Gluteus Maximus Transfer for Irreparable Hip Abductor Deficiency: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Gluteus maximus tendon transfer has recently been described as a treatment option for irreparable abductor tendon tears. The purpose of this study was to systematically review outcomes following gluteus maximus tendon transfer for hip abductor deficiency. METHODS: The published literature was queried for outcomes following gluteus maximus transfer in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Outcomes of interest included preoperative and postoperative functional scores, resolution of pain and gait abnormalities, postoperative rehabilitation protocols, surgical complications, reoperation rates, and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. In total, 10 studies with a total of 125 patients (76% women) with a mean age of 67 years (range, 30 to 87) were identified for inclusion. RESULTS: Modified Harris Hip Score (+30.1 ± 6.6 [95% confidence interval: +15.5 to +46.5]) and Visual Analog Scale for pain (-4.1 ± 1.1 [95% confidence interval: -7.1 to -1.0]) were improved following gluteus maximus transfer, compared to preoperative levels. No significant improvement was noted in abduction strength and 33% of patients demonstrated a residual Trendelenburg gait postoperatively. The overall complication rate was 5.6% (7 of 125), with a reoperation rate of 1.6% (2 of 125). CONCLUSIONS: Gluteus maximus tendon transfer for abductor insufficiency has demonstrated reliable outcomes at 3 years, with improvement in hip function and pain. However, patients demonstrate modest improvements in abduction strength, and a significant subset will continue to demonstrate a Trendelenburg gait postoperatively.

Dysplasia Epiphysealis Hemimelica in the Lower Extremity.

BACKGROUND: Because of the rarity of dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (DEH), little is known about the relationship between disease classification and clinical symptoms or patient outcomes. This studies therefore aims to characterize DEH of the lower extremity and correlate radiographic classification to presenting symptomatology and need for surgical intervention. METHODS: A multi-center, retrospective review of all patients with DEH of the lower extremity over a 47-year period was conducted. Demographic data, presenting complaints, treatments, and symptoms at final follow-up were recorded. Radiographs were reviewed to classify lesions using the Universal Classification System for Osteochondromas (UCSO) and document the presence of solitary or multiple lesions within the involved joint. Correlative statistics were used to determine whether presenting complaints, lesion location or radiographic classification predicted the need for surgery or a pain-free outcome. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients met inclusion criteria with an average age at presentation of 7.8 years. The ankle was the most commonly affected joint with 20/28 patients (71%) having lesions of the talus, distal tibia, or distal fibula. Patients with chief complaints of pain were more likely to undergo surgery than those with complaints of a mass or deformity ( P =0.03). Ankle lesions were more likely to be managed operatively than those of the hip or knee ( P =0.018) and all 12 patients with talar lesions underwent surgery. Neither the number of lesions nor lesion classification was predictive of surgical intervention or a pain-free outcome after surgery. Patients presenting with pain were more likely to have a pain-free outcome (11/14 patients) after surgery ( P =0.023) whereas all patients presenting with deformity who underwent surgery had pain at final follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Although no single radiographic characteristic of DEH was predictive of surgical intervention or outcome, painful lesions of the ankle, and lesions of the talus were more likely to be managed operatively. Although surgery does not always result in a pain-free outcome, the operative management of painful lesions was more likely to provide a pain-free outcome than surgery for deformity or a mass.

Disparities and Inequities in Youth Sports.

ABSTRACT: Participation in youth sports can have a positive, lasting impact on a child's general health and physical well-being. Unfortunately, some youth populations are unable to participate and/or reap the benefits of sports because of existing inequities. Youth from lower socioeconomic status and ethnic minority children have been found to participate in sports less. These disparities are unfortunately pervasive and likely the result of multiple barriers, including financial and time constraints, limited resources and the inability to access facilities both in and out of school, and lack of familial support. There also exist inequities with regard to sports injury management, including knowledge, access to athletic trainers, and care. This article provides a review of the numerous disparities and inequities in youth sports. Compiling and understanding these data may help develop a framework to make youth sports more equitable and beneficial for all.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy research viewed in the public domain: What makes headlines?

