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1.
Stem Cells ; 41(6): 570-577, 2023 06 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37186298

RESUMO

After ischemia, cells in the brain parenchyma upregulate stromal derived factor 1 (SDF1), driving chemokine receptor CXCR4-mediated migration of adult neural stem cells to the ischemic injury. We discovered a novel regulator of CXCR4 in neural stem cells, low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1). We used Nestin-driven knockout of LRP1 and induction of td-tomato in neural stem cells of adult mice. We observed reduced localization of td-tomato positive cells to the lesion, and find disrupted CXCR4-mediated neural stem cell migration in vitro, which is likely driven by LRP1-mediated loss of CXCR4 expression in vivo. Our results suggest that LRP1 is a novel regulator of CXCR4 in neural stem cells. This heretofore unknown interaction between LRP1 and CXCR4 could have significant consequences for multiple aspects of neural stem cell physiology.


Assuntos
Quimiocina CXCL12 , Células-Tronco Neurais , Camundongos , Animais , Quimiocina CXCL12/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Receptores CXCR4/genética , Receptores CXCR4/metabolismo , Isquemia/metabolismo
2.
J Neurochem ; 162(5): 430-443, 2022 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35560167

RESUMO

Microglia have been implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. The fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 limits the activation of pathogenic microglia and the human polymorphic CX3CR1I249/M280 (hCX3CR1I249/M280 ) variant increases disease progression in models of MS. However, the role of hCX3CR1I249/M280 variant on microglial activation and central nervous system repair mechanisms remains unknown. Therefore, using transgenic mice expressing the hCX3CR1I249/M280 variant, we aimed to determine the contribution of defective CX3CR1 signaling to neuroinflammation and remyelination in the cuprizone model of focal demyelination. Here, we report that mice expressing hCX3CR1I249/M280 exhibit marked demyelination and microgliosis following acute cuprizone treatment. Nanostring gene expression analysis in demyelinated lesions showed that hCX3CR1I249/M280 but not CX3CR1-deficient mice up-regulated the cuprizone-induced gene profile linked to inflammatory, oxidative stress, and phagocytic pathways. Although CX3CR1-deficient (CX3CR1-KO) and fractalkine-deficient (FKN-KO) mice displayed a comparable demyelination and microglial activation phenotype to hCX3CR1I249/M280 mice, only CX3CR1-deficient and CX3CR1-WT mice showed significant myelin recovery 1 week from cuprizone withdrawal. Confocal microscopy showed that hCX3CR1I249/M280 variant inhibits the generation of cells involved in myelin repair. Our results show that defective fractalkine signaling contributes to regional differences in demyelination, and suggest that the CX3CR1 pathway activity may be a key mechanism for limiting toxic gene responses in neuroinflammation. Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15416.


Assuntos
Doenças Desmielinizantes , Remielinização , Animais , Receptor 1 de Quimiocina CX3C/genética , Receptor 1 de Quimiocina CX3C/metabolismo , Quimiocina CX3CL1/genética , Quimiocina CX3CL1/metabolismo , Cuprizona/metabolismo , Cuprizona/toxicidade , Doenças Desmielinizantes/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Desmielinizantes/genética , Doenças Desmielinizantes/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microglia/metabolismo , Bainha de Mielina , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias
3.
RNA ; 25(7): 768-782, 2019 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31004009

RESUMO

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and miRNAs are critical gene expression regulators that interact with one another in cooperative and antagonistic fashions. We identified Musashi1 (Msi1) and miR-137 as regulators of a molecular switch between self-renewal and differentiation. Msi1 and miR-137 have opposite expression patterns and functions, and Msi1 is repressed by miR-137. Msi1 is a stem-cell protein implicated in self-renewal while miR-137 functions as a proneuronal differentiation miRNA. In gliomas, miR-137 functions as a tumor suppressor while Msi1 is a prooncogenic factor. We suggest that the balance between Msi1 and miR-137 is a key determinant in cell fate decisions and disruption of this balance could contribute to neurodegenerative diseases and glioma development. Genomic analyses revealed that Msi1 and miR-137 share 141 target genes associated with differentiation, development, and morphogenesis. Initial results pointed out that these two regulators have an opposite impact on the expression of their target genes. Therefore, we propose an antagonistic model in which this network of shared targets could be either repressed by miR-137 or activated by Msi1, leading to different outcomes (self-renewal, proliferation, tumorigenesis).


Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/patologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Glioblastoma/patologia , MicroRNAs/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Neurogênese , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Animais , Proliferação de Células , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/genética , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Células Tumorais Cultivadas
4.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol ; 313(5): H896-H902, 2017 Nov 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28801522

RESUMO

Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist throughout life in the dentate gyrus and the ventricular-subventricular zone, where they continuously provide new neurons and some glia. These cells are found in specialized niches that regulate quiescence, activation, differentiation, and cell fate choice. A key aspect of the regulatory niche is the vascular plexus, which modulates NSC behavior during tissue homeostasis and regeneration. During aging, NSCs become depleted and dysfunctional, resulting in reduced neurogenesis and poor brain repair. In this review, we discuss the emerging evidence that changes in the vascular niche both structurally and functionally contribute to reduced neurogenesis during aging and how this might contribute to reduced plasticity and repair in the aged brain.


Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Vasos Sanguíneos/inervação , Células-Tronco Neurais/fisiologia , Nicho de Células-Tronco/fisiologia , Animais , Vasos Sanguíneos/fisiologia , Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Humanos
5.
Stem Cells ; 34(1): 220-32, 2016 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26369286

RESUMO

The ventricular-subventricular zone harbors neural stem cells (NSCs) that can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. This process requires loss of stem cell properties and gain of characteristics associated with differentiated cells. miRNAs function as important drivers of this transition; miR-124, -128, and -137 are among the most relevant ones and have been shown to share commonalities and act as proneurogenic regulators. We conducted biological and genomic analyses to dissect their target repertoire during neurogenesis and tested the hypothesis that they act cooperatively to promote differentiation. To map their target genes, we transfected NSCs with antagomiRs and analyzed differences in their mRNA profile throughout differentiation with respect to controls. This strategy led to the identification of 910 targets for miR-124, 216 for miR-128, and 652 for miR-137. The target sets show extensive overlap. Inspection by gene ontology and network analysis indicated that transcription factors are a major component of these miRNAs target sets. Moreover, several of these transcription factors form a highly interconnected network. Sp1 was determined to be the main node of this network and was further investigated. Our data suggest that miR-124, -128, and -137 act synergistically to regulate Sp1 expression. Sp1 levels are dramatically reduced as cells differentiate and silencing of its expression reduced neuronal production and affected NSC viability and proliferation. In summary, our results show that miRNAs can act cooperatively and synergistically to regulate complex biological processes like neurogenesis and that transcription factors are heavily targeted to branch out their regulatory effect.


Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular/genética , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição Sp1/metabolismo , Animais , Proliferação de Células , Autorrenovação Celular , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Genoma , Humanos , Camundongos , Células-Tronco Neurais/citologia , Oligonucleotídeos Antissenso/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Transfecção
6.
Genes Dev ; 23(5): 561-74, 2009 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19270157

RESUMO

Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist throughout life in two forebrain areas: the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the hippocampus. Why forebrain NSCs self-renew more extensively than those from other regions remains unclear. Prior studies have shown that the polycomb factor Bmi-1 is necessary for NSC self-renewal and that it represses the cell cycle inhibitors p16, p19, and p21. Here we show that overexpression of Bmi-1 enhances self-renewal of forebrain NSCs significantly more than those derived from spinal cord, demonstrating a regional difference in responsiveness. We show that forebrain NSCs require the forebrain-specific transcription factor Foxg1 for Bmi-1-dependent self-renewal, and that repression of p21 is a focus of this interaction. Bmi-1 enhancement of NSC self-renewal is significantly greater with increasing age and passage. Importantly, when Bmi-1 is overexpressed in cultured adult forebrain NSCs, they expand dramatically and continue to make neurons even after multiple passages, when control NSCs have become restricted to glial differentiation. Together these findings demonstrate the importance of Bmi-1 and Foxg1 cooperation to maintenance of NSC multipotency and self-renewal, and establish a useful method for generating abundant forebrain neurons ex vivo, outside the neurogenic niche.


Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Prosencéfalo/citologia , Prosencéfalo/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/citologia , Animais , Proliferação de Células , Sobrevivência Celular , Células Cultivadas , Córtex Cerebral/citologia , Córtex Cerebral/embriologia , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Camundongos , Complexo Repressor Polycomb 1 , Gravidez , Prosencéfalo/embriologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismo
7.
BMC Bioinformatics ; 15: 328, 2014 Oct 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25281197

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Neural stem cells are motile and proliferative cells that undergo mitosis, dividing to produce daughter cells and ultimately generating differentiated neurons and glia. Understanding the mechanisms controlling neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation will play a key role in the emerging fields of regenerative medicine and cancer therapeutics. Stem cell studies in vitro from 2-D image data are well established. Visualizing and analyzing large three dimensional images of intact tissue is a challenging task. It becomes more difficult as the dimensionality of the image data increases to include time and additional fluorescence channels. There is a pressing need for 5-D image analysis and visualization tools to study cellular dynamics in the intact niche and to quantify the role that environmental factors play in determining cell fate. RESULTS: We present an application that integrates visualization and quantitative analysis of 5-D (x,y,z,t,channel) and large montage confocal fluorescence microscopy images. The image sequences show stem cells together with blood vessels, enabling quantification of the dynamic behaviors of stem cells in relation to their vascular niche, with applications in developmental and cancer biology. Our application automatically segments, tracks, and lineages the image sequence data and then allows the user to view and edit the results of automated algorithms in a stereoscopic 3-D window while simultaneously viewing the stem cell lineage tree in a 2-D window. Using the GPU to store and render the image sequence data enables a hybrid computational approach. An inference-based approach utilizing user-provided edits to automatically correct related mistakes executes interactively on the system CPU while the GPU handles 3-D visualization tasks. CONCLUSIONS: By exploiting commodity computer gaming hardware, we have developed an application that can be run in the laboratory to facilitate rapid iteration through biological experiments. We combine unsupervised image analysis algorithms with an interactive visualization of the results. Our validation interface allows for each data set to be corrected to 100% accuracy, ensuring that downstream data analysis is accurate and verifiable. Our tool is the first to combine all of these aspects, leveraging the synergies obtained by utilizing validation information from stereo visualization to improve the low level image processing tasks.


Assuntos
Algoritmos , Linhagem da Célula , Gráficos por Computador , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Células-Tronco Neurais/citologia , Automação , Microscopia Confocal , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Software
8.
medRxiv ; 2023 Oct 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37961425

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The APOE gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD). However, the gene regulatory mechanisms at this locus have not been fully characterized. METHODS: To identify novel AD-linked functional elements within the APOE locus, we integrated SNP variants with RNA-seq, DNA methylation, and ChIP-seq data from human postmortem brains. RESULTS: We identified an AD-linked APOE transcript (jxn1.2.2) observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The APOE jxn1.2.2 transcript is associated with brain neuropathological features in DLPFC. We prioritized an independent functional SNP, rs157580, significantly associated with jxn1.2.2 transcript abundance and DNA methylation levels. rs157580 is located within active chromatin regions and predicted to affect brain-related transcriptional factors binding affinity. rs157580 shared the effects on the jxn1.2.2 transcript between European and African ethnic groups. DISCUSSION: The novel APOE functional elements provide potential therapeutic targets with mechanistic insight into the disease's etiology.

9.
Cancers (Basel) ; 13(2)2021 Jan 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33466745

RESUMO

Tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRNAs) have been explored as agents to target cancer stem cells. Most strategies use a single miRNA mimic and present many disadvantages, such as the amount of reagent required and the diluted effect on target genes. miRNAs work in a cooperative fashion to regulate distinct biological processes and pathways. Therefore, we propose that miRNA combinations could provide more efficient ways to target cancer stem cells. We have previously shown that miR-124, miR-128, and miR-137 function synergistically to regulate neurogenesis. We used a combination of these three miRNAs to treat glioma stem cells and showed that this treatment was much more effective than single miRNAs in disrupting cell proliferation and survival and promoting differentiation and response to radiation. Transcriptomic analyses indicated that transcription regulation, angiogenesis, metabolism, and neuronal differentiation are among the main biological processes affected by transfection of this miRNA combination. In conclusion, we demonstrated the value of using combinations of neurogenic miRNAs to disrupt cancer phenotypes and glioma stem cell growth. The synergistic effect of these three miRNA amplified the repression of oncogenic factors and the effect on cancer relevant pathways. Future therapeutic approaches would benefit from utilizing miRNA combinations, especially when targeting cancer-initiating cell populations.

10.
Curr Opin Pharmacol ; 50: 1-8, 2020 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31756641

RESUMO

Neural stem cells exist in specialized regions of the brain and have the capacity to give rise to neurons and glia over the lifespan. The process of giving rise to new neurons, also known as neurogenesis, is thought to be important in cognition and certain types of brain repair. However, during aging, neural stem cell number and function is reduced resulting in fewer new neurons and declines in learning, memory and repair. Recently, research has approached this problem through the lens of rejuvenation that now has produced several strategies, from dietary to pharmacological interventions, to restore functional neurogenesis that resembles the youthful brain. Here, we outline aging in the subventricular zone neurogenic niche, review the multiple modalities of rejuvenation strategies, and propose next steps for future studies to approach translational outcomes.


Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Neurogênese , Animais , Humanos
11.
Aging Cell ; 19(1): e13038, 2020 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31637864

RESUMO

Aging is a negative regulator of general homeostasis, tissue function, and regeneration. Changes in organismal energy levels and physiology, through systemic manipulations such as calorie restriction and young blood infusion, can regenerate tissue activity and increase lifespan in aged mice. However, whether these two systemic manipulations could be linked has never been investigated. Here, we report that systemic GDF11 triggers a calorie restriction-like phenotype without affecting appetite or GDF15 levels in the blood, restores the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway, and stimulates adiponectin secretion from white adipose tissue by direct action on adipocytes, while repairing neurogenesis in the aged brain. These findings suggest that GDF11 has a pleiotropic effect on an organismal level and that it could be a linking mechanism of rejuvenation between heterochronic parabiosis and calorie restriction. As such, GDF11 could be considered as an important therapeutic candidate for age-related neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders.


Assuntos
Adiponectina/metabolismo , Proteínas Morfogenéticas Ósseas/uso terapêutico , Restrição Calórica/métodos , Fatores de Diferenciação de Crescimento/uso terapêutico , Envelhecimento , Animais , Proteínas Morfogenéticas Ósseas/farmacologia , Fatores de Diferenciação de Crescimento/farmacologia , Camundongos , Fenótipo
12.
Mol Cancer Res ; 18(1): 68-78, 2020 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31624087

RESUMO

13-Cis-retinoic acid (RA) is typically used in postremission maintenance therapy in patients with neuroblastoma. However, side effects and recurrence are often observed. We investigated the use of miRNAs as a strategy to replace RA as promoters of differentiation. miR-124 was identified as the top candidate in a functional screen. Genomic target analysis indicated that repression of a network of transcription factors (TF) could be mediating most of miR-124's effect in driving differentiation. To advance miR-124 mimic use in therapy and better define its mechanism of action, a high-throughput siRNA morphologic screen focusing on its TF targets was conducted and ELF4 was identified as a leading candidate for miR-124 repression. By altering its expression levels, we showed that ELF4 maintains neuroblastoma in an undifferentiated state and promotes proliferation. Moreover, ELF4 transgenic expression was able to counteract the neurogenic effect of miR-124 in neuroblastoma cells. With RNA sequencing, we established the main role of ELF4 to be regulation of cell-cycle progression, specifically through the DREAM complex. Interestingly, several cell-cycle genes activated by ELF4 are repressed by miR-124, suggesting that they might form a TF-miRNA regulatory loop. Finally, we showed that high ELF4 expression is often observed in neuroblastomas and is associated with poor survival. IMPLICATIONS: miR-124 induces neuroblastoma differentiation partially through the downregulation of TF ELF4, which drives neuroblastoma proliferation and its undifferentiated phenotype.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Neuroblastoma/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/biossíntese , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , MicroRNAs/genética , Neuroblastoma/genética , Neuroblastoma/patologia , Taxa de Sobrevida , Fatores de Transcrição/biossíntese , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Transfecção
13.
Genome Biol ; 21(1): 195, 2020 08 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32762776

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) function as master regulators of gene expression. Alterations in RBP expression and function are often observed in cancer and influence critical pathways implicated in tumor initiation and growth. Identification and characterization of oncogenic RBPs and their regulatory networks provide new opportunities for targeted therapy. RESULTS: We identify the RNA-binding protein SERBP1 as a novel regulator of glioblastoma (GBM) development. High SERBP1 expression is prevalent in GBMs and correlates with poor patient survival and poor response to chemo- and radiotherapy. SERBP1 knockdown causes delay in tumor growth and impacts cancer-relevant phenotypes in GBM and glioma stem cell lines. RNAcompete identifies a GC-rich region as SERBP1-binding motif; subsequent genomic and functional analyses establish SERBP1 regulation role in metabolic routes preferentially used by cancer cells. An important consequence of these functions is SERBP1 impact on methionine production. SERBP1 knockdown decreases methionine levels causing a subsequent reduction in histone methylation as shown for H3K27me3 and upregulation of genes associated with neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, and function. Further analysis demonstrates that several of these genes are downregulated in GBM, potentially through epigenetic silencing as indicated by the presence of H3K27me3 sites. CONCLUSIONS: SERBP1 is the first example of an RNA-binding protein functioning as a central regulator of cancer metabolism and indirect modulator of epigenetic regulation in GBM. By bridging these two processes, SERBP1 enhances glioma stem cell phenotypes and contributes to GBM poorly differentiated state.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Animais , Neoplasias Encefálicas/etiologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Encefálicas/terapia , Epigênese Genética , Feminino , Glioblastoma/etiologia , Glioblastoma/mortalidade , Glioblastoma/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Neurogênese , Fenótipo , Prognóstico , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
14.
Stem Cell Reports ; 12(1): 6-13, 2019 01 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30595545

