Denosumab: A Useful Addition to the Armamentarium for the Management of Male Osteoporosis.

Bone is a dynamic tissue. It remodels, preserving serum calcium, repairing microdamage, and maintaining strength. Osteoporosis is caused by a decrease in bone strength, which manifests clinically as low-energy vertebral and non-vertebral fractures. Osteoporosis poses a significant public health challenge. While it's often portrayed as primarily impacting postmenopausal women, there's been growing recognition among researchers and clinicians regarding its prevalence in men. Major fracture in men has higher mortality rates than in women. Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) antibody that binds to RANKL, the principal regulator of osteoclastic bone resorption. Multiple studies suggest that denosumab is both effective and safe, exhibiting higher adherence rates and greater patient satisfaction. In this narrative review, we highlighted the effects of denosumab in men with osteoporosis, subsequent changes in bone mineral density, and bone turnover markers outlining the literature and guideline support.

Invasive aspergillosis producing painful ophthalmoplegia.

Painful ophthalmoplegia is caused by the lesions of orbital apex and anterior cavernous sinus. Cavernous sinus syndrome can be produced by intracranial invasive aspergillosis. A case of painful ophthalmoplegia due to invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus niger in a diabetic patient is presented.