Objective: To determine chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)-related publication characteristics associated with higher Altmetric scores.Methods: A systematic review of the CTE literature was conducted using PubMed. Publications were coded for: journal impact factor (JIF); publication type (primary versus non-primary data collection); discussion of American football; contact sport-CTE association conclusion (yes versus no/neutral); and Altmetric score. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression identified predictors of higher Altmetric scores.Results: Most of the 270 CTE-related publications did not include primary data collection (60%). The median Altmetric score was 12 (range = 0-3745). Higher Altmetric scores were associated with primary data collection [Odds ratio (OR)Adjusted = 2.29; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.35-3.89] and discussing American football (ORAdjusted = 2.11; 95%CI = 1.24-3.59). Among publications concluding contact sport-CTE associations, higher Altmetric scores were associated with higher JIF (3-point-JIF-increase ORAdjusted = 2.11; 95%CI = 1.24-3.59); however, the association of higher Altmetric scores with higher JIF was not found among neutral publications or those concluding no contact sport-CTE associations (3-point-JIF-increase ORAdjusted = 1.07; 95%CI = 0.94-1.22).Conclusions: Most CTE-related publications (60%) did not involve primary data collection. Publication characteristics such as higher JIF and concluding contact sport-CTE associations were associated with higher Altmetric scores. It is important for the academic community to consider strategies to counter publication and promotion bias in the presentation of CTE literature.

Spinal Anesthetic Type and Independent Risk Factors for Postoperative Urinary Retention Following Total Joint Arthroplasty.

While risk factors for postoperative urinary retention (POUR) after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) have been identified, its association with type of spinal anesthetic has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Patients undergoing primary TJA between 2013-2018 were reviewed. From August 2013 to March 2016 bupivacaine was primarily given and from March 2016 through August 2018, most, although not all, received mepivacaine. Patient demographics as well as intraoperative data were recorded. One-thousand and fifty-four patients were included. POUR rates were not significantly different between groups (5.5% vs 6.1%, p = 0.675). Those who received mepivacaine had a significantly shorter length of stay (LOS) (1 vs. 2 days, p < 0.001). However, spinal anesthetic type was not significantly associated with either POUR or LOS after controlling for between-group differences. Older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.024 [95% confidence interval {CI}:1.000-1.049]; p = 0.049) and a history of benign prostatic hyperplasia or urinary incontinence/retention (OR 2.155 [95% CI:1.114-4.168]; p = 0.023) were confirmed as independent risk factors for POUR. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 29(4):225-229, 2020).

Orthopaedic Conditions Among the Uninsured: Data from an American Student-Run Free Clinic.

Little is known about the epidemiology of orthopaedic conditions among the uninsured. This is a descriptive study of 107 patients presenting with 140 orthopaedic conditions for care at the student-run free clinic, the Shade Tree Clinic. Patients were 50.0 (± 13.0) years old with a BMI of 32.9 (± 8.60). About half were female (58.9%), of Spanish origin/Hispanic or Latino descent (50.9%), immigrants (48.3%), and non-English speaking (44.9%). Most presented with chronic (75.5%) conditions of the knee (24.3%), hand (16.4%) and spine (13.6%). While knee osteoarthritis was the most common diagnosis made (18.7%), there were 38 (35.5%) unique diagnoses with only a single occurrence. Most conditions were initially treated nonoperatively (82.9%). There was an average of 1.92 (± 1.44) visits per condition, and 74.0% of conditions had reported improvement or resolution. Though further study is needed, providing free comprehensive patient-centered orthopaedic care to uninsured individuals in a low-cost setting may prove cost-effective. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 29(2):112-116, 2020).

The Relationship Between Prior Concussions and Depression Is Modified by Somatic Symptomatology in Retired NFL Athletes.

