The Effects of Castration and Sex Hormone Administration on Lactic and Malic Dehydrogenase Activities in the Testis and the Prostate Tissues of Male Rabbits / 대한비뇨기과학회지

As a process to study the mechanism of steroid hormones at the molecular level,the activities of lactic dehydrogenase (L.D.) and malic dehydrogenase (M.D.),NAD-linked transhydrogenases, were measured in the testis and the prostate. Ahundred male rabbits were divided into ten group as follows: Group 1: Control Group 2: Estrogen (6,000 units) injected Group 3: Androgen (1,200 unite)injected Group 4: Progesterone (1,200 units) injected Group 5: Hydrocortisone(30 mg) injected Group 6: DOCA (6 mg) injected Group 7: Castration control Group8: Castration and estrogen (6, OOO units) injected Group 9: Castration and androgen (1,200 units) injected Group 10: Castration and progesterone (1,200units) injected Changes in the activities of lactic dehydrogenase and malic dehydrogenase in theorganic tissues by exogenous steroid hormones were carefullyobserved. The lactic dehydrogenase activities were measured by the method of Wroblewski and La Due, and malic dehydrogenase activities by the Bodansky's modification of Porter's method. The results are as follows: 1) The control valueof L.D. activities in the testicular tissue of normal rabbits proved to be 89,400units per ram. The L.D. activities showed an increase up to 110.4 per cent in theestrogen injected group, 179.3 per cent in the androgen injected group and 147.0 per cent in the progesterone injected group, while the administration of hydrocortisone and DOCA decreased the value down to 85.2 per cent and 81.5 per cent, respectively. 2) The control value of M.D. activities in the testicular tissue of the normal rabbits was 23,600 units per gram. The M.D. activities showed an increase upto 111.4 per cent in the estrogen injected group. 191.1 per cent in the androgen injected group, and 156.8 per cent in the progesterone injected group, while the administration of hydrocortisone and DOCA decreased the value down to 85.2 per cent and 81.5 per cent, respectively. 3) In the prostate tissues of non-castrated rabbits, the L.D. activities were estimated normally to be 48,100 units per gram. The administration of sex hormone resulted in raising the activities upto 101.8 per cent in the estrogen injected group, 196.9 per cent in the androgen injected group and 153.9 per cent in the progesterone injected group. But the administration of hydrocortisone and DOCA decreased the value down to 92.5 per cent and 97.1 per cent, respectively. 4) In the prostate tissue of non-castrated rabbits, the control value of M.D. activities proved to be 14,600 unite per gram. The M.D. activities showed an increase upto 117.8 per cent in the estrogen injected group, 206.8 per cent in the androgen injected group and, 176.7 per cent in the progesterone injected group, while the administration of hydrocortisone and DOCA decreased the value down to 81.9 per cent and 95.2 per cent, respectively. 5) The prostatic L.D. activities were decreased to half the normal two weeks after castration. The administration of sex hormones (i.e., estrogen, androgen and progesterone) acted inclusively upon elevating the level f activities. Androgen, in general, was the most effective to restore the activity to the level of pre-castrated state. 6) The prostatic M.D. activities were also decreased to half the normal two weeks after castration. The administration of sex hormones acted inclusively upon elevating the level ofthe activities. Androgen had a remarkable effect in elevating the M.D. activities, which showed twice the precastration level. In this study, it is concluded that L.D. and M.D. activities are present in the testis and the prostate. They are induced and activated by the administration of sex hormones, of which androgen has the most remarkable effect, and estrogen and progesteronehave less effect, while hydrocortisone and DOCA are ineffective in some cases orinhibitory in others.

