Denosumab vs. bisphosphonates in primary osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of comparative safety in randomized controlled trials.

Denosumab and bisphosphonates for primary osteoporosis are generally well-tolerated, but their comparative safety remains unclear. We aimed to explore the comparative safety of denosumab and bisphosphonates in primary osteoporosis. Databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for relevant peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials published in English (as of December 2023). Trials comparing adverse events (AE) between denosumab and bisphosphonates in patients with primary osteoporosis were investigated. Data were pooled using a fixed- or random-effects model to determine the risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for various AEs in patients treated with denosumab in comparison to patients treated with bisphosphonates. Eleven trials (5,545 patients; follow-up period: 12-24 months) were included in this meta-analysis. All trials had a risk of bias (e.g., reporting bias linked to secondary endpoints and selection bias linked to random allocation). In comparison to bisphosphonates, denosumab was significantly associated with less withdrawal due to AEs (RR = 0.49; 95% CI 0.34-0.71), more five-point major adverse cardiovascular events (RR = 2.05; 95% CI 1.03-4.09), more cardiovascular AEs (RR = 1.61; 95% CI 1.07-2.41), more infections (RR = 1.14; 95% CI 1.02-1.27), more upper respiratory tract infections (RR = 1.56; 95% CI 1.08-2.25), less vertebral fractures (RR = 0.54; 95% CI 0.31-0.93), and less abdominal pain (RR = 0.44;95% CI 0.22-0.87). We explored the comparative safety of denosumab and bisphosphonates for primary osteoporosis, some of which could be attributed to their beneficial effects. However, all trials had a risk of bias. Further investigations are required to confirm our results.

Efficacy and safety of romosozumab: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to comprehensively compile placebo-controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of romosozumab (210 mg, subcutaneously, once monthly) in postmenopausal women and men with osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for relevant placebo-controlled trials (as of January 1, 2024). Percent change in bone mineral density (BMD), falls, fractures, and adverse events (AEs) after drug administration were collected. Risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: Six trials (7990 patients; follow-up period, 6-12 months) were included. Compared with placebo, romosozumab significantly increased lumbar spine BMD (MD = 12.69; 95% CI 11.10-14.29), total hip BMD (MD = 4.42; 95% CI 3.03-5.80), and femoral neck BMD (MD = 3.99; 95% CI 2.42-5.57) at 12 months. Romosozumab significantly decreased falls (RR = 0.80; 95% CI 0.68-0.93) and major osteoporotic fractures (RR = 0.37; 95% CI 0.25-0.54), but increased injection-site reactions (RR = 1.83; 95% CI 1.46-2.30) within 12 months. No significant differences were observed in other AEs (including cardiovascular AEs) within 12 months. CONCLUSION: Romosozumab treatment resulted in a significant BMD gain, reduced falls and major osteoporotic fractures. It was generally well-tolerated, including the cardiovascular aspects. However, clinicians should consider the occurrence of minor AEs (e.g., injection-site reactions).

Serum periostin levels correlate with severity of intervertebral disc degeneration.

PURPOSE: Periostin, an extracellular matrix protein closely related to mechanical stress, inflammation, and ageing, has been implicated in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) in basic research. However, it has not been examined in clinical cases. This study aimed to evaluate the association between IVDD severity and serum periostin concentration as well as to analyse potential associations between IVDD and clinical and demographic factors. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 198 patients who underwent lumbar disc herniation and lumbar canal stenosis between January 2020 and December 2022. The severity of IVDD was evaluated using the Pfirrmann grading, whereas serum periostin levels were measured using ELISA kits. Clinical demographics, including age, sex, body mass index, comorbidities, psoas muscle index, and spinal disease, were also recorded. RESULTS: This study demonstrated a significant correlation between high serum periostin levels and IVDD severity, as indicated by a high cumulative Pfirrmann score. Serum periostin levels were identified as an independent risk factor for IVDD in a multivariate regression model. Correlation analysis showed a correlation between periostin levels and Pfirrmann grade at each lumbar level (ρ = 0.458-0.550, p < 0.001) and a strong correlation with cumulative Pfirrmann score (ρ = 0.690, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The higher the serum periostin level, the higher the cumulative Pfirrmann score. Multivariate analysis showed that serum periostin was an independent risk factor for IVDD. Periostin levels may be a clinically suitable and useful biomarker for diagnosing IVDD, estimating disease progression and activity, providing prognostic information, and evaluating treatment options.