A positive relationship between sport-related concussion (SRC) history and depressive symptoms in retired National Football League (NFL) athletes has been observed, with self-rated physical functioning identified as a confounding factor. The authors examined the influence of somatic symptom endorsement on the relationship between SRC history and self-reported depressive symptom severity in retired NFL athletes. Forty-three former NFL athletes completed self-report inventories of depression (with the Beck Depression Inventory II) and somatic symptoms (with the adjusted Patient Health Questionnaire-15). A moderation analysis examined the influence of somatic symptoms on the relationship between SRC history and depressive symptom severity. SRC history and somatic symptoms accounted for a significant amount of depressive symptomology. SRC history was not significantly associated with depressive symptom severity at low levels of somatic symptoms but was significant at the mean and high levels. The effect of somatic symptoms on depressive symptoms was nearly twice that of SRC history. The relationship between SRC and depression is complex, and treatment of depression in retired athletes should address comorbid somatic symptoms.

The Costs of Applying to Residency: One Institution's Efforts to Increase Transparency.

OBJECTIVES: To provide students at our own institution with more accurate and granular data regarding the costs associated with applying for residency. METHODS: We created an electronic survey with >28 different fields delineating the costs associated with applying for residency. Demographic data, costs broken down by type of expenditure, and how these costs were financed were measured. Each year, graduating students at our institution took the survey in 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018 before The Match. We then created a dynamic, user-friendly, and interactive Web-based application to display these data numerically and graphically for students to use while planning and preparing for The Match. RESULTS: There was a response rate of 48.9% (194/397). Overall, students completed an away rotation at a median of 1.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 0-2.0) programs and spent $1000 (IQR $292-$1606) per away rotation. They applied to a median of 30.0 (IQR 20.0-47.8) categorical programs and attended 12.0 (IQR 10.0-16.0) interviews. The cost per interview was $282 (IQR $192-$407). The total expenditures for preparing for residency were $4992 (IQR $3034-$8,274). These numbers varied significantly by intended specialty. Differences were noted between our data and those from both a regional and recent national cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The costs associated with applying for residency are relatively unknown and can be significant for some. Institutionally led efforts may allow students to more appropriately plan and budget for The Match. Other institutions may benefit from a similar program.

On-Field Signs Predict Future Acute Symptoms After Sport-Related Concussion: A Structural Equation Modeling Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the relationship between on-field, objective signs immediately following sport-related concussion and self-reported symptom endorsement within 1 day post injury. METHODS: A retrospective case series of 237 concussed high school athletes was performed. On-field signs were evaluated immediately post injury. Self-reported symptoms (2 clusters) were collected within 1 day post injury. A two-step structural equation model and follow-up bivariate regression analyses of significant on-field signs and symptom clusters were performed. RESULTS: Signs of immediate memory, ß=0.20, p=.04, and postural instability, ß=0.19, p < .01, significantly predicted a greater likelihood of endorsing the cognitive-migraine-fatigue symptom cluster within 1 day post injury. Regarding signs correlated with specific symptoms, immediate memory was associated with symptoms of trouble remembering, χ 2 =37.92, p < .001, odds ratio (OR)=3.89 (95% confidence interval (CI) [2.47, 6.13]), and concentration difficulties, χ 2 =10.84, p=.001, OR=2.13 (95% CI [1.37, 3.30]). Postural instability was associated with symptom endorsement of trouble remembering, χ 2 =12.08, p < .001, OR=1.76 (95% CI [1.29, 2.40]). CONCLUSIONS: Certain post-concussion on-field signs exhibited after injury were associated with specific symptom endorsement within 1 day post injury. Based on these associations, individualized education-based interventions and academic accommodations may help reduce unanticipated worry from parents, students, and teachers following a student-athlete's sport-related concussion, especially in cases of delayed onset symptoms. (JINS, 2018, 24, 476-485).

Player Performance After Returning From a Concussion in the National Football League: A Pilot Study.

