Crosstalk Reduction Using a Dual Energy Window Scatter Correction in Compton Imaging.

Compton cameras can simultaneously detect multi-isotopes; however, when simultaneous imaging is performed, crosstalk artifacts appear on the images obtained using a low-energy window. In conventional single-photon emission computed tomography, a dual energy window (DEW) subtraction method is used to reduce crosstalk. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of employing the DEW technique to reduce crosstalk artifacts in Compton images obtained using low-energy windows. To this end, in this study, we compared reconstructed images obtained using either a photo-peak window or a scatter window by performing image subtraction based on the differences between the two images. Simulation calculations were performed to obtain the list data for the Compton camera using a 171 and a 511 keV point source. In the images reconstructed using these data, crosstalk artifacts were clearly observed in the images obtained using a 171 keV photo-peak energy window. In the images obtained using a scatter window (176-186 keV), only crosstalk artifacts were visible. The DEW method could eliminate the influence of high-energy sources on the images obtained with a photo-peak window, thereby improving quantitative capability. This was also observed when the DEW method was used on experimentally obtained images.

Improved iterative reconstruction method for Compton imaging using median filter.

A Compton camera is a device for imaging a radio-source distribution without using a mechanical collimator. Ordered-subset expectation-maximization (OS-EM) is widely used to reconstruct Compton images. However, the OS-EM algorithm tends to over-concentrate and amplify noise in the reconstructed image. It is, thus, necessary to optimize the number of iterations to develop high-quality images, but this has not yet been achieved. In this paper, we apply a median filter to an OS-EM algorithm and introduce a median root prior expectation-maximization (MRP-EM) algorithm to overcome this problem. In MRP-EM, the median filter is used to update the image in each iteration. We evaluated the quality of images reconstructed by our proposed method and compared them with those reconstructed by conventional algorithms using mathematical phantoms. The spatial resolution was estimated using the images of two point sources. Reproducibility was evaluated on an ellipsoidal phantom by calculating the residual sum of squares, zero-mean normalized cross-correlation, and mutual information. In addition, we evaluated the semi-quantitative performance and uniformity on the ellipsoidal phantom. MRP-EM reduces the generated noise and is robust with respect to the number of iterations. An evaluation of the reconstructed image quality using some statistical indices shows that our proposed method delivers better results than conventional techniques.

Imaging of 99mTc-DMSA and 18F-FDG in humans using a Si/CdTe Compton camera.

The Compton camera can simultaneously acquire images of multiple isotopes injected in a body; therefore, it has the potential to introduce a new subfield in the field of biomedical imaging applications. The objective of this study is to assess the ability of a prototype semiconductor-based silicon/cadmium telluride (Si/CdTe) Compton camera to simultaneously image the distributions of technetium (99mTc)-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) (141 keV emission) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) (511 keV emission) injected into a human volunteer. 99mTc-DMSA and 18F-FDG were injected intravenously into a 25-year-old male volunteer. The distributions of 99mTc-DMSA and 18F-FDG were simultaneously made visible by setting a specified energy window for each radioisotope. The images of these radiopharmaceuticals acquired using the prototype Compton camera were superimposed onto computed tomography images for reference. The reconstructed image showed that 99mTc-DMSA had accumulated in both kidneys, which is consistent with the well-known diagnostic distribution determined by clinical imaging via single-photon emission computed tomography. In the 18F-FDG image, there is broad distribution around the liver and kidneys, which was expected based on routine clinical positron emission tomography imaging. The current study demonstrated for the first time that the Si/CdTe Compton camera was capable of simultaneously imaging the distributions of two radiopharmaceuticals, 99mTc-DMSA and 18F-FDG, in a human body. These results suggest that the Si/CdTe Compton camera has the potential to become a novel modality for nuclear medical diagnoses enabling multi-probe simultaneous tracking.

Compton imaging with 99mTc for human imaging.

We have been developing a medical imaging system using a Compton camera and demonstrated the imaging ability of Compton camera for 99mTc-DMSA accumulated in rat kidneys. In this study, we performed imaging experiments using a human body phantom to confirm its applicability to human imaging. Preliminary simulations were conducted using a digital phantom with varying activity ratios between the kidney and body trunk regions. Gamma rays (141 keV) were generated and detected by a Compton camera based on a silicon and cadmium telluride (Si/CdTe) detector. Compton images were reconstructed with the list mode median root prior expectation maximization method. The appropriate number of iterations of the condition was confirmed through simulations. The reconstructed Compton images revealed two bright points in the kidney regions. Furthermore, the numerical value calculated by integrating pixel values inside the region of interest correlated well with the activity of the kidney regions. Finally, experimental studies were conducted to ascertain whether the results of the simulation studies could be reproduced. The kidneys could be successfully visualised. In conclusion, considering that the conditions in this study agree with those of typical human bodies and imaginable experimental setup, the Si/CdTe Compton camera has a high probability of success in human imaging. In addition, our results indicate the capability of (semi-) quantitative analysis using Compton images.

