectal leiomyosarcoma (CR-LMS) often presents in patients around 64 years old with advanced stages and poor differentiation. Key adverse prognostic factors include older age, high tumor grade, large tumor size, and distant metastases, with surgical resection showing the best survival outcomes. To improve outcomes, further research and consolidation of data are essential for developing targeted therapies and comprehensive guidelines.

Incidence and Risk of Secondary Malignancy in Patients with Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: A Population-Based Analysis.

Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma which may predispose individuals to development of secondary malignancies (SMs). The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database is a comprehensive registry of cancer patients in the United States reporting on a wide set of demographic variables. Using the SEER-18 dataset, analyzing patients from 2000 to 2018, we aimed to assess the incidence of SMs in WM patients. Patient characteristics such as gender, age, race, and latency were identified, and respective standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and absolute excess risks (AERs) were calculated to compare to the general population. Of the 4,112 eligible WM patients identified, SMs were reported in 699 (17%) patients. The overall risk of developing SM, second primary malignancy, and secondary hematological malignancy was significantly higher in WM patients compared to the general population. Our findings show that WM patients had a 53% higher risk of SMs relative to the general population, and an AER of 102.69 per 10,000. Although the exact mechanism is unclear, the risk of SM development may be due to genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, or treatment-induced immune suppression.

Predictive Nomogram and Propensity Score Matching in Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Tubular Gastrointestinal Tract: A US Population-Based Clinical Outcome Study.

Background: Neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) of the tubular gastrointestinal tract (GI-NECs) are rare and associated with worse clinical outcomes. This population-based study aims to highlight key demographics, clinicopathological factors, and survival outcomes in the US population. Methods: Data from 10,387 patients with GI-NECs were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database from 2000 to 2020. Results: Most patients were >40 years old at the time of presentation with a median age of 63 years old, with almost equal ethnic distribution per US population data. The most common primary tumor site was the small intestine (33.6%). The metastatic spread was localized in 34.8%, regional in 27.8%, and distant in 37.3% of cases, and the liver was the most common site of metastasis (19.9%) in known cases of metastases. Most NEC patients underwent surgery, presenting the highest 5-year overall survival of 73.2% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) (95% CI 72.0-74.4%), while chemotherapy alone had the lowest 5-year survival of 8.0% (95% CI 6.4-10.0%). Compared to men, women had a superior 5-year survival rate of 59.0% (95% CI 57.6-60.5%). On multivariate analysis, age > 65 (HR 2.49, 95% CI 2.36-2.54%, p ≤ 0.001), distant metastasis (HR 2.57, 95% CI 2.52-2.62%, p ≤ 0.001), tumor size > 4 mm (HR 1.98, 95%, CI 1.70-2.31%, p ≤ 0.001), esophageal (HR 1.49, 95% CI 0.86-2.58%, p ≤ 0.001), transverse colon (HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.15-3.33%, p ≤ 0.01), descending colon (HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.12, 3.97%, p = 0.02) anorectal sites, and liver or lung metastases were associated with worse survival. Surgical intervention and tumors located in the small intestine or appendix showed a better prognosis. Conclusion: GI-NECs are a group of rare malignancies associated with a poor prognosis. Therefore, epidemiological studies analyzing national databases may be the best alternative to have a more comprehensive understanding of this condition, assess the impact of current practices, and generate prognosis tools.

Prognostic Nomogram Predicting Survival and Propensity Score Matching with Demographics and Comparative Analysis of Prostate Small Cell and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma.