This study aimed to determine if gameplay performance in the National Football League (NFL) is adversely affected after returning to play from a sport-related concussion (SRC). Players who sustained a SRC between the 2007-2008 and 2013-2014 seasons were identified. Concussed players were matched to nonconcussed control players in a 2:1 (control-case) fashion by position, season, experience, age, body mass index, and time missed. Gameplay statistics were recorded for the three games before and after returning from SRC. When compared with the control group, the majority of NFL players did not demonstrate any performance-based deficits on returning to play after SRC. However, concussed quarterbacks (QBs) displayed a reduced QB rating compared with controls. These results indicate that performance immediately following return from SRC may be adversely affected in certain populations and circumstances, though the overwhelming majority of players showed no decline in performance. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 27(3):187-197, 2018).

Safeguarding the Child and Adolescent Athlete.

Youth athletics can provide numerous benefits to children. Until recently, athletics have been relatively free from scrutiny over the ways they put participants at risk. While it was often disregarded in early childhood research, athletics emerged as an avenue of child abuse in the 1980s. Individual cases reporting maltreatment of children participating in sports certainly existed, but these were felt to be single instances, not sentinel events. By the 1990s a small body of research had been established showing a pattern of abuse, spurring sporting organizations and governing bodies to assess their own policies and produce rough standards for safeguarding children against abuse. While multiple strides have been taken, there still exist gaps in knowledge surrounding abuse of child and adolescent athletes. This article reviews the scope and prevalence of abuse in youth athletics, definitions and what ultimately constitutes "abuse," the unique aspects of abuse in sport, and recognition and preventative efforts.

Post-operative medical and surgical complications after primary total joint arthroplasty in solid organ transplant recipients: a case series.

PURPOSE: In a series of solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients who underwent a subsequent primary total joint arthroplasty (TJA) procedure, this study aimed to determine: (1) 90-day morbidity and mortality after primary total knee or hip arthroplasty (TKA and THA), (2) overall post-operative infection rates, and (3) how complication and infection rates compared across primary TJA procedure and type of transplant organ. METHODS: The University of Michigan Health System database was retrospectively searched using current procedural terminology codes for any primary TKA or THA performed at the institution in years 2000-2012 in a patient who previously received a successful SOT at any hospital. RESULTS: The search yielded 44 arthroplasties performed in 29 SOT recipients (average age 54.8 years, average follow-up about 30 months for both groups). No deaths were reported, but 13/27 (48.1%) THA patients and 2/6 (33.3%) TKA patients experienced a total of 29 complications within 90 days of surgery. One patient (3.7%) [1/27 patients, 1/37 joints] underwent revision hip arthroplasty to correct limb length. One THA patient and two TKA patients developed infection requiring revision surgery (3.7% and 33%, respectively). Type of transplant did not affect complication rates (P=0.65), and infection was more common after TKA (P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A series of SOT recipients demonstrated increased rates of infection and other complications following TJA. Surgical and medical teams should work closely to optimize this population for TJA surgery and minimize peri-operative complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE & STUDY DESIGN: Level IV, Prognostic Case-Series.

The Hip in Ice Hockey: A Current Concepts Review.

Ice hockey is a fast, physical sport with unique associated biomechanical demands often placing the hip in forced and repetitive supraphysiological ranges of motion. Ice hockey players commonly endure and are sidelined by nebulous groin injury or hip pain. Underlying causes can be chronic or acute and extra-articular, intra-articular, or "hip-mimicking." This article serves to review common hip-related injuries in ice hockey. For each, we define the particular condition; comment on risk factors and preventive strategies; discuss key historical, physical examination, and imaging findings; and finally, suggest nonoperative and/or operative treatment plans.

Multi-investigator collaboration in orthopedic surgery research compared to other medical fields: Update comparing 2021-2009.