A Study on Incidence of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy and Prostatic Carcinoma in Korean / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A statistical observation was made on B.P.H. and prostatic carcinoma of the out-patients and in-patients in the Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital during the period January. 1956 through December, 1965 and the following results were obtained. I. Out-patients. 1) During the period, 17,992 male cases seen at our Out-Patient Department, there were 74 cases of B.P.H. and 19 cases of carcinoma, giving a rate of 0.41% and 0. 11%, respectively. 2) Among 846 cases(4.70%) of 50 year old or more, there were 73 cases of B.P.K and 16 cases of carcinoma with a rate of 8.62% and 1.89%, respectively 3) A gradual tendency of annual increase of the cases is observed. 4) Of the cases of B.P.H., 26 cases or 35,1% were observed in 7th decade, the highest, with average of 66 years. Of the cases of carcinoma, 7 cases or 36.8% were observed in 7th decade, the highest with average of 58 years. II. In-patients. 1) During the period, 1,070 male cases hospitalized, there were 11 cases of B.P.H. and 20 cases of carcinoma, giving a rate of 3.83% and 1.87%, respectively. 2) Among 258 cases (21.11%) of 50 year old or more, there were 41 cases of B.P.K and 17 cases of carcinoma with a rate of 15.50% and 6.55%, respectively. 3) A gradual tendency of annual increase of the cases is observed. 4) Of the cases of B.P.H., 19 cases or 46.4% were observed in 7tk and 8th decades, respectively. with average of 68.7 years. Of the cases of carcinoma. 9 cases or 45.0% were observed in 8th decade with average of 57.5 years.

A Clinical Study on Examination of Tubercle Bacilli in Renal Tuberculosis / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Comparative studies were performed between discovery of tubercle bacilli from prenephrectomy bladder urine and other clinical tests as performed on all 19 patients with renal tuberculosis who had been admitted to the Department of Urology at Seoul National University Hospital for the period of April 1958 hrough February 1959. The results in this study were summarized as follows: 1. Modes of antituberculosis medications prior to admission on these patients were as follow: SM only, 4 cases; combined use of SM and PAS, a cases; SM, PAS and INHcombined, 1 cases; unknown, 4 cases, and not used in 3 cases. 2. Durations of antituberculosis medications were as follow: Less one month, 4 cases, less than 6 months, 7 cases; over 6 months, 1 case; unknown, 4 cases, and not used in 3 cases. 3. Positivity rate for microscopic examination was 79% on prenephrectomy bladder urine and when two cases who also developed prostatic tuberculosis were excluded the positivity rate was 76% 4. Discovery of tubercle bacilli was not easy even on urine specimen which showed much protein and many white blood cells. 5. Cases which did not reveal tubercle bacilli on microscopic examination from caseous material of tuberculous renal cavity again showed microscopical negativity from prenephrectomy bladder urine. 6. The presence of the severe lesion of bladder wall was not related with ease with which tubercle bacilli being found from prenephrectomy bladder uriue. 7. Adverse effect was to be foundfrom antituberculosis medication as to the tubercle bacilli on prenephrectomy urine. Cases who had used antituberculosis drugs for less than one month showed high positivity rate equal to the cases who never did. 8. It was deemed unnecessary to stop using antituberculosis medication of less than two months' duration in order to discover tubercle bacilli on prenephrectomy bladder urine. 9.Inability to discover tubercle bacilli on prenephrectomy bladder urine was not wholly due to the previous use of antituberculosis drugs and to raise the positivity rate repeated examination would be indicated.

