The relationship between hip displacement, scoliosis, and pelvic obliquity in 106 nonambulatory children with cerebral palsy: a longitudinal retrospective population-based study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The relationship between hip displacement (HD), pelvic obliquity (PO), and scoliosis in nonambulatory children with cerebral palsy (CP) has not been clearly elucidated. The aims of this population-based study were to examine the prevalence and temporal sequence of these deformities in nonambulatory children with CP and to evaluate how probable it is that severe unilateral HD contributes to development of scoliosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This longitudinal study comprised 106 nonambulatory children, enrolled in a surveillance program. Pelvic radiographs for measurements of migration percentage (MP) and PO were taken once a year from the diagnosis of HD. Spine radiographs were taken in patients with clinically detected scoliosis. Radiographic follow-up continued until skeletal maturity. RESULTS: Clinically significant scoliosis (Cobb angle ≥ 40°) occurred in 60 patients at a mean age of 11.8 years. 65 patients developed clinically significant HD (MP ≥ 40%) at a mean age of 4.8 years. 24 patients had no significant hip or spine deformities, 22 had HD only, 17 had scoliosis only, and 43 had both deformities. HD was diagnosed before scoliosis in all except 1 of the patients with both deformities. 14 of 19 patients with severe unilateral HD (MP ≥ 60%) had scoliosis convexity to the opposite side of the displaced hip. CONCLUSION: The combination of scoliosis and HD was frequent, and HD was diagnosed first in almost all the patients. HD might be a contributory cause of scoliosis in patients with severe, unilateral HD, PO, and later scoliosis with convexity to the opposite side.

Patient-reported outcomes after minimally invasive sacro-iliac joint surgery: a cohort study based on the Swedish Spine Registry.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is conflicting evidence regarding treatment outcomes after minimally invasive sacroiliac joint fusion for long-lasting severe sacroiliac joint pain. The primary aim of our cohort study was to investigate change in patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) after minimally invasive sacroiliac joint surgery in daily practice in the Swedish Spine Registry. Secondary aims were to explore the proportion of patients reaching a patient acceptable symptom score (PASS) and the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for pain scores, physical function, and health-related quality of life outcomes; furthermore, to evaluate self-reported satisfaction, walking distance, and changes in proportions of patients on full sick leave/disability leave and report complications and reoperations. METHODS: Data from the Swedish Spine Registry was collected for patients with first-time sacroiliac joint fusion, aged 21 to 70 years, with PROMs available preoperatively, at 1 or 2 years after last surgery. PROMs included Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for low back pain (LBP) and leg pain, and EQ-VAS, in addition to demographic variables. We calculated mean change from pre- to postoperative and the proportion of patients achieving MCID and PASS. RESULTS: 68 patients had available pre- and postoperative data, with a mean age of 45 years (range 25-70) and 59 (87%) were female. At follow-up the mean reduction was 2.3 NRS points (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-2.9; P < 0.001) for LBP and 14.8 points (CI 10.6-18.9; P < 0.001) for ODI. EQ-VAS improved by 22 points (CI 15.4-30.3, P < 0.001) at follow-up. Approximately half of the patients achieved MCID and PASS for pain (MCID NRS LBP: 38/65 [59%] and PASS NRS LBP: 32/66 [49%]) and physical function (MCID ODI: 27/67 [40%] and PASS ODI: 24/67 [36%]). The odds for increasing the patient's walking distance to over 1 km at follow-up were 3.5 (CI 1.8-7.0; P < 0.0001), and of getting off full sick leave or full disability leave was 0.57 (CI 0.4-0.8; P = 0.001). In the first 3 months after surgery 3 complications were reported, and in the follow-up period 2 reoperations. CONCLUSION: We found moderate treatment outcomes after minimally invasive sacroiliac joint fusion when applied in daily practice with moderate pain relief and small improvements in physical function.

