Maxillary Sinus and Surrounding Bone Anatomy With Cone Beam Computed Tomography After Multiple Teeth Loss: A Retrospective Multicenter Clinical Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this multicenter study was to examine the residual alveolar bone anatomy and sinus mucosa pattern at maxillary sinus regions in multiple teeth loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted with cone beam computed tomography images of 518 patients (267 females and 251 males) with multiple posterior maxillary teeth loss. Variables associated with sinus membrane (SM), sinus dimensions, ostium, septa, sinus neighborhood, alveolar bone height and ridge width, posterior superior alveolar artery, and adjacent roots were evaluated. RESULTS: No (58.2%) or flat (19.3%) thickening morphology was detected at most of the SMs. Membrane thickening and mucosal-like morphology was more prevalent for male patients (P = 0.005). The mean sinus width was relatively low (3.64 ± 3.33 mm) at the 5-mm level and showed an expected increase toward upper levels. Most of the sinus spaces were dimensionally average (39.5%) or wide (44.7%), and no effect of gender was observed in terms of sinus dimensions (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Multiple teeth loss plays a role in creating an imaginary sinus anatomy constituted of a relatively narrow space compared with single-tooth loss cases, from 3.6-mm mean coronal width to 11.3 mm in the apical portion.

Validation of Therapeutic Anatomy-Oriented Classification in Endosseous Dental Implant Treatment: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to validate a newly proposed therapeutic anatomically based clinical and radiological classification for dental implant treatment. METHODS: Eighty-one patients with at least 1 edentulous jaw segment (EJS) from 2 dental clinics were included in this study. Both clinical and radiological parameters were assessed in aesthetic and nonaesthetic zones. The data were then compared at preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative (subdivided into early and late stage) study stages. RESULTS: Based on the hard and soft tissue support, EJSs were divided into 3 types. The outcomes were then validated at preoperative, intraoperative, and early postoperative stages. Data were then analyzed using paired sample t test and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. No statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was identified between any the measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed therapeutic anatomically based clinical and radiological classification for the dental implant treatment seems to be reproducible, objective, and helpful in planning dental implant treatment. Future studies with a larger sample size are needed to further validate the outcome obtained in this pilot study.

Evaluation of Single Tooth Loss to Maxillary Sinus and Surrounding Bone Anatomy With Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: A Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Posterior maxillary tooth loss may complicate the implant treatment due to the alterations in alveolar anatomy and maxillary sinus pneumatization. This study aimed to comprehensively examine the anatomical structure of this region from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The posterior maxilla regions with single tooth loss were analyzed by dividing the variables into 3 subgroups from images of 597 patients chosen from 1160 CBCTs. Variables associated with sinus membrane (SM), sinus dimensions, ostium, septa, sinus neighborhood, alveolar bone height (ABH) and width (RW), posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA), and adjacent roots were evaluated. RESULTS: The majority of the patients demonstrated 0 to 5 mm membrane thickness. Irregular SM thickening was lower for female patients. While females showed higher number of narrow sinus, males had higher RW than females. Sinus augmentation classification showed negative correlation with ABH, root-tip sinus floor and edentulous site classification. Posterior septa height was correlated with number of septa and ABH. PSAA diameter and location were also correlated between each other. CONCLUSION: The present results define formation of a sinus space with 11 mm coronal and 16 mm apical width after single tooth loss. A flat or semispherical thickening around 4 mm is usual in most cases with 51% possibility of anterior septum existence. A ridge anatomy, around 7.5 mm ABH and 7.2 to 9.3 RW from coronal to apical, complements this anatomy. Further studies are needed to clarify the reasons behind the SM and crestal anatomy variations between genders.

Evaluation of mandibular lingual foramina related to dental implant treatment with computerized tomography: a multicenter clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Bleeding can be one of the severe complications during implant placement or other surgeries. Presurgical assessment of the area should be performed precisely. Thus, we examined lingual vascular canals of the mandible using dental computerized tomography (CT); define the anatomical characteristics of canals and the relationship with mandibular bone. METHODS: One thousand sixty-one foramina in 639 patients, in 5 dental clinics, were included in this multicenter study. Distance between crest and lingual foramen, tooth apex and lingual foramen, distance from mandibular border, diameter of lingual foramen, canal type, anastomosis, and location of foramen were examined. RESULTS: Foramen was 18.33 ± 5.45 mm below the bony crest and 17.40 ± 7.52 mm from the mandibular border, with men showing larger measurements. The mean diameter of lingual foramina was 0.89 ± 0.40 mm; 76.8% canal type was mono; 51.8% patients presented with median lingual canal-foramen (MLC) and 21.1% with lateral lingual foramen. Diameter of MLC was statistically larger. CONCLUSIONS: With a large sample group, results represented that lingual foramina could be visualized with dental CT, providing useful data for mandibular implant surgeries. Findings suggest that vascular canals and several anastomoses exist in the anterior mandible extending through premolar and molar regions as well. It is imperative to consider these vessels with the dental CT before and during the mandibular surgery to prevent threatening hemorrhage.

