Response to DA-EPOCH-R is associated with activation of 'fitter' cytotoxic T-cells in patients with newly diagnosed double and triple hit high-grade B-cell lymphoma.

Not available.

Immunotherapy in multiple myeloma: when, where, and for who?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Immunotherapy is transforming treatment of multiple myeloma patients in all stages of their disease. This review will discuss recent developments in immunotherapy in multiple myeloma with a focus on antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and T-cell-redirection strategies. RECENT FINDINGS: CD38-targeting antibodies have single agent activity in multiple myeloma, and especially when combined with other drugs, are improving the clinical outcome of patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Also the SLAMF7-targeting antibody, elotuzumab, improves the survival of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients, when it is combined with either lenalidomide or pomalidomide. Several novel immunotherapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells, antibody-drug conjugates, and bispecific antibodies, are active in patients who developed resistance to all currently available antimultiple myeloma drugs, including immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, and CD38 antibodies. These new immunotherapeutic agents frequently target B-cell maturation antigen, which is highly and uniformly expressed on multiple myeloma cells. However, other targets, such as GPRC5D, are also being investigated. SUMMARY: Immunotherapy is incorporated into first-line and relapse regimens, and is improving the survival of both newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients.

Distinct peripheral T-cell and NK-cell profiles in HGBL-MYC/BCL2 vs patients with DLBCL NOS.

ABSTRACT: Patients with high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements (HGBL-MYC/BCL2) respond poorly to immunochemotherapy compared with patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (DLBCL NOS) without a MYC rearrangement. This suggests a negative impact of lymphoma-intrinsic MYC on the immune system. To investigate this, we compared circulating T cells and natural killer (NK) cells of patients with HGBL-MYC/BCL2 (n = 66), patients with DLBCL NOS (n = 53), and age-matched healthy donors (HDs; n = 16) by flow cytometry and performed proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity assays. Compared with HDs, both lymphoma subtypes displayed similar frequencies of CD8+ T cells but decreased CD4+ T cells. Regulatory T-cell (Treg) frequencies were reduced only in patients with DLBCL NOS. Activated (HLA-DR+/CD38+) T cells, PD-1+CD4+ T cells, and PD-1+Tregs were increased in both lymphoma subtypes, but PD-1+CD8+ T cells were increased only in HGBL-MYC/BCL2. Patients with DLBCL NOS, but not patients with HGBL-MYC/BCL2, exhibited higher frequencies of senescent T cells than HDs. Functional assays showed no overt differences between both lymphoma groups and HDs. Deeper analyses revealed that PD-1+ T cells of patients with HGBL-MYC/BCL2 were exhausted with impaired cytokine production and degranulation. Patients with DLBCL NOS, but not patients with HGBL-MYC/BCL2, exhibited higher frequencies of NK cells expressing inhibiting receptor NKG2A. Both lymphoma subtypes exhibited lower TIM-3+- and DNAM-1+-expressing NK cells. Although NK cells of patients with HGBL-MYC/BCL2 showed less degranulation, they were not defective in cytotoxicity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate an increased exhaustion in circulating T cells of patients with HGBL-MYC/BCL2. Nonetheless, the overall intact peripheral T-cell and NK-cell functions in these patients emphasize the importance of investigating potential immune evasion in the microenvironment of MYC-rearranged lymphomas.

Should all newly diagnosed MM patients receive CD38 antibody-based treatment?

CD38 antibodies were first evaluated in extensively pretreated patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Currently, there are 3 CD38 antibody-based regimens approved for the treatment of both transplant-eligible (daratumumab plus bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone [D-VTd]) and transplant-ineligible (daratumumab plus lenalidomide-dexamethasone [D-Rd] or daratumumab plus bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone [D-VMP]) patients with newly diagnosed MM (NDMM). The phase 3 studies that evaluated these regimens uniformly showed that the addition of daratumumab to backbone regimens improved the depth of response, which translated into improved progression-free survival and also overall survival in 2 of the studies. Importantly, elderly patients age 75 years or older benefit from these regimens, indicating that these regimens have an acceptable safety profile. Although the number of patients with high-risk cytogenetics was relatively small, these patients also experienced benefit from the addition of daratumumab to standard-of-care regimens, but poor risk conferred by the cytogenetic aberrations is not completely abrogated. Altogether, daratumumab-based regimens have high anti-MM activity and a favorable toxicity profile and therefore represent new standards of care for patients with NDMM.