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Lymphangitis and the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) in the mesentery are features of Crohn's disease. Here, we examined the genesis of these TLOs and their impact on disease progression. Whole-mount and intravital imaging of the ileum and ileum-draining collecting lymphatic vessels (CLVs) draining to mesenteric lymph nodes from TNFΔARE mice, a model of ileitis, revealed TLO formation at valves of CLVs. TLOs obstructed cellular and molecular outflow from the gut and were sites of lymph leakage and backflow. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) neutralization begun at early stages of TLO formation restored lymph transport. However, robustly developed, chronic TLOs resisted regression and restoration of flow after TNF neutralization. TNF stimulation of cultured lymphatic endothelial cells reprogrammed responses to oscillatory shear stress, preventing the induction of valve-associated genes. Disrupted transport of immune cells, driven by loss of valve integrity and TLO formation, may contribute to the pathology of Crohn's disease.
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Doença de Crohn/imunologia , Células Endoteliais/imunologia , Íleo/imunologia , Linfa/metabolismo , Vasos Linfáticos/imunologia , Mesentério/imunologia , Estruturas Linfoides Terciárias/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Animais , Movimento Celular , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Ileíte , Linfangite , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Estresse MecânicoRESUMO
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been associated with several diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis. ApoE also has documented immunomodulatory functions. We investigated gene expression in circulating monocytes and in bone marrows of patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) living in an endemic area in Bihar, India, and contrasted these with control healthy subjects or other diagnostic bone marrows from individuals in the same region. Samples from VL patients were obtained prior to initiating treatment. Our study revealed significant upregulated expression of the apoE transcript in patients with VL. Furthermore, the levels of ApoE protein were elevated in serum samples of subjects with VL compared with healthy endemic controls. These observations may provide clues regarding the complex interactions between lipid metabolism and immunoregulation of infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Apolipoproteínas E , Leishmaniose Visceral , Monócitos , Regulação para Cima , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Medula Óssea , Índia/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/imunologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/sangue , Leishmaniose Visceral/parasitologia , Monócitos/imunologiaRESUMO
AIM: Bacterial consortia exhibiting plant growth promoting properties have emerged as a sustainable approach for crop improvement. As the main challenge associated with them is viability loss and performance under natural conditions, a robust approach for designing bioformulation is needed. In this study, an efficient bioformulation was developed using spontaneous mutants of three bacterial strains for growth promotion of Cajanus cajan. METHODS AND RESULTS: Optimization of additives for solid [carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and glycerol) and liquid [polysorbate, CMC, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)] bioformulations was done by Response Surface Methodology using Central Composite Design. The stability of each bioinoculant in the formulation was assessed at 30°C and 4°C. The efficiency of the liquid bioformulation was checked in planta in sterile, and subsequently in non-sterile, soil. The maximum cell count was observed in solid bioformulation with 0.1 g L-1 CMC and 50% glycerol (8.10 × 108, 3.69 × 108, and 7.39 × 108 for Priestia megaterium, Azotobacter chroococcum, and Pseudomonas sp. SK3, respectively) and in liquid bioformulation comprising 1% PVP, 0.1 g L-1 CMC, and 0.025% polysorbate (8 × 109, 3.8 × 109, and 6.82 × 109 for Priestia megaterium, Azotobacter chroococcum, and Pseudomonas sp. SK3, respectively). The bioinoculants showed a higher viability (6 months) at 4°C compared to 30°C. Triple culture consortia enhanced plant growth in comparison to the control. The strains could be detected in soil till 45 days after sowing. CONCLUSIONS: The study established a systematic process for developing a potent bioformulation to promote agricultural sustainability. Using mutant strains, the bioinoculants could be tracked. In planta assays revealed that the triple culture consortium out-performed mono and dual cultures in terms of impact on plant growth.
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Torsemide is a loop diuretic used to manage edema associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI). It acts by inhibiting sodium and chloride ions reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, thereby increasing urine output and reducing fluid accumulation. Compared to other diuretics, torsemide has an extended duration of action, higher bioavailability, and its elimination route is primarily through the hepatic route, making it effective in patients with CKD and AKI. Clinical studies indicate that torsemide can improve symptoms of fluid overload and potentially enhance renal function.