Background: This retrospective study aims to examine the patient demographics, survival rates, and treatment methods for small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of prostate origin while also identifying the main differences between common types of prostate cancer with comparative analysis for survival. Methods: Our analysis utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (SEER), and data was collected from 2000-2020. Cox proportional hazards and chi-squared analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 718 cases of prostate small and large neuroendocrine carcinoma were identified. The median age was 71.5 years, and the median follow-up was 11.0 years (95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 9.2-12.8). Most patients were over the age of 80 years (33.8%) and Caucasian (74.4%). The overall 5-year survival was 8.0% (95% CI = 6.8-9.2). The 5-year OS for Caucasians was 7.3% (95% C.I. 6.0-8.3). For Black Americans, the 5-year OS was 11.9% (95% C.I. 7.3-16.5). For Hispanics, the 5-year OS was 12.2% (95% C.I. 7.7-16.7). The 5-year cause-specific survival (CSS) was 16.2% (95% CI = 14.3-18.1). For treatment modality, the five-year survival for each were as follows: chemotherapy, 3.5% (95% CI = 2.1-4.9); surgery, 18.2% (95% CI = 13.6-22.8); multimodality therapy (surgery and chemotherapy), 4.8% (95% CI = 1.7-7.9); and combination (chemoradiation with surgery), 5.0% (95% CI = 1.0-9.0). The prognostic nomogram created to predict patient survivability matched the findings from the statistical analysis with a statistical difference found in race, income, housing, stage, and nodal status. The nomogram also indicated a slight increase in mortality with tumors of greater size. This analysis showed a slight increase in mortality for patients of Asian race. In addition, there was a significant increase in death for patients with stage 3 tumors, as well as patients who underwent surgery and radiation. Furthermore, we performed propensity score matching for survival differences, and no survival difference was found between SCNEC and LCNEC. Conclusions: Asian patients, larger tumor size, and distant disease were associated with worse long-term clinical outcomes. By leveraging insights from registry-based studies, clinicians can better strategize treatment options, improving patient outcomes in this challenging oncology arena.

New Strategies in the Treatment of Plasmodium berghei Based on Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Drug resistance is a current issue affecting parasites caused by Plasmodium. Therefore, researchers have expanded their studies on nanoparticles to find new and effective drugs that can treat drug-resistant strains. The present study systematically investigates the effect of different nanoparticles, including metal, polymer, and lipid nanoparticles, on Plasmodium berghei. METHODS: In this study, English-language online literature was obtained from the databases Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, and Cochrane to conduct a systematic review. In the search, we used the keywords: (Plasmodium Berghei) AND (Malaria) AND (Parasitemia) AND (antimalarial activity) AND (nanoparticles) AND (Solid lipid NPS) AND (Nano lipid carriers) AND (Artemether) AND (Chloroquine) AND (intraperitoneal) AND (in vivo). Initially, a total of 160 studies were retrieved from the search. After removing duplicates, 80 studies remained. After reviewing the title and abstract of each study, 45 unrelated studies were eliminated. RESULTS: The remaining 35 studies were thoroughly reviewed using the full texts. The final result was 21 studies that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. CONCLUSION: Using these findings, we can conclude that various nanoparticles possess antiparasitic effects that may be applied to emerging and drug-resistant parasites. Together, these findings suggest that nanostructures may be used to design antiparasitic drugs that are effective against Plasmodium berghei.

Safety of CAR-T Cell Therapy in Patients With Renal Failure/Acute Kidney Injury: Focused Review.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is novel immunotherapy targeting specifically cancerous cells, and has been shown to induce durable remissions in some refractory hematological malignancies. However, CAR T-cell therapy has adverse effects, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune effector-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), and acute kidney injury (AKI), among others. Not many studies have covered the repercussions of CAR T-cell therapy on the kidneys. In this review, we summarized the available evidence on the safety profile of CAR T-cell therapy in patients with pre-existing renal insufficiency/AKI and in those who develop AKI as a result of CAR T-cell therapy. With a 30% incidence of AKI post-CAR T-cell, various pathophysiological mechanisms, such as CRS, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), TLS, serum cytokines, and inflammatory biomarkers, have been shown to play a role. However, CRS is commonly reported as an underlying mechanism. Overall, 18% of patients in our included studies developed AKI after receiving CAR T-cell therapy, and most cases were reversible with appropriate therapy. While phase-1 clinical trials exclude patients with significant renal toxicity, two studies (Mamlouk et al. and Hunter et al.) reported successful treatment of dialysis-dependent patients with refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and demonstrated that CAR T-cell therapy and lymphodepletion (Flu/Cy) can be safely administered.

