Airway and Lung Organoids from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Can Be Used to Assess CFTR Conductance.

Airway and lung organoids derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are current models for personalized drug screening, cell-cell interaction studies, and lung disease research. We analyzed the existing differentiation protocols and identified the optimal conditions for obtaining organoids. In this article, we describe a step-by-step protocol for differentiating hiPSCs into airway and lung organoids. We obtained airway and lung organoids from a healthy donor and from five donors with cystic fibrosis. Analysis of the cellular composition of airway and lung organoids showed that airway organoids contain proximal lung epithelial cells, while lung organoids contain both proximal and distal lung epithelial cells. Forskolin-induced swelling of organoids derived from a healthy donor showed that lung organoids, as well as airway organoids, contain functional epithelial cells and swell after 24 h exposure to forskolin, which makes it a suitable model for analyzing the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel conductance in vitro. Thus, our results demonstrate the feasibility of generating and characterizing airway and lung organoids from hiPSCs, which can be used for a variety of future applications.

Airway basal cells from human-induced pluripotent stem cells: a new frontier in cystic fibrosis research.

Human-induced airway basal cells (hiBCs) derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer a promising cell model for studying lung diseases, regenerative medicine, and developing new gene therapy methods. We analyzed existing differentiation protocols and proposed our own protocol for obtaining hiBCs, which involves step-by-step differentiation of hiPSCs into definitive endoderm, anterior foregut endoderm, NKX2.1+ lung progenitors, and cultivation on basal cell medium with subsequent cell sorting using the surface marker CD271 (NGFR). We derived hiBCs from two healthy cell lines and three cell lines with cystic fibrosis (CF). The obtained hiBCs, expressing basal cell markers (NGFR, KRT5, and TP63), could differentiate into lung organoids (LOs). We demonstrated that LOs derived from hiBCs can assess cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel function using the forskolin-induced swelling (FIS) assay. We also carried out non-viral (electroporation) and viral (recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)) serotypes 6 and 9 and recombinant adenovirus (rAdV) serotype 5 transgene delivery to hiBCs and showed that rAAV serotype 6 is most effective against hiBCs, potentially applicable for gene therapy research.

Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell line (RCMGi012-A) from fibroblasts of patient with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI.

Skin fibroblasts obtained from a 5-year-old girl with genetically proven (two heterozygous mutations in ARSB gene) and clinically manifested mucopolysaccharidosis type VI were successfully transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells by using Sendai virus-based reprogramming vectors including the four Yamanaka factors namely SOX2, OCT3/4, KLF4, and c-MYC. These iPSCs expressed pluripotency markers, had a normal karyotype and the potential to differentiate into three germ layers in spontaneous differentiation assay. The line may be used for cell differentiation and pharmacological investigations, and also may provide a model for development of a personalized treatment including drug screening and genome editing.

Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell line (RCMGi009-A) from urine cells of patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.

Urine cells obtained from a 14-year-old man with genetically proven (ACVR1: c.6176G > A) and clinically manifested fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva were successfully transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells by using Sendai virus-based reprogramming vectors including the four Yamanaka factors such as OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. These iPSCs expressed pluripotency markers, exhibited the potential to differentiate into three germ layers in spontaneous differentiation assay and had a normal karyotype. The iPSC line may provide a model for development of a personalized treatment including genome editing and drug screening, may be used for disease modelling, cell differentiation and pharmacological investigations. .

Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell line (RCMGi008-A) from human skin fibroblasts of a cystic fibrosis patient with compound heterozygous F508del/CFTRdele2.3 mutations in CFTR gene.

Skin fibroblasts obtained from a 20-year-old woman with clinically manifested and genetically proven (F508del/CFTRdele2.3) cystic fibrosis were successfully transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by using Sendai virus-based reprogramming vectors including the four Yamanaka factors, OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. The iPSCs showed a normal karyotype, expressed pluripotency markers and exhibited the potential to differentiate into three germ layers in spontaneous differentiation assay. This iPSC line may be used for development of a personalized treatment including genome editing, disease modelling, cell differentiation and organoid formation, pharmacological investigations and drug screening.