Risk factors for progression of the severity of locomotive syndrome: A two-year longitudinal observational study.

BACKGROUND: The risk factors for progression of severity of locomotive syndrome (LS) remain unclear. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal observational study of 1148 community-dwelling residents (median age, 68.0 years old; 548 males, 600 females) from 2016 to 2018. LS was assessed by the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25), and total scores of ≤6 points, 7-15 points, 16-23 points, and ≥24 points were diagnosed as non-LS, LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3, respectively. If the LS severity in 2018 was higher than in 2016, the case was defined as progression of LS severity; otherwise, it was defined as non-progressive LS. We compared the age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, living situation, car use, chronic musculoskeletal pain, comorbidities, metabolic syndrome, physical activity, and LS severity in 2016 between the progression and non-progression groups. Furthermore, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to elucidate the risk factors for progression of LS severity. RESULTS: Participants in the progression group had a significantly older age, a lower rate of car use, a higher rate of low back pain, a higher rate of hip pain, a higher rate of knee pain, a higher GLFS-25 total score, and a higher rate of LS-2 than those in the non-progression group. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that older age, female gender, higher body mass index (≥25.0 kg/m2), presence of low back pain, and presence of hip pain were risk factors for the progression of LS within two years. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent the progression of LS severity, related prophylaxis strategies should be implemented, especially for individuals with the above-mentioned characteristics. Further longitudinal studies with a longer observation period are necessary.

Usefulness of Force-Controlled Pelvic Stress Radiograph in the Evaluation and Treatment of Fragility Fractures of the Pelvis in Geriatric Patients: A Pilot Study.

This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of force-controlled pelvic stress radiographs in the evaluation and treatment of fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP) using a functional treatment strategy. We conducted a retrospective study of 55 geriatric patients with FFP who underwent pelvic stress radiographs on admission. The differences in the sacral width, pelvic ring width, and medial femoral head width between the radiographs with and without the Sam Sling II M size were defined as Δ sacral width, Δ pelvic ring width, and Δ medial femoral head width, respectively. We used Pearson's correlation test to assess the relationship between the degree of radiographic instability and the Johns Hopkins highest level of mobility scale (JH-HLM) at 10-days postadmission. Conventional receiver-operating-characteristic curve analysis was used to identify cases requiring surgery using the best cutoff value for radiographic instability. The JH-HLM was significantly correlated with Δ sacral width (r=-0.401, p=0.017), but not with Δ pelvic ring width (r=-0.298, p=0.080) nor with Δ medial femoral head width (r= -0.261, p=0.128). The best cutoff value of Δ sacral width in identifying surgical cases was 10.7 mm (sensitivity 75.0%, specificity 98.0%). Force-controlled pelvic stress radiographs could be helpful in assessing the need for surgery on admission.