Fermented Angelica sinensis activates Nrf2 signaling and modulates the gut microbiota composition and metabolism to attenuate D-gal induced liver aging.

Aging is an inevitable physiological process associated with an imbalance in the oxidative defense system. Angelica sinensis, a kind of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has anti-oxidant effects and has been considered as a potential supplement in anti-aging treatment. Nevertheless, it has the disadvantages of slow efficacy and long duration of treatment. Fermentation, as an efficient biotechnological approach, is beneficial for improving the nutritional capacity of the material. Fermented TCMs are considered to be more effective. In this study, fermented Angelica sinensis (FAS) and non-fermented Angelica sinensis (NFAS) were used to investigate changes in the chemical constituents. Furthermore, the improvement effect of FAS on D-galactose-induced aging in mice and the potential mechanisms were explored. The results revealed that FAS and NFAS had different constituents under the influence of fermentation, such as 3-phenyllactic acid, L-5-hydroxytryptophan, taxifolin and methyl gallate. These elevated constituents of FAS might help increase the ability of FAS to improve aging. The aging model was established by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose (2.5 g kg-1 day-1) for 44 days, and FAS (3 g kg-1 day-1) was administered daily by oral gavage after 2 weeks of induction with D-galactose. FAS was observed to significantly ameliorate changes associated with liver aging, such as reduction of MDA, AGEs and 8-OHdG. The contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines containing TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 were significantly suppressed in the FAS group. In addition, FAS activated Nrf2 signaling better than NFAS, improved the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, GCLC, GCLM and GSS, and further increased the activities of SOD, CAT and other antioxidant enzymes in the liver. Simultaneously, it had a certain repair effect on the liver tissues of mice. The intestinal microbiota analysis showed that FAS could regulate the microbiota imbalance caused by aging, increase the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes by 95% and improve the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria related to Nrf2 signaling, such as Lactobacillus. Besides, fecal metabolite analysis identified uric acid as an evidential metabolite, suggesting that FAS participates in purine metabolism to improve aging. Therefore, the regulation of intestinal microbiota and metabolism may be one of the important mechanisms of FAS in alleviating hepatic oxidative stress via the gut-liver axis. The results of this study could provide information for the future development of postbiotic products that may have beneficial effects on the prevention or treatment of aging.

Analysis of risk factors and prognostic factors of brain metastasis in gastric cancer: a surveillance, epidemiology and end-results database study.

Brain metastasis in gastric cancer (GC) patients is a rare phenomenon that is associated with adverse clinical outcomes and poor survival rates. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate the incidence, risk factors and prognostic factors of brain metastasis in GC patients. Data on sociodemographic and tumor characteristics of GC patients from 2010 to 2019 was extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End-Results (SEER) database. Descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic and Cox regression were applied on SPSS. Kaplan-Meier-Survival curves and ROC curves were constructed. A total of 59,231 GC patients, aged 66.65 ± 13.410 years were included. Brain metastasis was reported in 368 (0.62%) patients. On logistic regression, the risk of brain metastasis was significantly greater in males, patients aged < 60 years and patients having concurrent bone and lung metastasis. High grade and high N stage were significant risk factors for development of brain metastasis. Patients who had undergone surgery for the primary tumor were at reduced risk for brain metastasis (adjusted odds ratio 0.210, 95% CI 0.131-0.337). The median OS was 3 months in patients with brain metastasis and 17 months in patients without brain metastasis (p < 0.05). On Cox regression, Grade IV tumors and primary antral tumors were significant predictable parameters for poor prognosis. Overall Survival (OS) and Cancer-Specific Survival (CSS) were prolonged in patients who had undergone surgery. Brain metastasis in gastric cancer is associated with significantly worse survival. Employing large-scale screening for high-risk patients holds a promising impact to improve survival rates, but it must be accurately balanced with a comprehensive understanding of clinicopathological aspects for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Demographics and Clinicopathologic Profile of Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma with Survival Analysis and Genomic Landscape.