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Edema , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Inibidores de Simportadores de Cloreto de Sódio e Potássio , Torasemida , Humanos , Injúria Renal Aguda/complicações , Injúria Renal Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Edema/etiologia , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Simportadores de Cloreto de Sódio e Potássio/farmacologia , Inibidores de Simportadores de Cloreto de Sódio e Potássio/uso terapêutico , Torasemida/farmacologia , Torasemida/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The bis(azolium) salt [L1-H2 ]Br2 was found to serve as a suitable platform for accessing the heterobimetallic IrIII -M (M=PdII /AuI ) and PdII -IrIII complexes. Initially, selective mono-metalation of [L1-H2 ]Br2 yielded an orthometalated IrIII - or non-orthometalated PdII -complex. Sequential metalation of the mono-IrIII complex resulted in the formation of heterobimetallic IrIII -PdII /AuI complexes. Similarly, a distinct heterobimetallic PdII -IrIII complex was synthesized starting from the mono-PdII complex. Further, the corresponding homobimetallic IrIII -IrIII and PdII -PdII complexes were directly obtained from [L1-H2 ]Br2 . Additionally, monometallic PdII and IrIII analogues were synthesized from [L2-H]Br and [L3-H]Br, respectively. The heterobimetallic IrIII -PdII and PdII -IrIII complexes were then evaluated as catalysts in various one-pot tandem catalytic reactions in which they demonstrated superior activity than the mixtures of both their corresponding homobimetallic IrIII -IrIII /PdII -PdII and monometallic IrIII /PdII counterparts, under the constant concentrations of metal centers. Moreover, while comparing complexes IrIII -PdII and PdII -IrIII , the former exhibits higher activity in all the studied reactions. All these findings suggest the presence of some form of cooperativity between the two metal centers (Ir and Pd) connected by a single ligand framework in IrIII -PdII and PdII -IrIII complex, with IrIII -PdII displaying better cooperativity that has been validated by electrochemical, NMR, and DFT studies.
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The hydrogenation of nitro compounds to their corresponding amines is developed using a heterogeneous and recyclable catalyst (V2O5/TiO2) under irradiation of blue LED (9 W) at ambient temperature. Hydrazine hydrate is used as a reductant and ethanol is used as a solvent, facilitating green, sustainable, low-cost production. The synthesis of 32 (hetero)arylamines and their pharmaceutically relevant molecules (five) are described. Significant features of the protocol include catalyst recyclability, green solvent, ambient temperature, and gram-scale reactions. Among the other aspects studied are 1H-NMR-assisted reaction progress monitoring, control experiments for mechanistic studies, protocol applications, and recyclability studies. Furthermore, the developed protocol enabled wide functional group tolerance, chemo-selectivity, high yield, and low-cost, sustainable, and environmentally benign synthesis.
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To overcome the antibiotic resistance challenge, we synthesized a novel class of conjugates based on ciprofloxacin and avibactam, covalently linked by diverse amino acids. In vitro studies of these conjugates have shown improved antibacterial efficacy of avibactam when used alone against some ESKAPE pathogens, i.e., S. aureus, E. coli, and A. baumannii. Further, ceftazidime was screened in combination with all conjugates and found to be less synergistically effective than avibactam-ceftazidime co-dosing against K. pneumoniae and E. coli bacterial strains. Subsequently, the top-ranked active conjugates were investigated against the commercially available ß-lactamase-II (Penicillinase from Bacillus cereus) through in vitro studies. These studies elucidated two conjugates i.e, 9 (IC50 = 1.69±0.35 nM) and 24b (IC50 = 57.37±5.39 nM), which have higher inhibition profile than avibactam (IC50 = 141.08±12.20 nM). These outcomes allude to avibactam integration with ciprofloxacin is a novel and fruitful approach to discovering clinically valuable next-generation non-ß-lactam-ß-lactamase inhibitors.