Predictors of preoperative deep vein thrombosis in hip fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The predictors of preoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with hip fractures remain unclear. Therefore, this study describes the results of a systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant peer-reviewed literature on this topic. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and MEDLINE for articles published in English on the predictors of preoperative DVT in hip fractures. We calculated pooled odds ratios (OR) or mean differences (MD) for the DVT groups as compared with the non-DVT groups for each variable, including gender, age, body mass index, injury side, current smoking status, time from injury to admission, time from injury to surgery, fracture type, hypertension, arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, diabetes, stroke, kidney disease, liver disease, lung disease, malignancy, rheumatoid arthritis, D-dimer, fibrinogen, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, hemoglobin, albumin, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. RESULTS: We included 9 studies involving 3,123 Asian patients with hip fractures (DVT, n = 570; non-DVT, n = 2,553). Being female (OR = 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.56; p = 0.02), being of advanced age (MD = 1.63; 95% CI 0.80-2.47; p = 0.0001), having a longer time from injury to admission (MD = 0.80; 95% CI 0.48-1.12; p < 0.00001), having a longer time from injury to surgery (MD = 2.20; 95% CI 1.53-2.88; p < 0.00001), and the presence of kidney disease (OR = 1.76; 95% CI 1.04-2.96; p = 0.03) were correlated with a high risk of DVT. However, we found no significant differences between the two groups in the other predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence indicates that being female, being of advanced age, having a longer time from injury to admission, having a longer time from injury to surgery, and having kidney disease are significantly correlated with a high risk of preoperative DVT in Asian patients with hip fracture. Further investigations with patients of other ethnicities are required.

The association of comorbidities with the 25-question geriatric locomotive function scale and the diagnosis of locomotive syndrome.

BACKGROUND: No studies have provided statistical evidence of the relationship between comorbidities and locomotive syndrome (LS). We therefore investigated the association of comorbidities with the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25) and the diagnosis of LS in community-dwelling residents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 2612 community-dwelling residents (≥40 years old) who attended a 'basic health checkup'. There were 432 participants with comorbidities (45 with cerebrovascular diseases, 133 with cardiovascular diseases, 83 with pulmonary diseases, 108 with renal diseases, and 63 with multiple diseases) and 2180 participants without comorbidities. Subjects with a GLFS-25 total score of ≤6 points, 7-15 points, 16-23 points, and ≥24 points were diagnosed with non-LS, LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3, respectively. The domain scores covered body pain (items 1-4), movement-related difficulty (items 5-7), usual care (items 8-11 and 14), social activities (items 12, 13, and 15-23), and cognition (items 24 and 25). A multivariate regression analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to assess the association between the GLFS-25 scores and comorbidities and between the diagnosis of LS and comorbidities after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status. RESULTS: A multivariate regression analysis showed that comorbidities were significantly related to the GLFS-25 total score and all domain scores. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that comorbidities were significantly related to a diagnosis of LS-1 or more, LS-2 or more, and LS-3 or more. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidities were associated with increased GLFS-25 domain scores and total score and consequent diagnosis of LS. Therefore, attention should also be paid to the presence of comorbidities when diagnosing LS. Nevertheless, the causal relationship between comorbidities and the GLFS-25 remains unclear, and further studies are therefore required.

Is grip strength useful in screening to predict the severity of locomotive syndrome?

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between grip strength and the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25) score and the diagnosis of locomotive syndrome (LS), and the usefulness of grip strength in screening for LS. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 2251 community-dwelling residents (male, n = 1035; female, n = 1216). Subjects with GLFS-25 scores of 0-6 points, 7-15 points, 16-23 points, and 24-100 points were diagnosed with non-LS, LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3, respectively. Multivariate linear regression and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between grip strength and the GLFS-25 score and LS after adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index. A conventional receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to calculate the optimal cutoff value of grip strength for predicting the severity of LS. The discriminative ability of the model was assessed using the area under the ROC curve (AUC). RESULTS: The multivariate linear regression analysis showed that grip strength was significantly associated with the GLFS-25 score. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that grip strength was significantly associated with the diagnosis of LS. The optimal cutoff values of grip strength for identifying LS-1 or more, LS-2 or more, and LS-3 or more were 36.0 kg (sensitivity 65.7%, specificity 57.1%, AUC 0.66), 35.0 kg (sensitivity 70.0%, specificity 57.5%, AUC 0.70), and 34.0 kg (sensitivity 67.2%, specificity 62.5%, AUC 0.70), respectively, in males, and 24.0 kg (sensitivity 69.1%, specificity 45.4%, AUC 0.61), 23.0 kg (sensitivity 69.5%, specificity 52.3%, AUC 0.67), and 22.0 kg (sensitivity 69.1%, specificity 61.0%, AUC 0.69) in females. CONCLUSIONS: The use of grip strength in screening to predict the severity of LS may not be clinically useful. However, the results will increase our understanding of the relationship between grip strength and the GLFS-25 scores and LS.

