Incidence of cardiovascular diseases in a nationwide HIV/AIDS patient cohort in Taiwan from 2000 to 2014.

The purpose of the study was to determine the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLWHA) in Taiwan. PLWHA were identified from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control HIV Surveillance System between 2000 and 2014. To examine the effect of active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on CVD incidence, incidence densities and standardised incidence rates (SIRs) of CVD were calculated after stratifying PLWHA by HAART. Of 26 272 PLWHA (mean age, 32.3 years) identified, 73.4% received HAART. Compared with general population, SIRs (95% confidence interval) were higher for incident coronary artery disease (1.11 (1.04-1.19)), percutaneous coronary intervention (1.32 (1.18-1.47)), coronary artery bypass surgery (1.47 (1.29-1.66)), sudden cardiac death (3.01 (2.39-3.73)), heart failure (1.50 (1.31-1.70)) and chronic kidney disease (1.95 (1.81-2.10)), but was lower for incident atrial fibrillation (0.53 (0.37-0.73)). Considering the effect of HAART on incident CVD, the SIRs for all-cause, ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke were higher in PLWHA who did not receive HAART, but were lower in PLWHA who received HAART. PLWHA had higher risks of incident coronary artery disease, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass surgery, sudden cardiac death, heart failure and chronic kidney disease. HAART reduces risks of incident CVD in PLWHA.

Cranberries for Preventing Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Uncircumcised Boys.

Background • Highly concentrated cranberry juice has long been considered to have protective properties against urinary tract infections (UTIs), on the basis of its content of cranberry proanthocyanidins, with A-type interflavan bonds. Objective • This study intended to evaluate the benefits of a highly concentrated cranberry juice for the prevention of repeated episodes of UTI in uncircumcised boys. Design • The study was a randomized, controlled trial. Setting • The study took place at Taipei City Hospital, Renai and Zhongxing Branches (Taipei City, Taiwan). Participants • Participants were 55 uncircumcised boys and 12 circumcised boys, aged 6 to 18 y, with histories of uncomplicated UTI, who were patients at the hospital. Intervention • The uncircumcised boys were randomly divided into 2 groups: (1) group 1 (n = 28) took 4 oz (120 mL) daily of cranberry juice for 6 mo; and (2) group 2 (n = 27), the negative control group, drank a placebo juice for 6 months. The circumcised boys in group 3, a positive control group, also drank a placebo juice for 6 mo. Outcome Measures • The time to UTI (ie, to the appearance of symptoms plus pyuria) was the main outcome. Asymptomatic bacteriuria, adherence to the treatment, and adverse effects were assessed at monthly visits. Results • After 6 mo of a prophylactic treatment with cranberry juice, the incidence of bacteriuria, mainly Escherichia coli, as shown in urine cultures at ≥1 × 105, were 25% (7/28), 37% (10/27), and 33.3% (4/12) in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The comparisons of the rate of prevention of a recurrence of UTI between group 1 and group 2 and between group 1 and group 3 showed that group 1 had fewer recurrent episodes of UTI. No children withdrew from the study. No adverse events or side effects were recorded. Conclusions • Cranberry juice may reduce the number of repeated episodes of UTI in uncircumcised boys and may have beneficial effects against the growth of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Its preventive benefits against UTI in the uncircumcised boys were even higher than those of circumcision for the circumcised boys.

Comparison of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy running models between outsourcing cooperation and rental cooperation conducted in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: We conducted a retrospective study to compare the cost and effectiveness between two different running models for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), including the outsourcing cooperation model (OC) and the rental cooperation model (RC). METHODS: Between January 1999 and December 2005, we implemented OC for the SWL, and from January 2006 to October 2011, RC was utilized. With OC, the cooperative company provided a machine and shared a variable payment with the hospital, according to treatment sessions. With RC, the cooperative company provided a machine and received a fixed rent from the hospital. We calculated the cost of each treatment session, and evaluated the break-even point to estimate the lowest number of treatment sessions to make the balance between revenue and cost every month. Effectiveness parameters, including the stone-free rate, the retreatment rate, the rate of additional procedures and complications, were evaluated. RESULTS: Compared with OC there were significantly less treatment sessions for RC every month (42.6±7.8 vs. 36.8±6.5, p=0.01). The cost of each treatment session was significantly higher for OC than for RC (751.6±20.0 USD vs. 684.7±16.7 USD, p=0.01). The break-even point for the hospital was 27.5 treatment sessions/month for OC, when the hospital obtained 40% of the payment, and it could be reduced if the hospital got a greater percentage. The break-even point for the hospital was 27.3 treatment sessions/month for RC. No significant differences were noticed for the stone-free rate, the retreatment rate, the rate of additional procedures and complications. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that RC had a lower cost for every treatment session, and fewer treatment sessions of SWL/month than OC. The study might provide a managerial implication for healthcare organization managers, when they face a situation of high price equipment investment.