Studies on Cultivation and Drug-Resistance of Tubercle Bacilli Isolated from Renal Tuberculosis / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Author performed clinical studies at random on 19 patients with renal tuberculosis who were admitted for the period of April 1958 through February 1959 to Department of Urology at Seoul National University Hospital as to tuberculosis bacterial cultures and their resistance tests using pre- and postnephrectomy urine and diseased tissue itself. The results in this study were summarized as follows: 1. All except one case had received antituberculosis medication for not more than 6 months. 2. To all cases beginning at the time of admission preoperation medications consisting of SM 1.0 gm, PAS 12gm, and INH 300mg, and these regimen were given throughout study. 3. The culture positivity rates were 79% in prenephrectomy bladder urine. 90% in caseous material from diseased renal cavity and 44% in postnephrectomy bladder urine. The lower were the culture positivity rate in prenephrectomy bladder urine, the longer the preceding period of antituberculosis drugs given. Culture positivity rate of caseous material from diseased renal cavity, however, was persistently high irrespective of the length of the antituberculosis medication and the culture positivity rate of postnephrectomy bladder urine appeared to be dependent more on the presence or absence of the remaining renal tuberculosis rather than on the period of antituberculosis medication. 5. From the repeated culture of prenephrectomy bladder urine over short period of time, in the same individual results were rather inconstant and this seemed to be independent upon the use of antituberculosis drugs. 6. Cultural studies on urine and diseased renal tissue yielded the same results whether it was checked on the day of specimen collection or after less than 7 day's refrigerated storage. 7. While doing cultural studies from prenephrectomy bladder urine on patients who received antituberculosis drugs one case was found to need more than two months to grow and this trend seemed to be more so in cases of cultures from diseased renal tissues. 8. Resistance was shown as to SM in 9 cases out of 10 cases on whom prenephrectomy bladder urines were checked, in 5 out of 6 cases on whom tuberculosis culturers were done from diseased renal caseous tissues and in 2 cases out of each group possessed resistance to PAS as well. 9. Resistance to SM was to be easily acquired and afterward the degree of resistance seemed to increase rapidly from the use of SM of short duration. 10. Cases with positive microscopic finding and negative cultures were seen only in prenephrectomy bladder urine and this fact was thought not to be specifically related to the antituberculosis treatment. 11. Cases with negative microscopic finding and positive cultures were seen in patient who received only long antituberculosis treatment and these were characterized by small number of colonies. 12. The appearance of resistant strain was found not to be specifically related with the status of microscopical finding on prenephrectomy bladder urine nor with cultural studies on the same specimen.

Evaluation of Renal Function before and/or after Operation Using 99mTc-DTPA Renal Scan / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Radioactive chelate such as 99mTechnetium-diethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) is an excellent renal imaging agent which is not metabolized and is excreted exclusively in the urine by glomerular filtration. In addition to defining the gross structure and function of the collecting system, the 99mTc-DTPA dynamic renal scan permits evaluation of early renal perfusion, regional glomerular function and gross renal structure. Twenty cases were studied with 99mTc-DTPA renal scan before and/or after urological surgery in order to evaluate their renal function. Of 20 cases, 5 cases were described precisely. The 99mTc-DTPA dynamic renal scan is a sensitive examination for determining the surgical approach method and predicting renal salvageability. It is also helpful as a follow-up method of postoperative recovery of renal function.

Evaluation of Renal Function before and/or after Operation Using 99mTc-DTPA Renal Scan / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Radioactive chelate such as 99mTechnetium-diethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) is an excellent renal imaging agent which is not metabolized and is excreted exclusively in the urine by glomerular filtration. In addition to defining the gross structure and function of the collecting system, the 99mTc-DTPA dynamic renal scan permits evaluation of early renal perfusion, regional glomerular function and gross renal structure. Twenty cases were studied with 99mTc-DTPA renal scan before and/or after urological surgery in order to evaluate their renal function. Of 20 cases, 5 cases were described precisely. The 99mTc-DTPA dynamic renal scan is a sensitive examination for determining the surgical approach method and predicting renal salvageability. It is also helpful as a follow-up method of postoperative recovery of renal function.

Single Catheterization and Urinary Tract Infection in Normal Bladder / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Urethral catheterization has become a more common clinical procedure. Many investigators claim that high incidence of infection is encountered in urethral catheterization, while others have underestimated the incidence. In this study an attempt has been made to clarify the degree, pathogens and frequency of urinary tract infection following a single catheterization in normal and uninfected bladder of 30 inpatients without urological symptoms. No antibiotics or sulfa-drugs were used prior to admission or during this study. Urine for quantitative culture was collected by aseptic catheterization and self-voided mid-stream urine obtained 24 and 48 hours following catheterization for colony count. If necessary, urine was also collected after 7 days. Colony count over 10.000 per ml. was defined as bacteriuria and over 100,000 per ml. as significant bacteriuria. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1) Of 30 cases, bacteriuria was observed in 7 (23.3%). Escherichia coli in 3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 1. Staphylococcus+ Diphtheroids in 2 and Streptococcus fecalis in 1. This includes Escherichia coli over 100,000 per ml. and significant urinary symptoms. 2) A single aseptic catheterization might lead to bacteriuria and a focus of urinary tract infection.