RESUMO

The vascular compartment of the adult brain ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) is a critical regulator of neural stem cell and progenitor function. Blood enters the V-SVZ via arteries and arterioles to capillaries that then connect with venules and veins to return blood to the heart. We found that stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1) is expressed by a subpopulation of V-SVZ vessels, the capillaries, and that actively proliferating neural stem cells (NSCs) and progenitors are preferentially associated with these SDF1-positive vessels. In contrast, slowly dividing or quiescent NSCs are most prevalent near SDF1-negative vessels. By conditional knockout, we found that loss of SDF1 signaling in NSCs stimulates lineage progression and NSC displacement from the vessel niche. With aging, SDF1/CXCR4 signaling is dysregulated, coincident with reduced proliferation and increased displacement of dividing cells from the vasculature. Our findings demonstrate SDF1-based vascular heterogeneity in the niche and suggest that reduced SDF1 signaling contributes to age-related declines in adult neurogenesis.


Assuntos
Capilares/metabolismo , Quimiocina CXCL12/genética , Ventrículos Laterais/citologia , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo , Neurogênese , Nicho de Células-Tronco , Animais , Capilares/citologia , Proliferação de Células , Quimiocina CXCL12/metabolismo , Ventrículos Laterais/irrigação sanguínea , Ventrículos Laterais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Camundongos , Células-Tronco Neurais/citologia , Células-Tronco Neurais/fisiologia , Receptores CXCR4/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais
15.
Aging (Albany NY) ; 11(1): 115-126, 2019 01 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30622221

RESUMO

The brain can generate new neurons from neural stem cells throughout life. However, the capacity for neurogenesis declines with age, reducing the potential for learning and repair. We explored the effects of calorie restriction, an established anti-aging intervention, on neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of young and aged mice. Calorie restriction transiently enhanced proliferation of neural progenitor cells in young, but not aged mice. However, calorie restriction prevented the age-related loss of neurogenesis in the aged brain. Calorie-restricted mice showed enhanced olfactory memory compared with ad libitum-fed controls, suggesting that calorie restriction can produce functional improvements in the aged brain. Calorie restriction also mitigated the age-related activation of microglia and subsequent increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Likewise, calorie restriction prevented increases in senescent cells normally observed in the subventricular zone in aged mice, further protecting this neurogenic niche from pro-inflammatory signals. Together, these data suggest that calorie restriction protects the subventricular zone microenvironment from age-related inflammation, thereby preserving neurogenesis into old age.


Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Restrição Calórica , Senescência Celular/fisiologia , Ventrículos Laterais/citologia , Células-Tronco Neurais/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos
16.
Biochem Pharmacol ; 141: 77-85, 2017 10 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28625813

RESUMO

Adult neurogenesis is the process of producing new neurons from neural stem cells (NSCs) for integration into the brain circuitry. Neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. However, during aging, NSCs and their progenitors exhibit reduced proliferation and neuron production, which is thought to contribute to age-related cognitive impairment and reduced plasticity that is necessary for some types of brain repair. In this review, we describe NSCs and their niches during tissue homeostasis and how they undergo age-associated remodeling and dysfunction. We also discuss some of the functional ramifications in the brain from NSC aging. Finally, we discuss some recent insights from interventions in NSC aging that could eventually translate into therapies for healthy brain aging.