Mobile phone use and health symptoms in children.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To investigate the mobile phone (MP) use for talking in relation to health symptoms among 2042 children aged 11-15 years in Taiwan. METHODS: A nationwide, cross-sectional study, using the computer assisted telephone interview (CATI) technique, was conducted in 2009 to collect information on children's utilization of MPs and the perceived health symptoms reported by their parents. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of MP use in the past month was estimated at 63.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 61.1-65.3%]. MP use was associated with a significantly increased adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for headaches and migraine (1.42, 95% CI = 1.12-1.81) and skin itches (1.84, 95% CI = 1.47-2.29). Children who regularly used MPs were also considered to have a health status worse than it was 1 year ago (ß = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.17-0.37). CONCLUSION: Although the cross-sectional design precludes the causal inference for the observed association, our study tended to suggest a need for more cautious use of MPs in children, because children are expected to experience a longer lifetime exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from MPs.

A large scale population-based cohort study on the risk of ovarian neoplasm in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the risk of developing ovarian cancer is elevated in women with diabetes mellitus. METHODS: The study is a population-based cohort study. Women with type 2 diabetes (n=319,310) and age-matched controls (n=319,308) were selected from the ambulatory care claims and beneficiary registry in 2000, respectively. Selected patients were linked to the in-patient claims (2000-2008) to identify admissions due to ovarian (ICD-9-CM: 183.xx) cancer. The person-year approach with Poisson assumption was used to estimate the incidence density rate. The age-specific hazard ratios (HRs) of ovarian cancer in relation to diabetes were calculated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model. RESULTS: The overall incidence density rate of ovarian cancer was estimated at 1.87 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.70-2.05) per 10,000 patient-years for patients with diabetes. The corresponding figures for controls were slightly lower at 1.79 per 10,000 patient-years. The incidence density of ovarian cancer was increased with age in diabetes but not in controls. The covariate-adjusted HR for ovarian cancer was statistically compared with null (adjusted HR=1.06, 95% CI=0.92-1.22) in women with diabetes. Moderately elevated HR was noted in women with diabetes aged <50 (adjusted HR=1.17, 95% CI=0.82-1.65) and in women with diabetes aged >65 (adjusted HR=1.10, 95% CI=0.92-1.42). The null association between diabetes and ovarian cancer remains true regardless of the disease duration of diabetes. CONCLUSION: This large-scale cohort study provides little support on the putative association between type 2 diabetes and the risk of ovarian cancer.

Differences in End-of-Life Care Between Patients Who Died of Cancer Diseases and Those Who Died of Noncancer Diseases.

Background and Purpose: Patients with advanced noncancer diseases or advanced cancer diseases may experience similar symptom burdens during the end of their lives. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in receiving hospice care service and in receiving aggressive end-of-life care between patients who died of cancer diseases and those who died of noncancer diseases. Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Subjects who died of cancers or noncancer diseases from 2010 through 2019 were analyzed to identify the information on patient's characteristics, receipt of hospice care service, receipt of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during the last hospitalization, and receipt of airway support interventions during the last hospitalization. The independent effects of various characteristics on the receipt of hospice care, CPR during the last hospitalization, and airway support interventions during the last hospitalization were evaluated using multivariate logistic regressions. Results: A total of 587,490 patients were included, of which 434,142 died of cancers and 153,348 died of noncancer diseases. There were significant trends of increase in receiving hospice care service and significant trends of decrease in receiving CPR or airway support interventions during the last hospitalization in both patients who died of cancers and those who died of noncancer diseases. Compared with patients who died of cancers, those who died of noncancer diseases were less likely to receive hospice care service (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.087; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.085-0.089) and had a higher risk of receiving CPR (AOR: 3.610; 95% CI: 3.521-3.704) or airway support interventions during the last hospitalization (AOR: 3.086; 95% CI: 3.021-3.165). Conclusions: Hospice care service should be promoted for all patients with end-stage diseases especially those with noncancer diseases.