Scoliosis in children with severe cerebral palsy: a population-based study of 206 children at GMFCS levels III-V.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of scoliosis and the rate of scoliosis progression in children with severe cerebral palsy (CP) at GMFCS levels III-V. METHODS: Two hundred and six children (86 girls, 120 boys), born 2002-2008, were recruited from The Norwegian Quality and Surveillance Registry for Cerebral Palsy (NorCP). Inclusion criteria were bilateral CP and GMFCS levels III-V. Scoliosis was evaluated annually by examination of the spine by a physiotherapist. Radiographic examination was performed in children with moderate or severe scoliosis at clinical evaluation. The Cobb angle was used as a measure of curve magnitude. RESULTS: Scoliosis, defined as Cobb angle ≥ 10°, occurred in 121 children (59%). Severe scoliosis (Cobb angle ≥ 40°) developed in 80 of the 206 patients (39%) at a mean age of 10.9 years (range 5-16) and was more prevalent in children at GMFCS level V (62%) than at levels IV (19%) and III (6%). Initial Cobb angle, Cobb angle ≥ 30° at age 10 years, and GMFCS level V were independent risk factors for severe scoliosis. In children at GMFCS level V, the rate of scoliosis progression decreased with age from a mean of 9.7° per year at age 3-5 years to 2-3° per year in children ≥ 11 years. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of scoliosis among children with CP increased with decreasing motor functional level. The most important risk factors for progression of scoliosis were high initial Cobb angle, Cobb angle ≥ 30° at age 10 years, and GMFCS level V.

The effect of minimally invasive sacroiliac joint fusion compared with sham operation: study protocol of a prospective double-blinded multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Background and purpose - The sacroiliac joint is increasingly recognized as a cause of pain in 15-30% of patients with low back pain. Nonoperative management is not always successful and surgical treatment with fusion of the joint is increasingly recommended. According to the literature, minimally invasive fusion reduces pain and improves function compared with nonoperative treatment. It is, however, unclear to what extent the placebo effect influences these results. Patients and methods - The trial is designed as a prospective multi-center, double-blind, randomized shamsurgery controlled trial with 2 parallel groups. 60 patients with a suspected diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain confirmed with sacroiliac joint injection are included according to the trial inclusion criteria. Patients are randomized with a 1:1 allocation into 2 groups of 30 patients each. The primary end-point is group difference in sacroiliac joint pain intensity on the operated side at 6 months postoperatively, measured by the Numeric Rating Scale. The main objective is to examine whether there is a difference in pain reduction between patients treated with a minimally invasive fusion of the sacroiliac joint compared with patients undergoing a sham operation. Results - Unblinding occurs after the completed 6-month follow-up. The primary analysis will be performed when all patients have completed 6 months' follow-up. Follow-ups are continued to at least 2 years postoperatively. Data from the different groups will be compared based on the "intention to treat" principle.

Physiological in vitro sacroiliac joint motion: a study on three-dimensional posterior pelvic ring kinematics.

The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is a well-known source of low back and pelvic pain, of increasing interest for both conservative and surgical treatment. Alterations in the kinematics of the pelvis have been hypothesized as a major cause of SIJ-related pain. However, definitions of both the range and the extent of physiological movement are controversial, and there are no clear baseline data for pathological alterations. The present study combined a novel biomechanical setup allowing for physiological motion of the lumbosacral transition and pelvis without restricting the SIJ movement in vitro, combined with optical image correlation. Six fresh human pelvises (81 ± 10 years, three females, three males) were tested, with bodyweight-adapted loading applied to the fifth lumbar vertebra and both acetabula. Deformation at the lumbopelvises was determined computationally from three-dimensional image correlation data. Sacroiliac joint motion under the loading of 100% bodyweight primarily consisted of a z-axis rotation (0.16°) and an inferior translation of the sacrum relative to the ilium (0.32 mm). Sacroiliac joint flexion-extension rotations were minute (< 0.02°). Corresponding movements of the SIJ were found at the lumbosacral transition, with an anterior translation of L5 relative to the sacrum of -0.97 mm and an inferior translation of 0.11 mm, respectively. Moreover, a flexion of 1.82° was observed at the lumbosacral transition. Within the innominate bone and at the pubic symphysis, small complementary rotations were seen around a vertical axis, accounting for -0.10° and 0.11°, respectively. Other motions were minute and accompanied by large interindividual variation. The present study provides evidence of different SIJ motions than reported previously when exerted by physiological loading. Sacroiliac joint kinematics were in the sub-degree and sub-millimeter range, in line with previous in vivo and in vitro findings, largely limited to the sagittal rotation and an inferior translation of the sacrum relative to the ilium. This given physiological loading scenario underlines the relevance of the lumbosacral transition when considering the overall motion of the lumbopelvis, and how relatively little the other segments contribute to overall motion.