Generation of two induced pluripotent stem cell lines (RCMGi005-A/B) from human skin fibroblasts of a cystic fibrosis patient with homozygous F508del mutation in CFTR gene.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) was successfully generated from skin fibroblast obtained from patient with cystic fibrosis by using non-integrating, viral CytoTune™-iPS 2.0 Sendai Reprogramming Kit, which contain three vectors preparation: polycistronic Klf4-Oct3/4-Sox2, cMyc, and Klf4. Created iPSC lines showed a normal karyotype, expressed pluripotency markers and demonstrated the potential to differentiate into three germ layers in spontaneous differentiation assay.

An overview of currently available molecular Cas-tools for precise genome modification.

CRISPR-Cas system was first mentioned in 1987, and over the years have been studied so active that now it becomes the state-of-the-art tool for genome editing. Its working principle is based on Cas nuclease ability to bind short RNA, which targets it to complementary DNA or RNA sequence for highly precise cleavage. This alone or together with donor DNA allows to modify targeted sequence in different ways. Considering the many limitations of using native CRISPR-Cas systems, scientists around the world are working on creating modified variants to improve their specificity and efficiency in different objects. In addition, the use of the Cas effectors' targeting function in complex systems with other proteins is a promising work direction, as a result of which new tools are created with features such as single base editing, editing DNA without break and donor DNA, activation and repression of transcription, epigenetic regulation, modifying of different repair pathways involvement etc. In this review, we decided to consider in detail exactly this issue of variants of Cas effectors, their modifications and fusion molecules, which improve DNA-targeting and expand the scope of Cas effectors.

Derivation of iPSC line (RCMGi002-A) from dermal fibroblasts of a cystic fibrosis female patient with homozygous F508del mutation.

Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common inherited diseases caused by mutations in CFTR gene, of which F508del is the most frequent. Currently, the possibility of cell therapy including genome editing is widely discussed. We generated induced pluripotent stem cells from fibroblasts obtained from a 22-year-old woman with clinically manifested and genetically proven disease by using non-viral, non-integrating RNA reprogramming vector that contains five reprogramming factors: OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, GLIS1, and c-MYC. The established cell line can express endogenous pluripotency markers, possesses a normal karyotype, and has the ability to differentiate into three germ layers in spontaneous differentiation assay.

Generation of two induced pluripotent stem cell lines (RCMGi004-A and -B) from human skin fibroblasts of a cystic fibrosis patient with compound heterozygous F508del/W1282X mutations in CFTR gene.

Skin fibroblasts obtained from a 28-year-old man with clinically manifested and genetically proven (F508del/W1282X) cystic fibrosis were successfully transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by using non-viral, non-integrating, self-replicating RNA reprogramming vectorthat contains five reprogramming factors: OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, GLIS1, and c-MYC as well as a puromycin-resistance gene. Two iPSC lines showed a normal karyotype, expressed pluripotency markers and exhibited the potential to differentiate into three germ layers in spontaneous differentiation assay. These iPSC lines may be subsequently used for development of a personalized etiotropic treatment,disease modelling, cell differentiation and organoid formation, pharmacological investigations and drug screening.

Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell line (RCMGi001-A) from human skin fibroblasts of a cystic fibrosis patient with p.F508del mutation.

Skin fibroblasts obtained from a 27-year-old man with clinically manifested and genetically proven (F508del/F508del) cystic fibrosis were successfully transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by using Sendai virus-based reprogramming vectors including the four Yamanaka factors, OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. The iPSCs showed a normal karyotype, expressed pluripotency markers and exhibited the potential to differentiate into three germ layers in spontaneous differentiation assay. This iPSC line may be subsequently used for development of a personalized etiotropic treatment including genome editing, and for disease modelling and drug screening.

P.F508del editing in cells from cystic fibrosis patients.

Development of genome editing methods created new opportunities for the development of etiology-based therapies of hereditary diseases. Here, we demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9 can correct p.F508del mutation in the CFTR gene in the CFTE29o- cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We used several combinations of Cas9, sgRNA and ssODN and measured editing efficiency in the endogenous CFTR gene and in the co-transfected plasmid containing the CFTR locus with the p.F508del mutation. The non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) frequency in the CFTR gene in the CFTE29o- cells varied from 1.25% to 2.54% of alleles. The best homology-directed repair (HDR) frequency in the endogenous CFTR locus was 1.42% of alleles. In iPSCs, the NHEJ frequency in the CFTR gene varied from 5.5% to 12.13% of alleles. The best HDR efficacy was 2.38% of alleles. Our results show that p.F508del mutation editing using CRISPR/Cas9 in CF patient-derived iPSCs is a relatively rare event and subsequent cell selection and cultivation should be carried out.