Risks of organ failures and deaths associated with young-onset dementia after hospitalizations for motor vehicle crash injuries: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study.

Patients with dementia are at increased risks of adverse consequences associated with motor vehicle crash injury (MVCI). However, studies of the association for patients with young-onset dementia (YOD) are limited. Therefore, we aim to investigate whether YOD was associated with adverse outcomes after hospitalization for MVCI. In this retrospective cohort study, we identified 2052 MVCI patients with YOD (aged 40-64 years) between 2006 and 2015 and included 10 260 matched MVCI patients without YOD (matching ratio: 1:5) from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database and the Taiwan Police-Reported Traffic Accident Registry. We evaluated the intensive care unit (ICU) admission, organ failure, in-hospital and 30-day mortalities, length of hospital stay, and hospital costs. Compared with participants without dementia, patients with YOD had higher rates of ICU admission (34.31% vs. 20.89%) and respiratory failure (6.04% vs. 2.94%), with a covariate-adjusted odds ratio of 1.50 (95% CI 1.33-1.70) and 1.63 (95% CI 1.24-2.13), respectively. The patients also exhibited higher in-hospital mortality (4.73% vs. 3.12%) and 30-day mortality (5.12% vs. 3.34%) than their non-YOD counterparts, but the risk ratio was not significant after adjusting for transport mode. Moreover, the log means of hospital stay and cost were higher among patients with YOD (0.09 days; 95% CI 0.04-0.14 and NT$0.17; 95% CI 0.11-0.23, respectively). This cohort study determined that YOD may be adversely associated with hospital outcomes among MVCI patients. However, the association between YOD and mortality risk may depend on transport mode.

Change in intraoperative rectal temperature influencing erectile dysfunction following transurethral resection of the prostate.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: In this study, we assessed the relationship between changes in intraoperative rectal temperature and erectile function in patients who have undergone transurethral resection of the prostate. METHODS: Eighty-six potential patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia-induced lower urinary tract symptoms were studied. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1-small prostates (<40 ml) and group 2-large prostates (≥ 40 ml), as determined by transrectal ultrasound measurement. The intraoperative rectal temperature was evaluated using a transrectal thermosensor and the differences between the highest intra- and preoperative temperatures were recorded. The erectile function at baseline, at three months and at one-year postoperatively was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) questionnaire. RESULTS: Intraoperative rectal temperature differences were 0.54 ± 0.24°C for group 1 (n=45) and 0.44 ± 0.20°C for group 2 (n=41), (p=0.04). The IIEF-5 scores for group1 and group 2 were, respectively, 20.9 ± 1.6 and 20.6 ± 1.6 at baseline (p=0.32), 17.3 ± 2.9 and 18.7 ± 3.2 (p=0.037) at 3 months, 17.9 ± 2.7 and 18.7 ± 3.0 (p=0.17) at 1 year postoperatively. The deterioration of erectile function at 3 months post-operatively was observed for both groups. The percentage of retrograde ejaculation between two groups was not significantly different (p=0.33) at 1 year postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that a higher intraoperative rectal temperature difference caused by transurethral resection of the prostate might affect the postoperative erectile function, particularly in patients with a small prostate.

Association Between Young-Onset Dementia and Risk of Hospitalization for Motor Vehicle Crash Injury in Taiwan.

