RESUMO
As natural populations approach genetic equilibrium, the various genes in the population are capable of assuming intermediate distributions that might not be anticipated from either the rate of the process or the final distribution of the genes. Since it is possible that many populations have not reached genetic equilibrium, the distribution of genes in natural populations may be a reflection of the kinetic path by which the genes approach equilibrium. Attention to kinetic path provides an explanation for an apparent discrepancy in recent studies of selection in man.
Assuntos
Frequência do Gene , Genes , Seleção Genética , Alelos , Anemia Falciforme/genética , Genótipo , Doença da Hemoglobina C/genética , Humanos , Cinética , Modelos Biológicos , Talassemia/genéticaRESUMO
Newborn screening policies in North Carolina are due to the efforts of skilled and knowledgeable state officials, clinicians, and scientists who are able to develop effective newborn screening procedures. A newborn screening that was developed in North Carolina is the first automated method for diagnosing phenylketonuria. This process was later adopted in many other states. The use of tandem mass spectrometry in newborn screening was also pioneered in North Carolina, and it is being used in an increasing number of states. Newborn screening is more than testing, however; follow-up and specialized care are essential. State-level policies should recognize the multiple links necessary to make newborn screening effective and efficient.
Assuntos
Política de Saúde , Triagem Neonatal/tendências , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Aminoácidos/diagnóstico , Hipotireoidismo Congênito/diagnóstico , Seguimentos , Hemoglobinopatias/diagnóstico , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Triagem Neonatal/legislação & jurisprudência , North Carolina , Administração dos Cuidados ao Paciente , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Extraction in the presence of sodium hydroxide and cysteine allows estimates of NADPH and total NADP in human red cells without the erroneously high values of NADP+ obtained with earlier methods. An application of this technique to G6PD-deficient cells reveals that most of the nucleotide is in the oxidized form. In contrast, normal red cells have nearly all of the nucleotide in the reudced form. In addition to providing information concerning the intracellular regulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt, these findings support the concept that G6PD deficiency is a product-deficiency disorder.
Assuntos
Eritrócitos/enzimologia , Deficiência de Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/enzimologia , NADP/sangue , População Negra , Cisteína , Deficiência de Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/sangue , Hexosefosfatos/sangue , Humanos , Itália , Judeus , Masculino , Ilhas do Mediterrâneo , North Carolina , Pentosefosfatos/sangue , Hidróxido de SódioRESUMO
The scent gland tumor of the Syrian hamster is induced by exogenous androgen and estrogen. Microscopic nodules are induced normally in old males by endogenous androgen. The histogenesis of the scent gland tumor is complex and not completely understood. In this study microscopic preneoplastic nodules and macroscopic tumors were studied by light and electron microscopy, and the macroscopic tumors were grown in tissue culture on collagen-coated coverslips and on sponge foam matrices by the organ culture method. The cultures were fed with an unfiltered fetal calf serum-bovine serum ultrafiltrate medium, which contained endogenous androgen-estrogen, 110-100 pg and could maintain growth without additional androgen-estrogen. Exogenous androgen-estrogen was also added to some cultures. Scent gland tumors grown in organ culture contained cells of two shapes, spindle and ovoid arranged in cords. Cultures on coverslips showed radiating outgrowths of spindle cells suggesting either mesenchymal or Schwann cells. By electron microscopy, both in vivo and in vitro preneoplastic and tumor samples contained cells with segments of basal lamina, micropinocytotic vesicles, and junctional complexes. These features were similar to those of poorly differentiated experimental malignant rat schwannomas maintained in similar in vitro systems. Tumors grown in vivo and in vitro were associated with collagen fibrils with a periodicity ranging from 400 to 1075 A. The evidence reported in this paper suggests that one component of the scent gland tumor is an androgen-estrogen-induced poorly differentiated schwannoma.
Assuntos
Glândulas Exócrinas/patologia , Neoplasias Experimentais/patologia , Glândulas Odoríferas/patologia , Animais , Cricetinae , Meios de Cultura , Técnicas de Cultura , Dietilestilbestrol , Feminino , Masculino , Mesocricetus , Microscopia Eletrônica , Neoplasias Experimentais/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Experimentais/ultraestrutura , Glândulas Odoríferas/ultraestrutura , TestosteronaRESUMO
Supernumerary isochromosomes resulting in autosomal tetrasomy are rare and have been described only for 12p, 18p, and 9p. Nineteen previous cases of tetrasomy 9p have been reported, and in 6 cases, tissue-specific mosaicism was implied with the i(9p) cell line present exclusively or predominantly in blood. We report on an infant who had apparently normal chromosomes (46,XY) on CVS. He was referred for genetic evaluation because of mild developmental delay and minor anomalies. In 75% of blood cells he had an extra isodicentric 9p chromosome (pter-->q12-->pter). The interpretation of tetrasomy 9p was confirmed by elevated GALT activity. No tetrasomy 9p cells were seen in 100 skin fibroblasts. This case demonstrates the tissue specific mosaicism in tetrasomy 9p which rendered the anomaly undetectable by CVS. It also demonstrates the mild end of the clinical spectrum associated with tetrasomy 9p.
Assuntos
Aberrações Cromossômicas , Cromossomos Humanos Par 9 , Bandeamento Cromossômico , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/genética , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Cariotipagem , MasculinoRESUMO
A routine has been established for genetic screening of donors in an artificial insemination and frozen sperm bank program. This report is a summary and analysis of the information obtained on the first 168 donor applicants and 89 recipients who were genetically screened. The specific forms for screening, family information obtained, characteristics of the donor and recipient groups, and guidelines for acceptance or rejection of donors are discussed. The donor and recipient often failed to perceive that the disorders in the family were genetic. The simple question of whether or not there were genetic or hereditary problems in the family was ineffective, even when the donor or recipient had formal medical training.