Model-free digital workflow and immediate functional loading of implant-supported monolithic glass-ceramic crowns: A case series.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical and prosthetic outcomes of immediate functional loading of implants with glass-ceramic screw-retained single crowns. METHODS: A total of 22 implants were placed. Within 24 h, functional full-contour glass ceramic crowns were delivered to patients. The amount of attached gingiva, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index Score, bleeding on probing, time after extraction, bone type, implant size, soft tissue thickness, primary stability, a general fit of the restoration, occlusal and proximal contacts were recorded. Restorations were followed-up at 1, 3, and 6 months tracking marginal bone loss (MBL), noting changes in occlusal and interproximal contacts, checking other possible complications. RESULTS: One implant failed and was removed after 4 weeks (95.5% survival rate). The rest of the implants and crowns functioned with no complications during the follow-up period of 6 months. Factors such as time after extraction, bone type, implant size, soft tissue thickness, and primary stability recorded in Ncm and implant stability quotient (ISQ) values, were not associated with MBL (p<0.05). Mean MBL was found to be 0.3 mm (standard deviation = 0.42) mesially and 0.4 mm (standard deviation = 0.66) distally. One distal and one mesial proximal contact were found to be missing at the 6-month check-up appointment. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of this study, fully digital workflow without a 3D printed model could be successfully employed for immediate functional loading with single-unit implant-supported crowns. Further studies are needed to obtain long-term results with a larger sample of patients. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Model-free digital workflow and immediate functional loading of implant-supported monolithic glass-ceramic crown might be viable option to restore a single tooth defect.

Descriptive study of mandibular canal visibility: morphometric and densitometric analysis for digital panoramic radiographs.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the visibility of the mandibular canal (MC) morphology in different jaw dental segments (JDSs) in relation to morphometric and densitometric parameters on digital panoramic radiographs (DPRs). METHODS: 32 DPRs (155 JDSs) were selected randomly after retrieval. MC visibility in conjunction with superior and inferior border visibility was scored on a 5-point scale in four places on the JDS-that is, for the medial, distal, superior and inferior MC parts. Morphometric and densitometric analyses were made horizontally and vertically in the JDS region. Descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test and additional tests were performed. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in MC visibility for the superior, inferior, medial and distal parts of the JDSs. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences were identified between particular visibility scores of the superior and inferior MC borders. In 22.0-24.7% of JDSs, the superior MC border was not visible, more than twice as often as the inferior MC border was not visible (9.1-10.2%). The visibility of superior and inferior MC borders in JDSs was not related to the morphometric or densitometric assessment parameters, or to age, gender, JDS location, condition or the visibility of neighbouring MC parts or contralateral JDSs. CONCLUSIONS: DPRs failed to provide MC visibility based on a single factor. Particular differences were identified between the levels of visibility of the superior and inferior MC borders. More advanced radiological investigation methods could be required for the evaluation of about 25% of JDSs when superior MC border identification is obligatory.

Clinical and radiological classification of the jawbone anatomy in endosseous dental implant treatment.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of present article was to review the classifications suggested for assessment of the jawbone anatomy, to evaluate the diagnostic possibilities of mandibular canal identification and risk of inferior alveolar nerve injury, aesthetic considerations in aesthetic zone, as well as to suggest new classification system of the jawbone anatomy in endosseous dental implant treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Literature was selected through a search of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane electronic databases. The keywords used for search were mandible; mandibular canal; alveolar nerve, inferior; anatomy, cross-sectional; dental implants; classification. The search was restricted to English language articles, published from 1972 to March 2013. Additionally, a manual search in the major anatomy and oral surgery books were performed. The publications there selected by including clinical and human anatomy studies. RESULTS: In total 109 literature sources were obtained and reviewed. The classifications suggested for assessment of the jawbone anatomy, diagnostic possibilities of mandibular canal identification and risk of inferior alveolar nerve injury, aesthetic considerations in aesthetic zone were discussed. New classification system of the jawbone anatomy in endosseous dental implant treatment based on anatomical and radiologic findings and literature review results was suggested. CONCLUSIONS: The classification system proposed here based on anatomical and radiological jawbone quantity and quality evaluation is a helpful tool for planning of treatment strategy and collaboration among specialists. Further clinical studies should be conducted for new classification validation and reliability evaluation.

The preservation of alveolar bone ridge during tooth extraction.

OBJECTIVES: The aims were to overview healing of extraction socket, recommendations for atraumatic tooth extraction, possibilities of post extraction socket bone and soft tissues preservation, augmentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search was done in Pubmed on key words in English from 1962 to December 2011. Additionally, last decades different scientific publications, books from reference list were assessed for appropriate review if relevant. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There was made intraalveolar and extraalveolar postextractional socket healing overview. There was established the importance and effectiveness of atraumatic tooth extraction and subsequent postextractional socket augmentation in limited hard and soft tissue defects. There are many different methods, techniques, periods, materials in regard to the review. It is difficult to compare the data and to give the priority to one.