Importance: Several studies have suggested that older-onset dementia is associated with an increased risk of motor vehicle crash injury (MVCI). However, evidence of an association between young-onset dementia and the risk of MVCI is insufficient, particularly in Asia. Objective: To investigate the association between young-onset dementia and MVCI-related hospitalization in Taiwan. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this nationwide, population-based cohort study in Taiwan, a cohort of 39 344 patients aged 40 to 64 years with incident dementia diagnosed between 2006 and 2012 was matched 1:1 with a cohort of participants without dementia by age, sex, and index year (initial diagnosis of dementia). Participants were identified from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Data were analyzed between March 25 and October 22, 2021. Exposures: Dementia, defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Main Outcomes and Measures: Hospitalization for MVCI, determined using linked data from Taiwan's Police-Reported Traffic Accident Registry and the NHIRD from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2015. Hazard ratios (HRs) for MVCI-related hospitalization were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for sex, age, salary-based insurance premium, urbanization level, and comorbidities. Results: Of the 78 688 participants, 47 034 (59.8%) were male; the mean (SD) age was 54.5 (7.4) years. During the 10-year follow-up period, the incidence density of MVCI-related hospitalization was 45.58 per 10 000 person-years (95% CI, 42.77-48.39 per 10 000 person-years) among participants with dementia and 24.10 per 10 000 person-years (95% CI, 22.22-25.99 per 10 000 person-years) among participants without dementia. Compared with participants without dementia, patients with young-onset dementia were at higher risk of MVCI-related hospitalization (adjusted HR [aHR], 1.83; 95% CI, 1.63-2.06), especially those in younger age groups (aged 40-44 years: aHR, 3.54; 95% CI, 2.48-5.07) and within a shorter period (within 1 year of follow-up: aHR, 3.53; 95% CI, 2.50-4.98) after dementia was diagnosed. Patients with young-onset dementia also had a higher risk of being a pedestrian when the crash occurred (aHR, 2.89; 95% CI, 2.04-4.11), having an intracranial or internal injury (aHR, 2.44; 95% CI, 2.02-2.94), and having a severe injury (aHR, 2.90; 95% CI, 2.16-3.89). Conclusions and Relevance: In this retrospective cohort study, patients in Taiwan with a diagnosis of young-onset dementia had a higher risk of MVCI-related hospitalization than did individuals without dementia and the risk varied by age, disease duration, transport mode, injury type, and injury severity. These findings suggest a need for the planning of strategies to prevent transportation crashes among patients with young-onset dementia.

Hospice Care Services Associated With a Lower Utilization of Life-Sustaining Treatments During End-Of-Life Care Among People Living With HIV/AIDS: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Background: Hospice care involves improving quality of end-of-life (EOL) care and respecting patients' preferences regarding EOL treatment. However, the impact of hospice care services on the utilization of life-sustaining treatments during EOL care in patients with life-limiting diseases has not been extensively studied. Objectives: This nationwide cohort study aimed to determine the impact of hospice care services on the utilization of life-sustaining treatments during the last 3 months of life among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Taiwan. Methods: From 2000 to 2018, we identified adult PLWHA from Taiwan centers for disease control HIV Surveillance System. HIV-infected individuals were defined as positive HIV-1 Western blot. Life-sustaining treatments included cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intubation, mechanical ventilation support, and defibrillation. The association of hospice care services with the utilization of life-sustaining treatments was determined using multiple logistic regression. Results: Of 5691 PLWHA, 2595 (45.9%) subjects utilized life-sustaining treatments during the last 3 months of life. After adjusting for other covariates, PLWHA with hospice care services were less likely to receive life-sustaining treatments during the last 3 months of life than those without the services (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = .50, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .37-.66). Considering the type of life-sustaining treatments, hospice care services were associated with lower likelihood of receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (AOR = .22, 95% CI: .13-.39), endotracheal intubation (AOR = .48, 95% CI: .35-.65), and mechanical ventilation support (AOR = .56, 95% CI: .42-.75). Conclusion: Hospice care services were associated with a lower utilization of life-sustaining treatments during the last 3 months of life among PLWHA.

Palliative Family Conference Reduces the Risk of Death in Intensive Care Units and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation at End of Life.

Background: Palliative family conference (PFC) was included in the reimbursement of National Health Insurance to promote palliative care in Taiwan in 2012. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of PFC on death in intensive care unit (ICU) and receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) within three days before death. Design: This is a cross-sectional study. Subjects: All patients who died in a public hospital and were admitted to ICU within 30 days before death, from 2013 to 2018, were included. Measurements: The medical records were analyzed to identify information on causes of death, receiving PFC, receiving palliative care consultation, death in ICU, and receiving CPR within three days before death. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the independent effects of receiving PFC on the risk of death in ICU and receiving CPR within three days before death. Results: For patients who died and those who did not die in ICU, the proportion of receiving PFC was 45.8% (1818/3973) and 55.0% (808/1468), respectively. For patients who received and those who did not receive CPR within three days before death, the proportion of receiving PFC was 23.9% (140/585) and 51.2% (2486/4856), respectively. PFC was associated with a reduced risk of death in ICU (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.842; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.717-0.988) and a reduced risk of receiving CPR within three days before death (AOR: 0.361; 95% CI: 0.286-0.456). Conclusion: PFC reduces the risk of receiving nonbeneficial aggressive intervention and may improve the quality of end-of-life care.