Minimal effect of patella eversion on ligament balancing in cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: The effect of patellar eversion on ligament laxity measurements is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of patellar eversion on medial and lateral ligament laxity measurements performed intra-operatively in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: A total of 49 knees (27 female) with mean age 70 years (42-83) and mean body mass index of 28.5 were operated consecutively with a cruciate-retaining prosthesis. Medial and lateral ligament laxity in extension and in 90° of flexion was measured with the spatula-method intra-operatively after implantation of the prosthetic components with the patella everted and thereafter with the patella repositioned. The corresponding changes in gap height and inclination were calculated. RESULTS: A statistically significant increase of 0.6 mm (p < 0.001) in ligament laxity (condylar lift-off) laterally in flexion was found with the patella repositioned compared to everted. No differences were found in extension or medially in flexion. Correspondingly, the flexion gap increased by 0.4 mm (p < 0.001) and the flexion gap inclination increased by 0.6° (p = 0.002) when the patella was repositioned. CONCLUSIONS: Earlier research has shown that ligament laxity must be at least 1-2 mm to cause inferior function after TKA. In the current study, we found that the effect of patellar eversion on ligament laxity measurements is too small to be considered clinically relevant. PROSPECTIVE STUDY EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS: Level II.

Patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty: functional outcome differs with different outcome scores: A randomized, double-blind study of 129 knees with 3 years of follow-up.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recent research on outcomes after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has raised the question of the ability of traditional outcome measures to distinguish between treatments. We compared functional outcomes in patients undergoing TKA with and without patellar resurfacing, using the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) as the primary outcome and 3 traditional outcome measures as secondary outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 129 knees in 115 patients (mean age 70 (42-82) years; 67 female) were evaluated in this single-center, randomized, double-blind study. Data were recorded preoperatively, at 1 year, and at 3 years, and were assessed using repeated-measures mixed models. RESULTS: The mean subscores for the KOOS after surgery were statistically significantly in favor of patellar resurfacing: sport/recreation, knee-related quality of life, pain, and symptoms. No statistically significant differences between the groups were observed with the Knee Society clinical rating system, with the Oxford knee score, and with visual analog scale (VAS) for patient satisfaction. INTERPRETATION: In the present study, the KOOS--but no other outcome measure used--indicated that patellar resurfacing may be beneficial in TKA.

Intraoperative ligament laxity influences functional outcome 1 year after total knee arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: To find out if there is an association between ligament laxity measured intraoperatively and functional outcome 1 year after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: Medial and lateral ligament laxities were measured intraoperatively in extension and in 90° of flexion in 108 patients [122 knees; median age 70 (range 42-83) years]. Mechanical axes were measured preoperatively and at 1-year follow-up. Outcome measures were the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), the Knee Society Clinical Rating System, the Oxford Knee Score and patient satisfaction. The relationships between laxity and outcome scores were examined by median regression analyses. RESULTS: Post-operative mechanical axis had a significant effect on the association between ligament laxity and KOOS. Therefore, the material was stratified on post-operative mechanical axis. In perfectly aligned and valgus-aligned TKAs, there was a negative correlation between medial laxity and all subscores in KOOS. The most important regression coefficient (ß) was recorded for the effect of medial laxity in extension on activities of daily living (ADLs) (ß = -7.32, p < 0.001), sport/recreation (ß = -6.9, p = 0.017) and pain (ß = -5.9, p = 0.006), and for the effect of medial laxity in flexion on ADLs (ß = -3.11, p = 0.023) and sport/recreation (ß = -4.18, p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve the functional results after TKA, orthopaedic surgeons should monitor ligament laxity and mechanical axis intraoperatively and avoid medial laxity more than 2 mm in extension and 3 mm in flexion in neutral and valgus-aligned knees. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Pelvic joint fusion in patients with severe pelvic girdle pain - a prospective single-subject research design study.