The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of multicenter studies in the orthopedic literature compared to general medicine and other surgical subspecialty studies as an update to a previous study. The number of multicenter research studies across three orthopedic surgery journals was higher in 2021 compared to 2009 (7.2% [95% CI: 5.1%-9.4%, χ2 [df = 1 = 43.8]], p < 0.0001), as was the number of authors and institutions listed on clinical research studies. While these trends in multicenter research publishing are encouraging, orthopedic surgery still lags behind the general medicine and other surgical subspecialty literature bases. Of the 934 orthopedic surgery studies published, 92 (9.9%) were multicenter studies compared to 64.4% of the general medicine and 26.9% of the other surgical subspecialty studies (χ2 [df = 2] = 472.6, p < 0.001). Multicenter trials conducted in orthopedics have fundamentally changed musculoskeletal care, affecting the lives of millions of patients. Participation in multicenter research should be encouraged and prioritized through continued advocacy, funding, support, and direction from orthopedic governing bodies, journals, and subspecialty groups.

Use of Publicly Obtained Data in Sports Medicine Research: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Publicly obtained data (POD) have recently been utilized frequently by sports medicine researchers to describe injury patterns, risk factors, and outcomes in elite athletes. The relative ease of this type of research that is based solely on internet and media sources has resulted in a near exponential increase in the number of these POD studies. PURPOSE: To systematically review the sports medicine literature for studies based solely on POD. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and bibliometric analysis; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A systematic review of POD studies published since 2000 was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies of interest were those relying on publicly available injury reports or online media for data acquisition in collegiate, semiprofessional, and professional athletes. RESULTS: There were 209 POD studies published between 2000 and 2022, with 173 (82.8%) of these studies published after 2016. Studies were published most frequently on athletes participating in North American professional leagues: National Football League (n = 69 [28.4%]), Major League Baseball (n = 56 [23.0%]), National Basketball Association (n = 37 [15.2%]), and National Hockey League (n = 33 [13.6%]). The most common injuries assessed were head injuries/concussions (n = 43 [21.1%]), anterior cruciate ligament injuries (n = 33 [16.2%]), and ulnar collateral ligament injuries (n = 23 [11.3%]). One-quarter of the studies (n = 53 [25.4%]) reported only 1 POD source, and 1 study (0.5%) reported no source. Additionally, 65 studies (31.1%) listed nonspecific POD resources or solely cited previous literature to describe the POD search methodology and data acquisition. CONCLUSION: POD studies are exponentially increasing in number, particularly across major North American professional sports leagues, with significant variability in the injury of interest, search methodology, and number of data sources. The accuracy of the conclusions reached based on the POD methodology appears highly variable. Given the potential impact of these publications as both contributors to current knowledge and drivers of future research, the sports medicine community should be aware of the inherent biases and limitations of POD injury studies.

Virtual Reality and Surgical Simulation Training for Orthopaedic Surgery Residents: A Qualitative Assessment of Trainee Perspectives.

Background: The demonstrated benefits of virtual reality (VR) in orthopaedic surgical training are numerous. However, it is relatively unknown how best to implement VR into an already established orthopaedic resident education curriculum and how trainees will engage and use these technologies longitudinally. Methods: This was an exploratory, qualitative research study performed in accordance with Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research guidelines. Orthopaedic surgery residents at a single institution were recruited during the 2022 to 2023 academic year. Semistructured interviews were conducted. Data were analyzed through grounded theory methodology, beginning with open coding, followed by axial coding, and concluding with selective coding that describes orthopaedic surgery residents' current perceptions of VR as a training tool. Results: Six residents participated in interviews before thematic saturation was achieved. Average interview length was 13:27 (±2:59) minutes. Residents felt that currently, VR is most useful for interns and junior residents as an educational adjunct for learning anatomy, surgical exposures, and the steps of a procedure in a risk- and judgment-free arena. There seems to be a "ceiling effect" with VR given current technological limitations, and residents remarked that there is an associated "opportunity cost" with using VR technology. Some residents may find it more time-efficient to study texts, videos, or surgical guides rather than use VR. Cost (limited number of headsets) and technological barriers (i.e., hardware, software, and Wi-Fi issues) were some of the described barriers to VR utilization. Residents felt that there needs to be dedicated technological support to help with these issues. At this time, given these limitations of VR, many preferred VR as an optional educational adjunct rather than as a required curricular tool or assessment of surgical competency. Conclusions: There is current utility for VR in orthopaedic surgical training. Future technological advances may make VR more central to resident education. This study describes resident perceptions about the technology and best use practices for the technology. Level of Evidence: Qualitative Study, Level V Evidence.