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Ceftazidima , Inibidores de beta-Lactamases , Ceftazidima/farmacologia , Inibidores de beta-Lactamases/farmacologia , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Lactamas/farmacologia , Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus/metabolismo , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Compostos Azabicíclicos/farmacologia , Compostos Azabicíclicos/metabolismo , Combinação de Medicamentos , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) catalyses the reversible phosphoribosyl transfer from α-D-5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) to orotic acid (OA) to yield orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) during the de novo synthesis of nucleotides. Numerous studies have reported the inhibition of this reaction as a strategy to check diseases like tuberculosis, malaria and cancer. Insight into the inhibition of this reaction is, therefore, of urgent interest. In this study, we implemented a QM/MM framework on OPRT derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to obtain insights into the competitive binding of OA and OA-mimetic inhibitors by quantifying their interactions with OPRT. 4-Hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-2(1H) one showed the best inhibiting activity among the structurally similar OA-mimetic inhibitors, as quantified from the binding energetics. Our analysis of protein-ligand interactions unveiled the association of this inhibitory ligand with a strong network of hydrogen bonds, a large contribution of hydrophobic contacts, and bridging water molecules in the binding site. The ortho-substituted CH3 group in the compound resulted in a large population of π-electrons in the aromatic ring of this inhibitor, supporting the ligand binding further.
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Orotato Fosforribosiltransferase , Ácido Orótico , Ácido Orótico/metabolismo , Ligantes , Orotato Fosforribosiltransferase/química , Orotato Fosforribosiltransferase/metabolismo , Sítios de LigaçãoRESUMO
Amphiregulin (AREG), which acts as one of the ligands for epidermal receptor growth factor receptor (EGFR), plays a crucial role in tissue repair, inflammation, and immunity. AREG is synthesized as membrane-anchored pre-protein, and is excreted after proteolytic cleavage, and serves as an autocrine or paracrine factor. After engagement with the EGFR, AREG triggers a cascade of signaling events required for many cellular physiological processes including metabolism, cell cycle, and proliferation. Under different inflammatory and pathogenic conditions, AREG is expressed by various activated immune cells that orchestrate both tolerance and host resistance mechanisms. Several factors including xenobiotics, cytokines, and inflammatory lipids have been shown to trigger AREG gene expression and release. In this review, we discuss the structure, function, and regulation of AREG, its role in tissue repair, inflammation, and homeostasis as well as the potential of AREG as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Receptores ErbB , Transdução de Sinais , Anfirregulina/genética , Anfirregulina/metabolismo , Biomarcadores , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Humanos , Inflamação/genéticaRESUMO
Unfolded protein response (UPR) of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER) helps maintain proteostasis in the cell. The ability to mount an effective UPRER to external stress (iUPRER) decreases with age and is linked to the pathophysiology of multiple age-related disorders. Here, we show that a transient pharmacological ER stress, imposed early in development on Caenorhabditis elegans, enhances proteostasis, prevents iUPRER decline with age, and increases adult life span. Importantly, dietary restriction (DR), that has a conserved positive effect on life span, employs this mechanism of ER hormesis for longevity assurance. We found that only the IRE-1-XBP-1 branch of UPRER is required for the longevity effects, resulting in increased ER-associated degradation (ERAD) gene expression and degradation of ER resident proteins during DR. Further, both ER hormesis and DR protect against polyglutamine aggregation in an IRE-1-dependent manner. We show that the DR-specific FOXA transcription factor PHA-4 transcriptionally regulates the genes required for ER homeostasis and is required for ER preconditioning-induced life span extension. Finally, we show that ER hormesis improves proteostasis and viability in a mammalian cellular model of neurodegenerative disease. Together, our study identifies a mechanism by which DR offers its benefits and opens the possibility of using ER-targeted pharmacological interventions to mimic the prolongevity effects of DR.
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Restrição Calórica , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Longevidade , Resposta a Proteínas não Dobradas , Envelhecimento , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático , Homeostase , Longevidade/genéticaRESUMO
The discrete multinuclear AgI -NHC complexes [Agn (1)n )](X)n ; (n=3 or 4, X=BF4 , PF6 ), synthesized from a bis-NHC ligand 1 and AgI ions via multiligand self-assembly, were observed to be in equilibrium between two forms (tri- and tetranuclear) in solution on the NMR timescale, which is unprecedented in CNHC -donor based chemistry. The existence of both the species was confirmed by various studies such as NMR (1 H, VT, 2D-DOSY) and ESI-MS analysis along with concentration studies. Importantly, replacing AgI with other coinage metals (AuI and CuI ) was found to alter the phenomenon entirely: a slow exchange from the tetra- to trinuclear species was noticed for the AuI complexes (4 a, b), whereas no such process was detected in case of the CuI complexes (5 a, b).
