Uncorrected Refractive Errors Among Children Attending Pediatric Ophthalmology Clinic at Security Forces Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Refractive errors are globally one of the most prevalent ocular disorders among pediatrics. This study aimed to determine the pattern of uncorrected refractive errors among children attending pediatric ophthalmology clinics at Security Forces Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort clinic-based study including the records of children attending the pediatric ophthalmology clinic at Security Forces Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, between July 2021 and July 2022 who were diagnosed with refractive errors, ages between 4 and 14 years. RESULTS: A total of 114 patients were included in the study while 26 patients with other ocular disorders were excluded from the study. The mean age of children included in the study was 9.1 ± 2.9. The most prevalent refractive errors were hyperopic astigmatism (64%), followed by myopic astigmatism (28.1%), then myopia (5.3%), and hyperopia (2.6%). The overall uncorrected refractive error of this study was estimated to be 36%. No significant association was found between the factors of age and gender on the type of refractive errors (P-value > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The most prevalent pattern of uncorrected refractive errors among children attending pediatric ophthalmology clinics at Security Forces Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia was hyperopic astigmatism followed by myopic astigmatism. No differences were found between different age groups and between genders on the type of refractive errors. Implementation of adequate vision screening programs for school-aged children is essential to detect uncorrected refractive errors at an early age.

Lance Adams Syndrome: A Rare Case Presentation of Myoclonus From Chronic Hypoxia Secondary to COVID-19 Infection.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and since the outbreak, many neurological features and syndromes are reported with this multi-organ viral infection. Lance-Adams syndrome (LAS) also referred to as chronic post hypoxic myoclonus is defined as action myoclonus which can occur as generalized, focal, or multifocal repeated myoclonic motor movements which involve the face, trunk, or extremities and it is one of the neurological complications that are related to COVID-19 infection. LAS is reported as a delayed complication of cardiac arrest, which causes cerebral hypoxia leading to myoclonus. We report a case of a 58-year-old male patient diagnosed as a case of LAS secondary to hypoxia occurring because of COVID-19 without cardiac arrest and to the best of our knowledge it is the second case reported with this similar mechanism. Moreover, we discuss the possible pathophysiological relationship between LAS and COVID-19 and various treatment strategies. Eventually, we review the related articles in the literature regarding the LAS and various types of myoclonus associated with COVID-19 infection.