Background: Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is a rare subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with an aggressive clinical nature and poor prognosis. With novel targeted therapeutics being developed, new ways to effectively treat PSC are emerging. In this study, we analyze demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment modalities, and outcomes of PSC and genetic mutations in PSC. Methods: Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were reviewed to analyze cases of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma from 2000 to 2018. The molecular data with the most common mutations in PSC were extracted from the Catalogue Of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) database. Results: A total of 5259 patients with PSC were identified. Most patients were between 70 and 79 years of age (32.2%), male (59.1%), and Caucasian (83.7%). The male-to-female ratio was 1.45:1. Most tumors were between 1 and 7 cm in size (69.4%) and poorly differentiated (grade III) (72.9%). The overall 5-year survival was 15.6% (95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 14.4-16.9)), and the cause-specific 5-year survival was 19.7% (95% CI = 18.3-21.1). The five-year survival for those treated with each modality were as follows: chemotherapy, 19.9% (95% CI = 17.7-22.2); surgery, 41.7% (95% CI = 38.9-44.6); radiation, 19.1% (95% CI = 15.1-23.5); and multimodality therapy (surgery and chemoradiation), 24.8% (95% CI = 17.6-32.7). On multivariable analysis, age, male gender, distant stage, tumor size, bone metastasis, brain metastasis, and liver metastasis were associated with increased mortality, and chemotherapy and surgery were associated with reduced mortality (p < 0.001). The best survival outcomes were achieved with surgery. The most common mutations identified in COSMIC data were TP53 31%, ARID1A 23%, NF1 17%, SMARCA4 16%, and KMT2D 9%. Conclusions: PSC is a rare and aggressive subtype of NSCLC, usually affecting Caucasian males between 70 and 79. Male gender, older age, and distant spread were associated with poor clinical outcomes. Treatment with surgery was associated with better survival outcomes.

Intraperitoneal Hematoma After Femoral Catheterization: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Central venous catheters (CVCs) are often crucial in managing severely ill patients, especially those in the intensive care unit. It is estimated that over 5 million CVCs are inserted per year in the United States. The internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral veins are the most used access sites. The catheter is advanced until its tip lies within the proximal third of the superior vena cava, the right atrium, or the inferior vena cava. Unfortunately, the use of CVCs is not without its drawbacks, and multiple immediate and delayed complications have been described. Herein, we report a case of a 70-year-old female with a past medical history significant for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronavirus disease 2019, pneumonia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, who presented to the emergency department from a skilled nursing facility with a two-day history of dyspnea. She was later diagnosed with an intraperitoneal hematoma, an uncommon complication caused by a CVC placement.

Overcoming Anxiety Disorder by Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LZU-J-TSL6 through Regulating Intestinal Homeostasis.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LZU-J-TSL6 with high γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production (3.838 g/L) was screened and isolated from the Chinese fermented food snack "Jiangshui". The improvement effect on anxiety disorder was explored using mice as animal models. In vitro results revealed that LZU-J-TSL6 had the potential to colonize the intestine (p < 0.01) and the anxiety-like behavior of the mice after seven days' gavage with LZU-J-TSL6 was significantly improved (p < 0.01) when compared to the model group. LZU-J-TSL6 was able to effectively increase the GABA content in the mice hippocampus (p < 0.0001) and restore some markers related to anxiety such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Simultaneously, it had a certain repair effect on Nissl bodies and colon tissue in mice hippocampus. In addition, LZU-J-TSL6 increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Bacteroides and Muribaculum, thereby regulating the imbalance of intestinal microbiota caused by anxiety disorder. It also affects the nerve pathway and intestinal mucosal barrier by increasing the content of glutamine and γ-aminobutyric acid and other related metabolites, thereby improving anxiety. Therefore, the GABA-producing Lactobacillus plantus LZU-J-TSL6 can be used as a probiotic to exert an indirect or direct anti-anxiety effect by maintaining the balance of the intestinal environment, producing related metabolites that affect nerve pathways and repair the intestinal mucosal barrier. It can be used as an adjuvant treatment to improve anxiety disorders.