How long will it take to reach the gender diversity goal for orthopaedics in Japan?

BACKGROUND: In Japan, orthopaedics is one of the medical fields with the lowest proportion of women. This study analyses the change in gender diversity over the past decade and estimates the time required to achieve the 30% gender diversity goal, according to the critical mass in Japan in 2020. METHODS: We investigated the demographic composition of orthopaedic surgeons in 2020 by age group, the gender ratio of the main clinical fields from 2010 to 2020, and estimated the time required for the bottom 10 (i.e., least diverse) medical departments in Japan to reach the proportion of 30% women. We used simple linear regression analyses to clarify the number of years. RESULTS: In 2020, the population pyramid of orthopaedic surgeons showed that those in their 50s were the largest component with 24.1%, followed by those in their 40s and 30s with 22.3% and 19.4%, respectively. The percentage of women orthopaedic surgeons increased slightly from 4.1% in 2010 to 5.7% in 2020. This means that to achieve the proportion of 30% women at the current annual increase rate, orthopaedics would require up to 160 years, cardiovascular 149 years, and neurosurgery 135 years. CONCLUSION: Contrary to the recent increase in the number of women physicians, there has been only a slight increase in the number of women orthopaedic surgeons over the past decade. Moreover, the number of young male orthopaedic surgeons has decreased. As current orthopaedic surgeons age and retire, Japan will soon face an overall shortage of orthopaedic surgeons. Issues that must still be addressed in Japanese orthopaedics include educating men and women about gender diversity and bias, changing stereotypes about surgical lifestyles, improving work-life balance, and diligent and collaborative efforts at both the individual and community levels.

Cardiopulmonary Cement Embolism Following Cement-Augmented Pedicle Screw Fixation: A Narrative Review.

Fixation using cement-augmented pedicle screws (CAPS) is being increasingly performed. However, CAPS-associated cement leakage is a critical problem that can lead to cardiopulmonary cement embolism (CPCE). This narrative review aimed to explore the incidence of and risk factors and treatment strategies for CPCE and cement leakage-related complications after CAPS fixation. Data were extracted from each article, including characteristics of CPCE after CAPS fixation (incidence, location, diagnostic method and criteria, treatment, and outcome and prognosis). Overall, 28 case series and 14 case reports that met the inclusion criteria were included. Of the 1974 cases included in the review, CPCE was noted in 123, symptomatic CPCE in 35, and death in six, respectively. The frequencies of PCE and symptomatic PCE after CAPS fixation were 6% (range: 0-28.6%) and 1.3% (range: 0-26%), respectively. The range of frequencies of PCE and symptomatic PCE after CAPS fixation may have been wide because the definition of CPCE and data collection methods differed among the reports analyzed. Since PCE due to large cement emboli may be primarily related to the surgical technique, improved technique, such as minimizing the number of CAPSs by injecting low-volume high-viscosity cement at low velocity and pressure, and careful observation of cement leakage during CAPS insertion may reduce PCE associated with cement leakage. Spinal surgeons should pay more attention to the occurrence of CPCE during and after CAPS insertion, which can cause serious complications in some patients.