Early palliative care: the surprise question and the palliative care screening tool-better together.

OBJECTIVE: The 'surprise question' (SQ) and the palliative care screening tool (PCST) are the common assessment tools in the early identification of patients requiring palliative care. However, the comparison of their prognostic accuracies has not been extensively studied. This study aimed to compare the prognostic accuracy of SQ and PCST in terms of recognising patients nearing end of life (EOL) and those appropriate for palliative care. METHODS: This prospective study used both the SQ and PCST to predict patients' 12-month mortality and identified those appropriate for palliative care. All adult patients admitted to Taipei City Hospital in 2015 were included in this cohort study. The c-statistic value was calculated to indicate the predictive accuracies of the SQ and PCST. RESULTS: Out of 21 109 patients, with a mean age of 62.8 years, 12.4% and 11.1% had a SQ response of 'no' and a PCST score of ≥4, respectively. After controlling for other covariates, an SQ response of 'no' and a PCST score of ≥4 were the independent predictors of 12-month mortality. The c-statistic values of the SQ and PCST at recognising patients in their last year of life were 0.680 and 0.689, respectively. When using a combination of both SQ and PCST in predicting patients' 12-month mortality risk, the predictive value of the c-statistic increased to 0.739 and was significantly higher than either one in isolation (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: A combination of the SQ with PCST has better prognostic accuracy than either one in isolation.

Is there lower utilisation of hospice care services during end-of-life care for people living with HIV? A population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Hospice care could improve the quality of life among advanced HIV patients during end-of-life (EOL) treatment. However, providing hospice care services for people living with HIV (PLWH) is challenging due to HIV-related stigma. This nationwide cohort study aims to determine the utilisation of hospice care services among PLWH and HIV-negative individuals during EOL treatment. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. SETTING: From 2000 to 2018, we identified adult PLWH from the Taiwan centres for disease control HIV Surveillance System. Individuals who had positive HIV-1 western blots were regarded as HIV-infected. Age-matched and sex-matched controls without HIV infection were selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database for comparison. All PLWH and controls were followed until death or 31 December 2018. PARTICIPANTS: 32 647 PLWH and 326 470 HIV-negative controls were analysed. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Utilisation of hospice care services during the last year of life among PLWH and HIV-negative individuals. RESULTS: A total of 20 413 subjects died during the 3 434 699 person-years of follow-up. Of the deceased patients, 2139 (10.5%) utilised hospice care services during their last year of life, including 328 (5.76%) PLWH and 1811 (12.30%) controls. Adjusting for demographics and comorbidities, PLWH were less likely to receive hospice care services during the last year of life, compared with HIV-negative individuals (adjusted OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.75). CONCLUSIONS: PLWH had significantly lower utilisation of hospice care services during the last year of life. Our results suggest that future hospice care programmes should particularly target PLWH to increase the optimal utilisation of hospice care services during EOL treatment.

Association of Hospice Care Services With the Utilization of Life-Sustaining Treatments During End-of-Life Care Among Patients With Cancer: A Nationwide 11-Year Cohort Study.

CONTEXT: The impact of hospice care services on the utilization of life-sustaining treatments during end-of-life care in terminally ill patients has not been extensively studied. OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of hospice care services on the utilization of life-sustaining treatments during the last three months of life among patients with cancer. METHODS: This nationwide population-based cohort study identified adults with cancer diagnosis from the Taiwan Registry for Catastrophic Illness, 2006-2016. Life-sustaining treatments included cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intubation, mechanical ventilation support, nasogastric tube feeding, and total parenteral nutrition. Hospice care services consisted of hospice inpatient care, hospice-shared care, and hospice home care. The association of hospice care services with the utilization of life-sustaining treatments was determined using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 516,409 patients with cancer, 310,722 (60.2%) patients used life-sustaining treatments during the last three months of life. After adjusting for covariates, patients with hospice care services were less likely to receive life-sustaining treatments during the last three months of life than those without the services (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.69-0.71). While type of life-sustaining treatments were considered, hospice care services were associated with a lower likelihood of receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (AOR: 0.125; 95% CI: 0.118-0.131), endotracheal intubation (AOR: 0.204; 95% CI: 0.199-0.210), mechanical ventilation support (AOR: 0.265; 95% CI: 0.260-0.270), nasogastric tube feeding (AOR: 0.736; 95% CI: 0.727-0.744), and total parenteral nutrition (AOR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.84-0.88). CONCLUSION: Hospice care services were associated with a lower likelihood of receiving life-sustaining treatments during the last three months of life in patients with cancer.