BACKGROUND: The fusion of the pelvic joints in patients with severe pelvic girdle pain (PGP) is a controversial and insufficiently studied procedure. The aims of this study were to evaluate physical function and pain after sacroiliac joint (SIJ) fusion. METHODS: A single-subject research design study with repeated measurements was conducted; pre-operatively and at 3, 6 and 12 months post-operatively. The outcome measures considered were the Oswestry disability index (ODI), visual analogue scale (VAS), and SF-36. Eight patients with severe PGP received open-accessed unilateral anterior SIJ fusion and fusion of the pubic symphysis. RESULTS: Seven patients reported positive results from the surgery. At 1 year post-operation, significant (p < 0.001) reductions in ODI (54 to 37) and VAS (82 to 57) were reported. The physical functioning, bodily pain, and social functioning scores in the SF-36 were also improved. CONCLUSION: Positive and significant changes in disability and pain at 1 year after SIJ fusion were observed. Despite these positive results, open accessed anterior fusion of the SIJ was associated with adverse events and complications such as infection and nerve damage.

Osseointegration of minimally invasive sacroiliac joint fixation implants-A human retrieval study.

Minimally invasive sacroiliac joint fusion has become increasingly prevalent and is described to reduce pain and improve function. In some patients, pain can recur several months after primary surgery. Lack of early implant osseointegration might be a cause of pain and hence an indication for revision surgery. Triangular titanium implants are the most documented implant for minimally invasive sacroiliac joint fusion. There is, however, no knowledge of how triangular titanium implants osseointegrate in humans and whether fusion is induced over the sacroiliac joint. During planned revision surgery due to recurrent pain, six triangular titanium implants were retrieved from six different patients at median 9 months from primary surgery. All six implants were scanned using microcomputed tomography. The presence or absence of bone in-growth, on-growth, and through-growth of the implants was evaluated as an indication of implant osseointegration. Three of six implants showed no or minor signs of osseointegration. Of the three remaining implants, one showed partial osseointegration and two implants showed high degrees of osseointegration. This study showed that triangular titanium implants can osseointegrate into host bone in humans. When osseointegration occurs, triangular titanium implants can give fusion across the sacroiliac joint.

The effect of minimally invasive sacroiliac joint fusion compared to sham operation: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Minimally invasive fusion of the sacroiliac joint as treatment for low back pain may reduce pain and improve function compared to non-operative treatment, although clear evidence is lacking. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effect of minimally invasive sacroiliac joint fusion compared to sham surgery on sacroiliac joint pain reduction. Methods: In this double-blind randomized sham surgery-controlled trial patients with clinical diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain confirmed with sacroiliac joint injection were included at two university hospitals in Sweden and Norway. Patients were randomized by the operating surgeon at each site to minimally invasive sacroiliac joint fusion or sham surgery. The primary endpoint was group difference in sacroiliac joint pain on the operated side at six months postoperatively, measured by the Numeric Rating Scale (0-10). Un-blinding and primary analysis were performed when all patients had completed six months follow-up. The trial is closed for new participants and was registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03507049. Findings: Between September 1st, 2018 and October 22nd, 2021, 63 patients were randomized, 32 to the surgical group, 31 to the sham group. Mean age was 45 years (range 26-63) and 59 of 63 (94%) patients were female. The mean reduction in the operated sacroiliac joint from baseline to six months postoperative was 2.6 Numeric Rating Scale points in the surgical group and 1.7 points in the sham group (mean between groups difference -1.0 points; 95% CI, -2.2 to 0.3; p = 0.13). Interpretation: This double-blind randomized controlled trial could not prove that minimally invasive fusion of the sacroiliac joint was superior to sham surgery at six months postoperative. Funding: Sophies Minde Ortopedi supported a clinical research position for Engelke Marie Randers. Region Stockholm supported the cost for the Swedish ethical application and a clinical research appointment for Paul Gerdhem.