Bilateral Anterior Shoulder Dislocation: A Systematic Review.

Objectives: To compile the existing literature on bilateral anterior shoulder dislocation (BASD) and analyze patient demographics, mechanisms of injury, injury characteristics, management, and outcome. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Online databases, including Ovid Medline 1946-, Embase.com 1947-, Scopus 1960-, Cochrane Central, and Clinicaltrials.gov were systematically queried. Studies eligible for inclusion were case reports or case-series, documenting BASD. Two reviewers independently screened and applied a set of a priori exclusion criteria to each returned study. Data were extracted, compiled, and synthesized from each reported case of BASD. Contingency tables/Chi-Square Analyses, T-tests, and univariate regression analyses were conducted to assess relationships between different variables. Results: Eighty-one studies (87 cases of BASD) were included. Patients were 41.1 (SD± 19.5) years old and most were male (n=63; 72.4%). Around a quarter of patients (28.7%) had a history of epilepsy/seizures or were being worked-up for such. Younger males were more likely to have BASD due to a seizure or electrocution (P<0.05). Close to a third of cases (n=27; 31.0%) were delayed in presentation. Those sustaining seizures or electrocutions were more likely to be delayed in presentation (P=0.013). Most events resulted in simple dislocations that were closed reduced successfully. BASD resulting from seizures or electrocutions were more likely to be fracture-dislocations (P=0.018); and in younger patients with fracture-dislocations, closed reduction was more often to fail or not be attempted (P<0.05). Median follow-up was 6 months (IQR: 3 months - 12 months). Seven patients (10.6%) had complications and 4 (2.3%) demonstrated recurrent instability. Conclusion: In young males presenting with BASD without known trauma, suspicion should be high for a convulsant event. In patients with a known seizure disorder who present with chronic bilateral shoulder or arm pain, BASD should be considered and work-up should be expedited to avoid misdiagnosis.

Distal Tibiofibular Syndesmosis Injuries in the National Football League (NFL): A Spectrum of Pathology That Correlates With Time to Return to Full Participation.

BACKGROUND: Studies routinely evaluate high ankle sprains in isolation, but recent data suggest that these injuries are often associated with concomitant pathology, potentially influencing return to full participation. HYPOTHESIS: In National Football League (NFL) players, isolated high ankle sprains are rare and syndesmosis injuries with concomitant pathology will result in increased time to return to full participation. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. METHODS: Distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injuries sustained by NFL players between 2017 and 2019 were identified through NFL Injury Surveillance Database queries and verified with video analysis. Each injury underwent a comprehensive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) review. Regression modeling was utilized to explore the influence of numerous imaging findings on time to return to full participation. RESULTS: There were 83 external rotation ankle injuries involving the syndesmosis. Isolated distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injuries were rare (n = 11; 13%) and more often associated with other ligamentous injury (deltoid ligament and lateral ligamentous complex) and/or fractures. Regression modeling resulted in clustering of 3 injury pattern groups for time to return to full participation across numerous imaging findings: syndesmosis injury-fracture combinations (250 days [interquartile range [IQR,] 142-266 days]), syndesmosis injury with complete deep deltoid tear or acute diastasis (175 days [IQR, 20-248 days]), and all other syndesmosis injuries (27 days [IQR, 18-46 days]). CONCLUSION: In NFL athletes with external rotation ankle injuries, isolated distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injuries were rare and more often associated with concomitant pathology. Time to return to full participation was affected by an associated fracture and complete deep deltoid ligament tear or diastasis but no other relevant MRI variables such as lateral ligament complex involvement or the presence of osteochondral lesions or bone contusions.