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The present study examined the structure and dynamics of the most active and thermostable carbonic anhydrase, SazCA, probed using molecular dynamics simulations. The molecular system was described by widely used biological force-fields (AMBER, CHARMM22, CHARMM36, and OPLS-AA) in conjunction with TIP3P water model. The comparison of molecular dynamics simulation results suggested AMBER to be a suitable choice to describe the structure and dynamics of SazCA. In addition to this, we also addressed the effect of temperature on the stability of SazCA. We performed molecular dynamics simulations at 313, 333, 353, 373, and 393 K to study the relationship between thermostability and flexibility in SazCA. The amino acid residues VAL98, ASN99, GLY100, LYS101, GLU145, and HIS207 were identified as the most flexible residues from root-mean-square fluctuations. The salt bridge analysis showed that ion-pairs ASP113-LYS81, ASP115-LYS81, ASP115-LYS114, GLU144-LYS143, and GLU144-LYS206, were responsible for the compromised thermal stability of SazCA.
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Proteínas de Bactérias , Anidrases Carbônicas , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Domínios Proteicos/fisiologia , Bactérias/enzimologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Anidrases Carbônicas/química , Anidrases Carbônicas/metabolismo , Estabilidade Proteica , TemperaturaRESUMO
The fight against infectious diseases often focuses on epidemics and pandemics, which demand urgent resources and command attention from the health authorities and media. However, the vast majority of deaths caused by infectious diseases occur in endemic zones, particularly in developing countries, placing a disproportionate burden on underfunded health systems and often requiring international interventions. The provision of vaccines and other biologics is hampered not only by the high cost and limited scalability of traditional manufacturing platforms based on microbial and animal cells, but also by challenges caused by distribution and storage, particularly in regions without a complete cold chain. In this review article, we consider the potential of molecular farming to address the challenges of endemic and re-emerging diseases, focusing on edible plants for the development of oral drugs. Key recent developments in this field include successful clinical trials based on orally delivered dried leaves of Artemisia annua against malarial parasite strains resistant to artemisinin combination therapy, the ability to produce clinical-grade protein drugs in leaves to treat infectious diseases and the long-term storage of protein drugs in dried leaves at ambient temperatures. Recent FDA approval of the first orally delivered protein drug encapsulated in plant cells to treat peanut allergy has opened the door for the development of affordable oral drugs that can be manufactured and distributed in remote areas without cold storage infrastructure and that eliminate the need for expensive purification steps and sterile delivery by injection.
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Artemisia annua , Doenças Transmissíveis , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Animais , Humanos , Agricultura Molecular , Plantas ComestíveisRESUMO
Infectious diseases, also known as transmissible or communicable diseases, are caused by pathogens or parasites that spread in communities by direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated materials, through droplets and aerosols, or via vectors such as insects. Such diseases cause Ë17% of all human deaths and their management and control places an immense burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Traditional approaches for the prevention and control of infectious diseases include vaccination programmes, hygiene measures and drugs that suppress the pathogen, treat the disease symptoms or attenuate aggressive reactions of the host immune system. The provision of vaccines and biologic drugs such as antibodies is hampered by the high cost and limited scalability of traditional manufacturing platforms based on microbial and animal cells, particularly in developing countries where infectious diseases are prevalent and poorly controlled. Molecular farming, which uses plants for protein expression, is a promising strategy to address the drawbacks of current manufacturing platforms. In this review article, we consider the potential of molecular farming to address healthcare demands for the most prevalent and important epidemic and pandemic diseases, focussing on recent outbreaks of high-mortality coronavirus infections and diseases that disproportionately affect the developing world.
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COVID-19 , Doenças Transmissíveis , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Humanos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Inspired by the recent experimental reports on boron containing compounds to be active and biomimetic for carbon capture, we report the mechanistic details of CO2 hydration activities of boronic acids using density functional theory calculations. Four boronic acids were analyzed, viz., [3-methyl-6-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]boronic acid, 3-aminophenylboronic acid, 2,6-dibromophenylboronic acid and 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid. Free energy landscapes were developed for the hydration reaction. 2,6-Dibromophenylboronic acid showed the highest turnover frequency. Computational NMR and FTIR spectra for various intermediates of the reaction were analyzed and compared with experimental spectra. The energetics as well as the spectral analyses confirmed the biomimetic mechanism for CO2 hydration over all the boronic acid catalysts under investigation.