Incidence of and predictors for short-term readmission among preterm low-birthweight infants.

BACKGROUND: Readmission temporally close to discharge can best reflect the quality of care received in the last hospitalization, and has been considered a valuable indicator for the quality of care received. The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of and predictors for readmission within 31 days after discharge among preterm low-birthweight (PLBW) infants (ICD-9-code: 765.0x) in Taiwan. METHODS: Based on Taiwan's National Health Insurance claim data, a population-based cohort including a total of 18,421 PLBW infants born and hospitalized in 2000-02, was analyzed. The cumulative incidence rate (CIR) of readmission and the hazard ratio of readmission in relation to potential predictors were calculated. RESULTS: The total number of participants readmitted within 15 or 31 days after discharge was 1763 and 2484, representing a CIR of 9.6% and 13.5%, respectively. Significant predictors for readmission within 15 or 31 days were essentially similar. Male gender, weight <1000 g, presence of congenital abnormalities, and lung disease were significant risk factors for readmission. Shorter length of hospital stay (<35 days) was associated with a reduced risk of readmission, and there were significant geographic and hospital variations of readmission, with higher rates noted in the most urbanized area and at regional hospitals. CONCLUSION: The short-term readmission rate among Taiwanese PLBW infants is higher than in Western countries. Future studies should be conducted to investigate the causes of apparent geographic and hospital variations of readmission rates in order to make more specific interpretations.

Adverse birth outcomes among pregnancies of teen mothers: age-specific analysis of national data in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the risks of adverse birth outcomes including low birthweight, preterm and small-for-gestational age among teen mothers. METHODS: Data were collected from the Taiwan Birth Registry between 1985 and 1997. Among a total of 1,185,597 live births born to mothers aged 24 years or less, 151,259 (12.8%) were born to teen mothers aged 19 years or less. Crude odds ratios (ORs), adjusted ORs (AORs), their 95% confidence intervals and test for linear trend of maternal age-specific AOR were estimated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: After controlling for certain birth characteristics and socio-economic factors, the age-specific analysis showed significantly gradient variations in increased risks of adverse birth outcomes among births of teen mothers, where the elevated risk was lessened in older teen mothers. Teen mothers aged 16 years or less were observed to experience particularly high AORs for all adverse birth outcomes of interest. CONCLUSIONS: Not all teen mothers experienced the same magnitude of increased risk of adverse birth outcomes in Taiwan. Considering all teen mothers as the same group may have overlooked the particularly high risks of adverse birth outcomes among very young teen mothers (16 years or less), who are especially vulnerable to such elevated risks.

Trends in hospitalization for diabetic ketoacidosis in diabetic patients in Taiwan: analysis of national claims data, 1997-2005.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a fatal complication of diabetes, and is strongly related to the quality of diabetes care. This study aimed to establish recent secular trends of incidence density (ID) of DKA in patients with diabetes in Taiwan and to explore the effects of age and sex on the risk of a DKA emergency. METHODS: Using the National Health Insurance claims data, we identified annual diabetic cohorts (around 650,000 diabetic patients annually) from 1997 to 2005, and searched for possible admissions due to DKA emergencies. We performed log-linear regression analysis to assess the trend in ID of DKA and to assess the independent effects of age and sex on the risk of DKA. RESULTS: Although the annual ID of DKA showed a slight but significant declining trend over the study period, from 6/1000 to 5/1000 person-years, the age/sex-specific analysis indicated that female patients aged ≤ 34 years showed a significantly increasing trend. Multivariate analysis revealed that calendar year and sex had significant but small independent effects on risk of DKA admission. In contrast, age was strongly associated with risk of DKA emergency. Compared with patients aged > 65 years, notably high adjusted rate ratios (ARRs) of DKA were observed in patients aged <15 years (ARR = 48.84) and 15-34 years (ARR =15.21). CONCLUSION: Although the overall ID of DKA linearly decreased between 1997 and 2005, significant rising trends were still observed in female diabetic patients aged < 35 years. More aggressive diabetic care programs aimed at young female patients should be considered to reduce this emergency and possibly fatal diabetic complications.