Assuntos
Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo , Neurogênese/fisiologia , Envelhecimento/patologia , Animais , Encéfalo/patologia , Humanos , Células-Tronco Neurais/patologia , Transplante de Células-Tronco/métodos
17.
Brain Res ; 1655: 270-276, 2017 01 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26801829

RESUMO

Neurogenesis in mammals occurs throughout life in two brain regions: the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Development and regulation of the V-SVZ and SGZ is unique to each brain region, but with several similar characteristics. Alterations to the production of new neurons in neurogenic regions have been linked to psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Decline in neurogenesis in the SGZ correlates with affective and psychiatric disorders, and can be reversed by antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. Likewise, neurogenesis in the V-SVZ can also be enhanced by antidepressant drugs. The regulation of neurogenesis by neurotransmitters, particularly monoamines, in both regions suggests that aberrant neurotransmitter signaling observed in psychiatric disease may play a role in the pathology of these mental health disorders. Similarly, the cognitive deficits that accompany neurodegenerative disease may also be exacerbated by decreased neurogenesis. This review explores the regulation and function of neural stem cells in rodents and humans, and the involvement of factors that contribute to psychiatric and cognitive deficits. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:StemsCellsinPsychiatry.


Assuntos
Células-Tronco Adultas/fisiologia , Transtornos Mentais/fisiopatologia , Neurogênese/fisiologia , Animais , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Neurotransmissores/metabolismo
18.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab ; 26(4): 545-55, 2006 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16121128

RESUMO

Bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) contribute to revascularization after ischemia. However, the mechanisms by which BMDCs support vessel remodeling after cerebral ischemia are not clear. Using mouse chimeras that express enhanced green fluorescent protein in reconstituted bone marrow, we investigated the role of BMDCs in revascularization and brain repair after middle cerebral artery occlusion of murine brain. After ischemia, two populations of BMDCs were observed, one in the brain parenchyma and another associated with the vasculature. The number of BMDCs that infiltrated the brain parenchyma peaked at 7 days and persisted through 14 days, the last time point observed. The majority of BMDCs were characterized as microglia, based on cell-type-specific marker expression. We observed a robust angiogenic response after cerebral ischemia. Bone marrow-derived cells associated with remodeling blood vessels were negative for endothelial markers, but were surrounded by basal lamina and expressed desmin and vimentin, identifying these cells as pericytes. Quantification of BMDCs that expressed desmin revealed increasing desmin expression with time. Perivascular associated BMDCs that expressed desmin were immunoreactive for the angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta. These findings suggest that pericytes are recruited from the periphery and are involved in blood vessel stabilization during ischemia-induced angiogenesis.


Assuntos
Movimento Celular , Neovascularização Fisiológica , Pericitos/citologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/patologia , Animais , Vasos Sanguíneos/citologia , Medula Óssea/fisiologia , Isquemia Encefálica/patologia , Imunofenotipagem , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microglia/citologia
19.
Stem Cells Dev ; 25(7): 542-55, 2016 Apr 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26857912

RESUMO

Neural stem cells (NSCs) exist throughout life in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the mammalian forebrain. During aging NSC function is diminished through an unclear mechanism. In this study, we establish microglia, the immune cells of the brain, as integral niche cells within the V-SVZ that undergo age-associated repositioning in the V-SVZ. Microglia become activated early before NSC deficits during aging resulting in an antineurogenic microenvironment due to increased inflammatory cytokine secretion. These age-associated changes were not observed in non-neurogenic brain regions, suggesting V-SVZ microglia are specialized. Using a sustained inflammatory model in young adult mice, we induced microglia activation and inflammation that was accompanied by reduced NSC proliferation in the V-SVZ. Furthermore, in vitro studies revealed secreted factors from activated microglia reduced proliferation and neuron production compared to secreted factors from resting microglia. Our results suggest that age-associated chronic inflammation contributes to declines in NSC function within the aging neurogenic niche.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Microglia/citologia , Neurogênese , Nicho de Células-Tronco , Animais , Encéfalo/citologia , Células Cultivadas , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microglia/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neurais/citologia , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo
20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25570174

RESUMO

Biological imaging of live cell and tissue using 3D microscopy is able to capture time-lapse image sequences showing multiple molecular markers labeling different biological structures simultaneously. In order to analyze this complex multi-dimensional image sequence data, there is a need for automated quantitative algorithms, and for methods to visualize and interact with both the data and the analytical results. Traditional computational human input devices such as the keyboard and mouse are no longer adequate for complex tasks such as manipulating and navigating 3+ dimensional volumes. In this paper, we have developed a new interaction system for interfacing with big data sets using the human visual system together with touch, force and audio feedback. This system includes real-time dynamic 3D visualization, haptic interaction via exoskeletal glove, and tonal auditory components that seamlessly create an immersive environment for efficient qualitative analysis.


Assuntos
Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Células-Tronco/citologia , Interface Usuário-Computador , Algoritmos , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Retroalimentação , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Movimento (Física) , Software , Tendões/fisiologia , Tato
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