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Pesticides are globally used to eliminate pests from crops and plants. The increased use of pesticides has posed a serious threat to human health. This study evaluates the effects of pesticide exposure on pregnancy outcomes in tea garden workers (TGW). The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in the maternal blood, placenta, and cord blood of TGW and housewives (HWs). The placental structure and expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α were also analyzed in TGW and HW groups delivering low birth weight (LBW) and normal birth weight (NBW) babies. A significantly decreased AChE activity was observed in maternal blood and cord blood in TGW as compared with HW in the LBW group. However, it did not change significantly in the NBW group (p < .05). The adjusted regression analysis of birth outcomes (birth weight, head circumference, infant's length, and ponderal index) revealed a significant and positive association with the levels of AChE activity in maternal blood, placenta, and cord blood in TGW (p < .05). The histological analysis showed significantly higher placental syncytial knots, chorangiosis, fibrinoid deposition, necrosis, and stromal fibrosis in the LBW group of TGW. Microinfarction, increased fibrinoid deposition, and atypical villi characteristics, such as mushroom-like structures, were observed during scanning electron microscopy along with increased HIF-1α expression in placental tissues of TGW exposed to pesticides. Results suggest that occupational pesticide exposure during pregnancy may decrease AChE activity and cause in utero pathological changes accompanied by an increased HIF-1α expression, which also contributes to placental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction.
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Acetilcolinesterase/sangue , Exposição Materna/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Placenta/metabolismo , Chá , Adulto , Feminino , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/sangue , Humanos , Masculino , Placenta/patologia , GravidezRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The microalga Parachlorella kessleri-I produces high biomass and lipid content that could be suitable for producing economically viable biofuel at a commercial scale. Sequencing the complete chloroplast genome is crucial for the construction of a species-specific chloroplast transformation vector. METHODS: In this study, the complete chloroplast genome sequence (cpDNA) of P. kessleri-I was assembled; annotated and genetic transformation of the chloroplast was optimized. For the chloroplast transformation, we have tested two antibiotic resistance makers, aminoglycoside adenine transferase (aadA) gene and Sh-ble gene conferring resistance to spectinomycin and zeocin, respectively. Transgene integration and homoplasty determination were confirmed using PCR, Southern blot and Droplet Digital PCR. RESULTS: The chloroplast genome (109,642 bp) exhibited a quadripartite structure with two reverse repeat regions (IRA and IRB), a long single copy (LSC), and a small single copy (SSC) region. The genome encodes 116 genes, with 80 protein-coding genes, 32 tRNAs and 4 rRNAs. The cpDNA provided essential information like codons, UTRs and flank sequences for homologous recombination to make a species-specific vector that facilitated the transformation of P. kessleri-I chloroplast. The transgenic algal colonies were retrieved on a TAP medium containing 400 mg. L-1 spectinomycin, but no transgenic was recovered on the zeocin-supplemented medium. PCR and Southern blot analysis ascertained the transgene integration into the chloroplast genome, via homologous recombination. The chloroplast genome copy number in wildtype and transgenic P. kessleri-I was determined using Droplet Digital PCR. CONCLUSION: The optimization of stable chloroplast transformation in marine alga P. kessleri-I should open a gateway for directly engineering the strain for carbon concentration mechanisms to fix more CO2, improving the photosynthetic efficiency and reducing the overall biofuels production cost.