Factors Affecting Treatment with Life-Saving Interventions, Computed Tomography Scans and Specialist Consultations.

Background: Emergency treatments determined by emergency physicians may affect mortality and patient satisfaction. This paper attempts to examine the impact of patient characteristics, health status, the accredited level of hospitals, and triaged levels on the following emergency treatments: immediate life-saving interventions (LSIs), computed tomography (CT) scans, and specialist consultations (SCs). Methods: A multivariate logistic regression model was employed to analyze the impact of patient characteristics, including sex, age, income and the urbanization degree of the patient's residence; patient health status, including records of hospitalization and the number of instances of ambulatory care in the previous year; the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score; the accredited level of hospitals; and the triaged level of emergency treatments. Results: All the patient characteristics were found to impact receiving LSI, CT and SC, except for income. Furthermore, a better health status was associated with a decreased probability of receiving LSI, CT and SC, but the number of instances of ambulatory care was not found to have a significant impact on receiving CT or SC. This study also found no evidence to support impact of CCI on SC. Hospitals with higher accredited levels were associated with a greater chance of patients receiving emergency treatments of LSI, CT and SC. A higher assigned severity (lower triaged level) led to an increased probability of receiving CT and SC. In terms of LSI, patients assigned to level 4 were found to have a lower chance of treatment than those assigned to level 5. Conclusions: This study found that several patient characteristics, patient health status, the accredited level of medical institutions and the triaged level, were associated with a higher likelihood of receiving emergency treatments. This study suggests that the inequality of medical resources among medical institutions with different accredited levels may yield a crowding-out effect.

Trends of Utilization of Palliative Care and Aggressive End-of-Life Care for Patients Who Died of Cancers and Those Who Died of Noncancer Diseases in Hospitals.

CONTEXT: Patients who died of cancers and those who died of noncancer diseases may receive different end-of-life care. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the trends of utilization of palliative care and aggressive end-of-life care for patients who died of cancers and those who died of noncancer diseases in hospitals. METHODS: The medical records of patients who died in a public hospital because of cancer or other diseases were reviewed. The proportion of those who received palliative care, admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) within 30 days of death, died in ICU, and received cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) within three days of death in 2013-2014, 2015-2016, and 2017-2018, respectively, was investigated. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to evaluate the independent effects of various factors on the risk of receiving aggressive end-of-life care. RESULTS: Significant trends of increase in receiving palliative care were found. The proportion of patients who died of noncancer diseases and received palliative care was lower than that of those who died of cancers. Palliative care was associated with a reduced risk of ICU admission within 30 days of death (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.361), death in ICU (AOR 0.208), and receiving CPR within three days of death (AOR 0.057). Patients who died of noncancer diseases had a higher risk of ICU admission within 30 days of death (AOR 5.016), death in ICU (AOR 5.086), and receiving CPR within three days of death (AOR 3.274). CONCLUSION: Utilization of palliative care is increasing. Patients who died of noncancer diseases received less palliative care but more aggressive end-of-life care than those who died of cancers.

Association of advance care planning with place of death and utilisation of life-sustaining treatments in deceased patients at Taipei City Hospital in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVE: Evidence is mixed regarding the impact of advance care planning (ACP) on place of death. This cohort study investigated the effect of ACP programmes on place of death and utilisation of life-sustaining treatments for patients during end-of-life (EOL) care. METHODS: This prospective cohort study identified deceased patients between 2015 and 2016 at Taipei City Hospital. ACP was determined by patients' medical records and defined as a process to discuss patients' preferences with respect to EOL treatments and place of death. Place of death included hospital or home death. Stepwise logistic regression determined the association of ACP with place of death and utilisation of life-sustaining treatments during EOL care. RESULTS: Of the 3196 deceased patients, the overall mean age was 78.6 years, and 46.5% of the subjects had an ACP communication with healthcare providers before death. During the study follow-up period, 166 individuals died at home, including 98 (6.59%) patients with ACP and 68 (3.98%) patients without ACP. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors and comorbidities, patients with ACP were more likely to die at home during EOL care (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.71, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.35). Moreover, patients with ACP were less likely to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (AOR 0.36, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.51) as well as intubation and mechanical ventilation support (AOR 0.54, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.67) during the last 3 months of life. CONCLUSION: Patients with ACP were more likely to die at home and less likely to receive life-sustaining treatments during EOL care.