Pelvic joint fusions in patients with chronic pelvic girdle pain: a 23-year follow-up.

PURPOSE: Fusion of the sacroiliac joints (SIJ) has been a treatment option for patients with severe pelvic girdle pain (PGP). The primary aims were to evaluate the long-term outcomes in patients who underwent SIJ fusion and to compare 1-year outcomes with long-term outcomes. The secondary aim was to compare patients who underwent SIJ fusion with a comparable group who did not. METHODS: This study includes fifty patients that underwent SIJ fusion between 1977 and 1998. Function (the Oswestry disability index; ODI), pain intensity (visual analogue scale; VAS) and health-related quality of life (SF-36) were determined according to a patient-reported questionnaire. The questionnaire scores were compared with previously recorded 1-year outcomes and with questionnaire scores from a group of 28 patients who did not undergo SIJ fusion. RESULTS: The patients who underwent SIJ fusion reported a mean ODI of 33 (95 % CI 24-42) and a mean VAS score of 54 (95 % CI 46-63) 23 years (range 19-34) after surgery. Regarding quality of life, the patients reported reduced physical function, but mental health was not affected in the same manner. The patients with successful 1-year outcomes (48 %) retained significantly improved function and reduced pain levels compared with the subgroup of patients with unsuccessful 1-year outcomes (28 %). The patients who underwent surgery did not differ from the non-surgery group in any outcome at the long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with SIJ fusion had moderate disability and pain 23 years after surgery, and the 1-year outcomes were sustained 23 years after surgery. Although many fused patients reported good outcome, this group did not differ from the comparable non-surgical group.

Negative correlation between extent of physeal ablation after percutaneous permanent physiodesis and postoperative growth: volume computer tomography and radiostereometric analysis of 37 physes in 27 patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Percutaneous physiodesis in the knee region is a well-established method for treating leg-length inequality. Longitudinal growth in the physis is believed to stop almost immediately after the operation. The extent of physis ablation required has never been investigated by any kind of tomography in humans. Using radiostereometric analysis (RSA), we determined when definite growth arrest occurred after surgery. We also studied the correlation between the extent of physis ablation and postoperative growth. Finally, we assessed any bone bridging across the physis. METHODS: 6, 12, and 30 weeks after surgery, we used RSA to measure longitudinal growth in 27 patients (37 physes) with a mean age of 13 years. CT scanning of the knee region was performed 12 weeks after surgery to measure the percentage of the ablated physis and to determine the distribution of bone bridges across the physis. RESULTS: RSA showed that growth rate was reduced to less than half of the expected rate after 6 weeks. During the next 6 weeks, the growth ceased completely. CT scans revealed a large variation in the extent of ablated physes (17-69%). In the ablated areas, tissues of various densities were mixed with mature bone. Bridges were found both laterally and medially across the physes in all of the patients. There was a negative correlation between the extent of ablation and total postoperative growth (rho = -0.37, p = 0.03). INTERPRETATION: Growth across the physis is effectively stopped by percutaneous physiodesis. RSA is well-suited for observation of this phenomenon. Volume CT scanning can be used to detect bone bridges that cross the physis and to calculate the extent of physis ablation.

New insights in the prevalence of scoliosis and musculoskeletal asymmetries in adolescents with esophageal atresia.