Factors Associated with the Success and Timing of Orthopaedic Surgery Resident Research Thesis Project Publication.

Scholarship and research are important aspects of orthopaedic surgery training. Many orthopaedic surgery residency programs have developed dedicated research curricula, often culminating in a capstone thesis project with the intended goal of peer-reviewed publication. However, data on the success of these programs are scarce. The purpose of the current study was to determine the success rate and time to publication of resident research thesis projects at our own institution while evaluating factors associated with these outcomes. Methods: Resident research thesis projects performed over the past 15 years were aggregated and reviewed. Additional data regarding the projects and former trainees who performed them were collected using public resources which included measures of current academic aptitude (i.e., H-index and number of publications) as well as project and publication characteristics. Cox and linear regression analyses were conducted to assess the relation between numerous predictor variables and the success and time to publication. All analyses were conducted at the 95% confidence interval (CI) level. Results: Sixty-eight (n = 68; 83%) resident research thesis projects were published an average of 2,582.8 days, or roughly 7 years from the start of their residency training. Graduate adjusted H-index was associated with increased success and decreased time to publication (hazard ratio 1.183 [95% CI: 1.059-1.322], p = 0.003). A lower journal impact factor was associated with taking significantly shorter time to reach publication (F(1,66) = 7.839, p = 0.007; Β1 = 146.45, p = 0.007). Study type (clinical vs. laboratory), posttraining practice setting (academic vs. private), and whether the research topic was within the same area of the trainee's matched fellowship(s) did not predict publication success. Discussion/Conclusion: Over the past 15 years, 83% of orthopaedic resident research thesis projects at our institution were published. A higher adjusted H-index was associated with greater completion and faster timing to publication. A lower journal impact factor was also associated with quicker publication. These data highlight the publication metrics of a formalized resident research program and identify factors associated with success and timing of publication.

Orthopaedic Surgery Training and Education During COVID-19: A Systematic Review.

COVID-19 forced surgical resident training programs to adapt to meet educational requirements within the constraints of various guidelines. Some of the changes implemented during the pandemic have imparted a lasting effect on orthopaedic education. As such, the purpose of this article was to review how orthopaedic training and education were affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The published literature was queried using search strategies devised by a medical librarian, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies eligible for inclusion were studies related to COVID-19, orthopaedic surgical training, and medical education. Studies were excluded if they (1) were abstracts, conference proceedings, letters, perspective pieces, reviews, or editorials; (2) evaluated medical student education; (3) included other specialties; or (4) were unrelated to COVID-19 and/or orthopaedic training. Results: Eighty-three (n = 83) studies were included. Five themes emerged including (I) Fellowship Application, Interview, and Match Processes; (II) Social Media and Websites for Program Information; (III) Changes in Trainee Surgical Volume; (IV) Trainee Mental Health and Well-being; and (V) Innovations in Education. The pandemic decreased opportunities for medical students to gain exposure to orthopaedic surgery. Social media use, particularly Instagram, among orthopaedic residencies increased during the pandemic. Between the cancellation of away rotations and in-person interviews, applicants saved over $6,000; however, both residency applicants and interviewers preferred in-person interviews. The pandemic led to decreased surgical volume and in-person didactics for trainees, thus relying more on virtual learning. Orthopaedic trainees had mixed feelings regarding online virtual education. Although some respondents reported that they preferred the convenience of online learning, others expressed dissatisfaction with the quality of virtual education. Conclusions: The shift to virtual learning affected how applicants learned about residency programs, with many relying on virtual away rotations and social media to compare different programs. The pandemic also highlighted issues of diversity and accessibility within orthopaedic surgery, with cost savings from virtual interviews and canceled away rotations potentially benefiting applicants from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Although some innovative approaches and adaptations to orthopaedic education and training have shown promise and may continue to be used in the future after the COVID-19 pandemic, the role of others, such as virtual interviews, is less clear.