Development of a simple screening tool based on the 5-question geriatric locomotive function scale for locomotive syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The optimal cut-off values of the 5-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-5) as a screening tool to identify Locomotive Syndrome (LS) diagnosed with the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25) has yet to be fully investigated. This study aimed to construct a simple screening tool, based on the GLFS-5, for the detection of LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3 diagnosed with the GLFS-25. METHODS: This research was approved by the institutional review board of Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine (No. 2907). A cross-sectional study of 1258 consecutive Japanese volunteers with a mean age of 76.0 ± 6.0 years who consecutively attended a basic health checkup was conducted. We excluded individuals of <65 years of age, individuals with comorbidities, and individuals who did not fully complete the GLFS-25. Subjects with a GLFS-25 total score of 0-6 points, 7-15 points, 16-23 points, and 24-100 points were diagnosed with non-LS, LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3, respectively. A conventional receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was used to confirm the optimal cut-off values of the GLFS-5 total score and their sensitivity and specificity in the identification of LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3, with a preference for slightly higher sensitivity as the intended use of the tool is primarily for screening purposes. RESULTS: The diagnoses of the 1258 subjects were as follows: non-LS (n = 559), LS-1 (n = 396), LS-2 (n = 134), and LS-3 (n = 169). The mean GLFS-5 was 3.3 ± 3.5 points. The optimal cut-off values of the GLFS-5 total score for discriminating LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3 (as a screening tool) were 2 points (sensitivity 91.7% and specificity 77.8%), 4 points (sensitivity 95.7% and specificity 81.7%), and 6 points (sensitivity 92.9% and specificity 90.0%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This simple screening tool based on GLFS-5 could help physicians and surgeons to easily and practically predict the severity of LS.

Development of a tool for screening the severity of locomotive syndrome by the loco-check.

BACKGROUND: The loco-check has been widely used to raise awareness of locomotive syndrome (LS) not only in the general population but also among medical practitioners. However, a screening tool of the loco-check for LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3 has not yet been established. The present study developed a screening tool for use with the loco-check to detect LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 1659 community-dwelling older adults (730 males, 929 females) with a mean age of 73.8 ± 6.0 years old (range, 65-96 years old) was conducted, based on the Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD). All subjects underwent the loco-check as an index test and the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25) as a reference standard at the same time. Subjects with a GLFS-25 total score of ≤6 points, 7-15 points, 16-23 points, and ≥24 points were diagnosed with non-LS, LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3, respectively. A conventional receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was used to confirm the optimal cut-off values of the loco-check score and their sensitivity and specificity to identify LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3, with a preference for a slightly higher sensitivity as the tool is intended primarily for screening purposes. RESULTS: The optimal cut-off values of the loco-check score to discriminate LS-1, LS-2, and LS-3 as a screening tool were 1 point (sensitivity 85.4% and specificity 64.9%), 2 points (sensitivity 88.8% and specificity 75.1%), and 3 points (sensitivity 87.6% and specificity 84.6%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings may help both the general population and medical practitioners become roughly aware of and estimate the severity of LS, which will contribute to its use in community health activities and the dissemination of the concept of LS.

Development of Silver-Containing Hydroxyapatite-Coated Antimicrobial Implants for Orthopaedic and Spinal Surgery.

The prevention of surgical site infections is directly related to the minimization of surgical invasiveness, and is in line with the concept of minimally invasive spine therapy (MIST). In recent years, the incidence of postoperative infections has been increasing due to the increased use of spinal implant surgery in patients at high risk of infection, including the elderly and easily infected hosts, the limitations of poor bone marrow transfer of antibiotics, and the potential for contamination of surgical gloves and instruments. Thus, the development of antimicrobial implants in orthopedic and spinal surgery is becoming more and more popular, and implants with proven antimicrobial, safety, and osteoconductive properties (i.e., silver, iodine, antibiotics) in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials have become available for clinical use. We have developed silver-containing hydroxyapatite (Ag-HA)-coated implants to prevent post-operative infection, and increase bone fusion capacity, and have successfully commercialized antibacterial implants for hip prostheses and spinal interbody cages. This narrative review overviews the present status of available surface coating technologies and materials; describes how the antimicrobial, safety, and biocompatibility (osteoconductivity) of Ag-HA-coated implants have been demonstrated for commercialization; and reviews the clinical use of antimicrobial implants in orthopedic and spinal surgery, including Ag-HA-coated implants that we have developed.

Digital Transformation Will Change Medical Education and Rehabilitation in Spine Surgery.