BACKGROUND: Increased risk of scoliosis and musculoskeletal abnormalities in adolescents with esophageal atresia (EA) is reported, but the impact of these abnormalities on physical fitness and motor skills are not known. METHODS: Scoliosis was assessed radiographically and shoulder and chest abnormalities by a standardized protocol. Physical fitness was evaluated with Grippit, Six-minute walk test, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire and motor skills by Motor Assessment Battery for Children. RESULTS: Sixty-seven EA adolescents median 16 (13-20) years participated. The prevalence of significant scoliosis (≥ 20º) was 12% (8/67) whereas 22% (15/67) had mild scoliosis (10-19º). Vertebral anomalies occurred in 18/67 (27%), eight of them (44%) had scoliosis. The majority of adolescents (15/23) with scoliosis did not have vertebral anomalies. Musculoskeletal abnormalities were detected in 22-78%. Balance problems occurred three times more frequently than expected (44% vs. 15%, p = 0.004). Submaximal exercise capacity was significantly reduced compared to reference values (p < 0.001). Scoliosis ≥ 20º was related to reduced physical activity (p = 0.008), and musculoskeletal abnormalities to reduced physical activity and impaired motor skills (p = 0.042 and p < 0.038, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Significant scoliosis was diagnosed in 12% of the EA adolescents and related to reduced physical activity. Musculoskeletal abnormalities identified in more than half of the patients, were related to reduced physical activity and impaired motor skills, and exercise capacity was significantly below reference group. EA patients with and without vertebral anomalies need health-promoting guidance to prevent impaired motor skills and consequences of reduced physical activity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Study, Level II.

Precision and accuracy measurement of radiostereometric analysis applied to movement of the sacroiliac joint.

BACKGROUND: Different techniques have been used to quantify the movement of sacroiliac (SI) joints. These include radiostereometric analysis (RSA), but the accuracy and precision of this method have not been properly evaluated and it is unclear how many markers are required and where they should be placed to achieve proper accuracy and precision. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test accuracy and precision of RSA, applied to the SI joint, in a phantom model and in patients. METHODS: We used a plastic phantom attached to a micrometer to obtain a true value of the movement of the SI joint and compared this value with the measured value obtained by RSA; the difference represented the accuracy. The precision of the system was measured by double examination in the phantom and in six patients, and was expressed by a limit of significance (LOS). We analyzed different marker distributions to find optimal marker placement and number of markers needed. RESULTS: The accuracy was high and we identified no systematic errors. The precision of the phantom was high with a LOS less than 0.25° and 0.16 mm for all directions, and in patients, the precision was less than 0.71° for rotations and 0.47 mm translations. No markers were needed in the pubic symphysis to obtain good precision. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy and precision are high when RSA is used to measure movement in the SI joint and support the use of RSA in research of SI joint motion.

A new method to measure ligament balancing in total knee arthroplasty: laxity measurements in 100 knees.

BACKGROUND: Ligament balancing is considered a prerequisite for good function and survival in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, there is no consensus on how to measure ligament balance intra-operatively and the degree of stability obtained after different balancing techniques is not clarified. PURPOSE: This study presents a new method to measure ligament balancing in TKA and reports on the results of a try-out of this method and its inter-observer reliability. METHODS: After the implantation of the prosthesis, spatulas of different thickness were used to measure medial and lateral condylar lift-off in flexion and extension in 70 ligament-balanced knees and in 30 knees were ligament balancing was considered unnecessary. Inter-observer reliability for the new method was estimated and the degree of medial-lateral symmetry in extension and in flexion, and the equality of the extension gaps and flexion gaps were calculated. RESULTS: The method was feasible in all operated knees, and found to be very reliable (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.88). We found no statistically significant difference in condylar lift-off between the ligament-balanced and the non ligament-balanced group, however, there was a tendency to more outliers in flexion in the ligament-balanced group. CONCLUSIONS: Our method for measuring ligament balance is reliable and provides valuable information in assessing laxity intra-operatively. This method may be a useful tool in further research on the relationship between ligament balance, function and survival of TKA.