Assuntos
Testes Genéticos , Inseminação Artificial Heteróloga , Inseminação Artificial , Fatores Etários , Anormalidades Congênitas/genética , Feminino , Morte Fetal/genética , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Masculino , Gravidez , RiscoAssuntos
Adenocarcinoma/induzido quimicamente , Carcinógenos , Linhagem Celular , Estrogênios , Neoplasias Renais/induzido quimicamente , Animais , Castração , Cricetinae , Dietilestilbestrol , Estradiol , Estrogênios/metabolismo , Feminino , Masculino , Transplante de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Experimentais/induzido quimicamente , Receptores de Superfície Celular , Fatores Sexuais , Transplante HomólogoAssuntos
Dietilestilbestrol , Estradiol , Leiomiossarcoma/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Testiculares/induzido quimicamente , Testosterona , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Cricetinae , Técnicas de Cultura , Leiomiossarcoma/patologia , Masculino , Metástase Neoplásica , Transplante de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Experimentais/induzido quimicamente , Ducto DeferenteAssuntos
Androgênios , Estrogênios , Leiomiossarcoma/induzido quimicamente , Músculo Liso , Neoplasias Uterinas/induzido quimicamente , Animais , Cricetinae , Dietilestilbestrol , Feminino , Leiomiossarcoma/patologia , Métodos , Transplante de Neoplasias , Progesterona , Sarcoma Experimental/patologia , Testosterona , Neoplasias Uterinas/patologiaAssuntos
Abscesso/induzido quimicamente , Estrogênios/efeitos adversos , Doenças Prostáticas/induzido quimicamente , Doenças da Bexiga Urinária/induzido quimicamente , Animais , Cricetinae , Dietilestilbestrol/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Masculino , Mesocricetus , Doenças Prostáticas/patologia , Ratos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/induzido quimicamenteAssuntos
Esterases/metabolismo , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/fisiologia , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Rim/enzimologia , Acetatos , Adenocarcinoma/induzido quimicamente , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Butiratos , Castração , Cricetinae , Eletroforese , Estradiol/farmacologia , Estradiol/fisiologia , Feminino , Gônadas/fisiologia , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Renais/induzido quimicamente , Masculino , Neoplasias Experimentais/induzido quimicamente , Tamanho do Órgão , Fisostigmina , Progesterona/farmacologia , Progesterona/fisiologia , Fatores Sexuais , Testosterona/farmacologia , Testosterona/fisiologiaAssuntos
Variação Genética , Deficiência de Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Hemólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores Etários , Anemia Hemolítica Congênita não Esferocítica/enzimologia , Povo Asiático , População Negra , Eletroforese das Proteínas Sanguíneas , Eritrócitos/enzimologia , Genética Populacional , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Deficiência de Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/epidemiologia , Temperatura Alta , Humanos , Fenótipo , População BrancaAssuntos
Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/sangue , Isoenzimas/sangue , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Alanina , Aminoácido Oxirredutases , Aminoácidos/análise , Bacillus subtilis/enzimologia , Eletroforese das Proteínas Sanguíneas , Ácidos Bóricos , Cromatografia em Gel , Diálise , Ácido Edético , Eletroforese , Eritrócitos/enzimologia , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/análise , Hemoglobinas , Humanos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase , Masculino , Mercaptoetanol , Peso Molecular , TripsinaAssuntos
Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Pentosefosfatos/metabolismo , Primaquina/farmacologia , Pirimetamina/farmacologia , Adulto , Dióxido de Carbono/biossíntese , Isótopos de Carbono , Cromatografia por Troca Iônica , Cianetos/farmacologia , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Gluconatos/biossíntese , Glucose/metabolismo , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase , Deficiência de Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase , Humanos , Masculino , Metabolismo/instrumentação , Métodos , Ácidos Fosfóricos/biossíntese , Sódio/farmacologiaAssuntos
Aberrações Cromossômicas/genética , Genes , Transtornos Cromossômicos , Feminino , Genes Dominantes , Genes Recessivos , Aconselhamento Genético , Variação Genética , Humanos , Masculino , Mutação , Linhagem , Fenótipo , Risco , Seleção Genética , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais/genética , Cromossomo XAssuntos
Doenças Genéticas Inatas/patologia , Adulto , Criança , Aberrações Cromossômicas/diagnóstico , Aberrações Cromossômicas/patologia , Transtornos Cromossômicos , Aconselhamento Genético , Doenças Genéticas Inatas/diagnóstico , Educação em Saúde , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , North Carolina , Educação de Pacientes como AssuntoRESUMO
An earlier claim of a deficiency of uridine diphosphate galactose in erythrocytes of galactosaemia patients was not confirmed. Enzymic techniques similar to those of the earlier investigators were used to determine not only the concentration of uridine diphosphate galactose but also the ratio of this concentration to the sum of the uridine sugar diphosphates (uridine diphosphate galactose and uridine diphosphate glucose). The values in erythrocytes of galactosaemic subjects were similar to those of non-galactosaemic children on a galactose-restricted diet and to those of normal adults. These results cast doubt on the claim of a major deficiency of uridine diphosphate galactose in galactosaemia and on the need for treating galactosaemic children with uridine.
Assuntos
Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Galactosemias/sangue , Uridina Difosfato Galactose/sangue , Adulto , Análise Química do Sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Galactosemias/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , NAD , Uridina/uso terapêutico , Uridina Difosfato Galactose/deficiência , Uridina Difosfato Glucose/sangueRESUMO
The recent disproof of a major deficiency of uridine diphosphate galactose in galactosemia should not lead investigators to assume either that enzymatic methods are unreliable for uridine sugar assays or that a defect in galactosylation in galactosemia has been excluded.