The concept of minimally invasive spine therapy (MIST) has been proposed as a treatment strategy to reduce the need for overall patient care, including not only minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) but also conservative treatment and rehabilitation. To maximize the effectiveness of patient care in spine surgery, the educational needs of medical students, residents, and patient rehabilitation can be enhanced by digital transformation (DX), including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and extended reality (XR), three-dimensional (3D) medical images and holograms; wearable sensors, high-performance video cameras, fifth-generation wireless system (5G) and wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), artificial intelligence, and head-mounted displays (HMDs). Furthermore, to comply with the guidelines for social distancing due to the unexpected COVID-19 pandemic, the use of DX to maintain healthcare and education is becoming more innovative than ever before. In medical education, with the evolution of science and technology, it has become mandatory to provide a highly interactive educational environment and experience using DX technology for residents and medical students, known as digital natives. This study describes an approach to pre- and intraoperative medical education and postoperative rehabilitation using DX in the field of spine surgery that was implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic and will be utilized thereafter.

The relationship between pelvic incidence and anatomical acetabular anteversion in female Japanese patients with hip osteoarthritis: a retrospective iconographic study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed (1) to investigate the relationship between pelvic incidence (PI) and the anatomical acetabular anteversion (AA) relative to the spino-pelvic tilt (SPT) plane (anatomical AASPT), relative to the anterior pelvic plane (anatomical AAAPP), and functional standing AA; and (2) to compare AA and the sagittal spino-pelvic parameters of lumbo-pelvic complex types 1 (PI ≤ 30°) and 2 (PI > 30°), in Japanese females with hip osteoarthritis. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study on 110 Japanese females with unilateral hip osteoarthritis. PI, standing lumbar lordosis (LL), standing SPT, anatomical AASPT, anatomical AAAPP, and functional standing AA were measured and calculated using radiographs and computed tomography. The PI-LL difference was defined as the mathematical difference between the PI and standing LL angles. Pearson's correlation test was used to measure the relationship between the PI and AA. Student's t test was used to compare spino-pelvic parameters between lumbo-pelvic complex type 1 (n = 24) and type 2 (n = 86). RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between the PI and anatomical AASPT (r = -0.532, p < 0.001), but no significant relationship between the PI and anatomical AAAPP (r = -0.021, p = 0.824) or functional standing AA (r = 0.104, p = 0.299). Lumbo-pelvic complex type 1 had a higher anatomical AASPT (22.4° ± 9.1° vs. 5.4° ± 15.1°, p < 0.001), similar anatomical AAAPP (15.0° ± 10.6° vs. 15.1° ± 15.3°, p = 0.981) and functional standing AA (12.4° ± 8.0° vs. 15.0° ± 14.1°, p = 0.254), a lower standing SPT (- 14.3° ± 11.0° vs. 13.7° ± 12.6°, p < 0.001), and a lower PI-LL difference (- 14.4° ± 18.5° vs. 6.4° ± 17.1°, p < 0.001) in comparison to lumbo-pelvic complex type 2. CONCLUSION: Our findings will help to improve the understanding of hip anatomy and its relationship with the standing spino-pelvic alignment in Japanese females with hip osteoarthritis.

An aminonaphthalene-based colorimetric and fluorescent sensor for selective recognition of Fe3+ in water.

This paper describes the synthesis of poly(1-aminonaphthalene) and its application as a chemosensor for detection of Fe3+ using the naked eye and a fluorimetric method. The conjugated polymer was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization using FeCl3 as a catalyst. The response of the polymer towards various metal ions was investigated using colorimetric detection, and ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectroscopies. The polymer displayed high selectivity and sensitivity towards Fe3+ compared with other metal ions. A significant colour change from purple to yellow was observed upon addition of Fe3+ by the naked eye. The polymer also showed a high selectivity and sensitivity 'turn-off' fluorescence response towards Fe3+ ions. A good linear response was obtained for Fe3+ concentrations in the range 10-50 mg L-1 with a detection limit of 1.04 mg L-1 . The proposed chemosensor was applied for determination of Fe3+ content in water samples and satisfactory results were obtained.