Annihilation gamma imaging for carbon ion beam range monitoring using Si/CdTe Compton camera.

In this study, we performed on-beam monitoring of 511 keV annihilation gamma emissions using a Compton camera. Beam monitoring experiments were conducted using carbon ion beams of 290 MeV/u irradiated on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom. The intensity of the beams was 3 × 109 particles per pulse, with 20 pulses per minute. A Compton camera based on a silicon/cadmium telluride (Si/CdTe) detector was used to monitor the annihilation gamma rays emitted from the phantom. We successfully reconstructed the energy events of 511 keV annihilation gamma rays and developed Compton images using a simple back-projection method. The distribution of the annihilation gamma ray generation traced the beam trajectory and the peak intensity position was a few millimeters shorter than the Bragg peak position. Moreover, the effect of the beam range shifter with 30, 60, and 90 mm water equivalent thickness (WET) was clearly visualized in the reconstructed Compton images. The experimentally measured values of the corresponding range shifts in the PMMA phantom (28.70 mm, 52.49 mm, and 76.77 mm, respectively) were consistent with the shifts of the Bragg peak position (25.50 mm, 51.30 mm and 76.70 mm, respectively) evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that the Si/CdTe Compton camera has strong potential for on-beam monitoring of annihilation gamma rays in particle therapy in clinical situations.

Effect of number of views on cross-sectional Compton imaging: A fundamental study with backprojection.

INTRODUCTION: We have been developing a medical imaging technique using a Compton camera, which is expected to reconstruct three-dimensional images. If the number of views is not sufficient, star-shaped artifacts (streak artifacts) could arise in cross-sectional images. Therefore, we estimated the point spread function (PSF) of cross-sectional Compton images and the effect of the number of views by Monte Carlo simulations and experimental studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional Compton image was reconstructed using a dataset comprising 719 view directions and PSF was analyzed using a radial distribution. The peak height, full width at half maximum (FWHM), background (BG), and residual sum of squares (RSS) were calculated from the obtained PSF. In addition, RSSs were plotted against the number of views to estimate the required number to suppress star-shaped artifacts. RESULTS: There was no correlation found between the number of views and both FWHM (16 mm) and peak/BG ratio (∼1 × 104). RSSs were reduced with the number of views and approached the minimum asymptotically. Correlation was observed between the required number of views and the number of Compton events used for image reconstruction. CONCLUSION: We determined the PSF of cross-sectional Compton images and the effect of the number of views on the images. The required number of views to suppress the star-shaped artifact is related to the square root of the number of Compton events used to reconstruct the image. From this study, we concluded that 21 or more views are required for clinical purposes.

In vivo simultaneous imaging with 99mTc and 18F using a Compton camera.

We have been developing a medical imaging technique using a Compton camera. This study evaluates the feasibility of clear imaging with 99mTc and 18F simultaneously, and demonstrates in vivo imaging with 99mTc and/or 18F. We used a Compton camera with silicon and cadmium telluride (Si/CdTe) semiconductors. We estimated the imaging performance of the Compton camera for 141 keV and 511 keV gamma rays from 99mTc and 22Na, respectively. Next, we simultaneously imaged 99mTc and 18F point sources to evaluate the cross-talk artifacts produced by a higher energy gamma-ray background. Then, in the in vivo experiments, three rats were injected with 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid and/or 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and imaged. The Compton images were compared with PET images. The rats were euthanized, and the activities in their organs were measured using a well counter. The energy resolution and spatial resolution were measured for the sources. No apparent cross-talk artifacts were observed in the practical-activity ratio (99mTc:18F = 1:16). We succeeded in imaging the distributions of 99mTc and 18F simultaneously, and the results were consistent with the PET images and well counter measurements. Our Si/CdTe Compton camera can thus work as a multi-tracer imager, covering various SPECT and PET probes, with less cross-talk artifacts in comparison to the conventional Anger cameras using a collimator. Our findings suggest the possibility of human trials.