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AIM: This study was aimed to evaluate the association of maternal determinants with birth weight (BW) of babies in tea garden workers (TGW) and housewives (HW). METHODS: A total of 175 subjects were recruited from Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, India. In this cross-sectional study, maternal determinants, BW of babies and placental weight were explored in TGW (n = 102) and HW (n = 73). These factors were assessed and correlated by logistic regression models. RESULTS: A higher incidence of low birth weight (LBW) was found in mothers working in the tea garden (48.04%) as compared to HW (10.96%). Activity of plucking of leaves in tea garden by women had a higher risk for LBW babies (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] 4.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38-13.57, P = 0.012) and decreased placental weight (AOR 11.42, 95% CI 1.18-126.02, P = 0.036) as compared to HW considered as reference group. Women who worked continuously in the tea garden during 9 months of pregnancy also revealed an elevated risk for LBW (AOR 5.32, 95% CI 1.34-21.09, P = 0.017). CONCLUSION: This study suggests the activity of plucking of tea leaves by women is associated with LBW of babies and decreased placental weight. Particularly, if mothers worked continuously in the tea garden during 9 months of pregnancy, it also increased the risk of delivering LBW babies. This exploratory study provides an important platform for further prospective studies, which could be focused on the potential consequences of maternal occupational exposures during pregnancy on fetal development.
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Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Fazendeiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Placenta/patologia , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , População Rural , Chá , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are considered as a pro inflammatory and interleukin-10 (IL-10) anti inflammatory have been shown to predict the risk of incident of coronary artery disease (CAD). The polymorphism at promoter of TNF-α and IL-10 has been shown to increase transcriptional activity of the gene and play a important role in patho physiology of CAD. Aim of present study is to examine the impact of the TNF-α and IL-10 variant allele on various markers of the CAD and to study its relation with circulating TNF-α and IL-10 levels. METHODS: The -308 G/A & -238 G/A of TNF-α and -1082 G/A & -819 C/T of IL-10 gene polymorphism has been studied in 301 diagnosed CAD subjects (Age 51.50⯱â¯9.28; BMI 25.30⯱â¯3.58) and 305 healthy controls (Age 51.57⯱â¯9.50; BMI 24.06⯱â¯7.26). These polymorphism of TNF-α and IL-10 were detected by real time PCR by using Taqman SNP genotyping assay. Furthermore serum TNF-alpha and IL-10 levels were also measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Allelic and genotypic frequencies did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the controls (pâ¯>â¯0.05). On allele contrast, significant association with susceptibility to CAD was detected with polymorphisms in TNF-α -308 G/A, that variant genotype GAâ¯+â¯AA (dominant model) (pâ¯=â¯0.030: ORâ¯=â¯1.61: 95% CIâ¯=â¯1.06-2.44) and variant allele (A) (pâ¯=â¯0.006: ORâ¯=â¯1.71: 95% CIâ¯=â¯1.17-2.51) of TNF-α 308 G/A gene was significant highly observed in the cases as compared to control group. Furthermore, variant genotype CTâ¯+â¯TT (dominant model) (pâ¯=â¯0.004: ORâ¯=â¯1.62: 95% CIâ¯=â¯1.17-2.24) and variant allele (T) (pâ¯<â¯0.001: ORâ¯=â¯1.49: 95% CIâ¯=â¯1.17-1.89) of IL-10 -819 C/T gene was significant highly observed in the cases as compared to control group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the TNF-α G-308A polymorphism independently associated with DBP, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, TNF-α and IL-10 levels which may be leads to the development of coronary artery disease of North Indians.
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Povo Asiático/genética , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Interleucina-10/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Alelos , Biomarcadores , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Frequência do Gene/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Índia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genéticaRESUMO
Aim: This study was conducted to clinically evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as a method of reducing pain reported by patients after placement of their first orthodontic archwires. Materials and methods: A sample of 10 patients with an age group of 12 to 26 years with moderate-to-severe anterior crowding was selected. Each patient was assigned to an experimental group (left quadrant with laser therapy) and a control group (right quadrant with no laser therapy). Low-level laser therapy was given immediately after the placement of initial archwire. All patients were instructed to fill up a survey form at home over the next 7 days. Results: The results revealed that the average onset of pain in the experimental group (16.10 hours) was significantly reduced when compared with the control group (3.10 hours). The most painful day was similar for both the groups. The pain ceased much sooner in the experimental group than in the control group. The intensity of pain was lesser in the experimental group when compared with the control group. Conclusion: Low-level laser therapy was an effective and noninvasive method for controlling pain in orthodontic patients after receiving their first archwires. The duration and intensity of pain reduced with the application of LLLT Clinical significance: Pain reduction during orthodontic procedures. Keywords: Low-level laser therapy, Nickel-titanium wires, Orthodontic pain.