Reliability and Construct Validity of the Adapted Norwegian Version of the Early-Onset Scoliosis 24-item Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: The Early-Onset Scoliosis 24-item Questionnaire (EOSQ-24) reflects issues important for patients with early-onset scoliosis (EOS) and their parents. The aim of this study was to translate the original EOSQ-24 into Norwegian and to evaluate the resulting questionnaire's reliability and construct validity. METHODS: The EOSQ-24 was translated using a forward-backward translation method, followed by an expert review. One hundred parents of a heterogenic group of patients with EOS answered the EOSQ-24 and scored Numeric Rating Scales (NRSs) to evaluate the children's general health, pain, and physical function. Two weeks later, 55 parents (55%) answered the retest questionnaire. Data quality, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were assessed, including the minimal detectable change. Construct validity was evaluated by predefined hypotheses and correlations with NRS scores. RESULTS: There were considerable ceiling (19.0% to 63.0%) and floor effects (zero to 26.0%). The internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach α = 0.95). The minimal detectable change for the EOSQ-24 total score was 15.2 and ranged from 21.6 to 33.0 for the subdomains scores. The EOSQ-24 showed discriminate capabilities among patients with different etiology, treatment status, and severity of deformity. High correlations were found between the EOSQ-24 total score and the NRS scores for general health (r = -0.66), pain (r = -0.63), and physical function (r = -0.78). CONCLUSION: The Norwegian version of the EOSQ-24 has acceptable reliability and validity for measuring quality of life and caregiver burden among EOS children. The EOSQ-24 total score is acceptable for evaluation of these patients over time. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, diagnostic study.

Movement of the sacroiliac joint during the Active Straight Leg Raise test in patients with long-lasting severe sacroiliac joint pain.

BACKGROUND: The Active Straight Leg Raise is a functional test used in the assessment of pelvic girdle pain, and has shown to have good validity, reliability and responsiveness. The Active Straight Leg Raise is considered to examine the patients' ability to transfer load through the pelvis. It has been hypothesized that patients with pelvic girdle pain lack the ability to stabilize the pelvic girdle, probably due to instability or increased movement of the sacroiliac joint. This study examines the movement of the sacroiliac joints during the Active Straight Leg Raise in patients with pelvic girdle pain. METHODS: Tantalum markers were inserted in the dorsal sacrum and ilium of 12 patients with long-lasting pelvic girdle pain scheduled for sacroiliac joint fusion surgery. Two to three weeks later movement of the sacroiliac joints during the Active Straight Leg Raise was measured with radiostereometric analysis. FINDINGS: Small movements were detected. There was larger movement of the sacroiliac joint of the rested leg's sacroiliac joint compared to the lifted leg's side. A mean backward rotation of 0.8° and inward tilt of 0.3° were seen in the rested leg's sacroiliac joint. INTERPRETATION: The movements of the sacroiliac joints during the Active Straight Leg Raise are small. There was a small backward rotation of the innominate bone relative to sacrum on the rested leg's side. Our findings contradict an earlier understanding that a forward rotation of the lifted leg's innominate occur while performing the Active Straight Leg Raise.

Radiosteriometric analysis of movement in the sacroiliac joint during a single-leg stance in patients with long-lasting pelvic girdle pain.

BACKGROUND: Chamberlain's projections (anterior-posterior X-ray of the pubic symphysis) have been used to diagnose sacroiliac joint mobility during the single-leg stance test. This study examined the movement in the sacroiliac joint during the single-leg stance test with precise radiostereometric analysis. METHODS: Under general anesthesia, tantalum markers were inserted into the dorsal sacrum and the ilium of 11 patients with long-lasting and severe pelvic girdle pain. After two to three weeks, a radiostereometric analysis was conducted while the subjects performed a single-leg stance. FINDINGS: Small movements were detected in the sacroiliac joint during the single-leg stance. In both the standing- and hanging-leg sacroiliac join, a total of 0.5 degree rotation was observed; however, no translations were detected. There were no differences in total movement between the standing- and hanging-leg sacroiliac joint. INTERPRETATION: The movement in the sacroiliac joint during the single-leg stance is small and almost undetectable by the precise radiostereometric analysis. A complex movement pattern was seen during the test, with a combination of movements in the two joints. The interpretation of the results of this study is that, the Chamberlain examination likely is inadequate in the examination of sacroiliac joint movement in patients with pelvic girdle pain.