Ectopic Ureter Associated with Congenital Hypoplasia of the Kidney / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A 14-year old girl presented with urinary incontinence along with normally secured voluntary voiding. Careful physical examination revealed leakage of urine through a small opening near the vestibule, ventral to the urethral meatus. Cystoscopically, the right ureteral orifice was absent but otherwise normal. Nonfunctioning right kidney was found on excretory urography. A #4 ureteral catheter was inserted into the ectopic opening as high as 10cm, and the retrograde pyelogram showed dilated right ureter ending blindly at the level of lumber vertebra II with stricture at the level of the tip of the catheter. After the right nephroureterectomy, she became dry and was discharged on the 12th postoperative day. The removed kidney weighed only 8 Gm. and pathological diagnosis was congenital hypoplasia of the right kidney with ectopic ureteral opening.

Clinical Observation on the Bladder Neck Obstruction Treated with Transurethral Resection / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A clinical observation was made on twenty cases, 18 males and 2 females, haying transurethral resection for the bladder neck obstructions in the Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital during the period September, l967 through August 1968. And the following results were Obtained: 1. Diseases necessitating T.U.R. were bladder neck contracture; 10 cases, benign prostatic hyperplasia; 9 cases and adenocarcinoma of the prostate; 1 case. 2. Age distribution ranged from 29 years to 83 years with the average of 59.4 years. 10 cases or 50% were in the age group of 60-79. 3. Dysuria which occurredin 14 cases (70 %) is the most common initial disturbance. The other common manifestations were hesitancy, frequency, acute urinary retention, nocturia and emal1 urinary stream as in order. 4. There was no operative complication in all but in 2 cases of hemorrhage which required multiple transfusions and one case ofurinary retention. 5. Postoperative results 1 to 2 weeks after T.U.R, were excellent' in 13, "fair" or "improved" in 4 "poor" in 3.

Studies of Various Salt Administrations on Changes in Blood pH and Serum Electrolytes of Rabbit / 대한비뇨기과학회지

The present study is an attempt to delineate the effect of various salt administrations on the changes of blood pH and electrolytes, especially the nature of serum calcium, total and ionic, and serum magnesium. Thirty five male rabbits weighing 1.9 to 2. 5kg were used in this experiment. At the end of the three days diet adjustment period, the animals were divided into seven groups; Group I; Control, Group II; Ammonium chloride oral administration, Group III; Oral administration of sodium bicarbonate, Group IV; Potassium chloride intraveneous injection, Group V; Sodium chloride intravenous injection, Group VI; Calcium chloride intravenous injection, and Group VII; Magnesium chloride intravenous injection. The blood pH was determined by the method by Astrup and bicarbonate in serum by the method of Van Slyke and Neill. Sodium and potassium in serum were determined with an EEL flame photometer. Chloride was determined by the method of Schales and Schales and inorganic phosphorous by the method of Fiske and Subbarrow. Serum total calcium and magnesium were determined according to the method of chelometric titration with Eriochrome blue S.E. Serum ionic calcium was determined by the method of Yanagisawa. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The oral administration of ammonium chloride produced a significant decrease in blood pH. The serum concentrations of bicarbonate, magnesium and potassium were steadily decreased, but serum chloride, serum total and ionic calcium concentrations were increased through the experiment. 2. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion increased the concentration of bicarbonate, magnesium and serum ionic calcium markedly and serum ionic calcium slightly. The blood pH was significantly increased but serum chloride concentration was markedly reduced after ingestion of sodium bicarbonate However, serum potassium and inorganic phosphorus concentrations were decreased slightly. 3. The blood pH was dropped in the first two hours of intravenous injection of potassium chloride and tended to rise again significantly. the concentration of sodium and chloride in serum was increased markedly in two hours of injection but reduced after six hours to control level. Serum phosphorus, total and ionic calcium were reduced steadily, but serum concentration of magnesium, potassium and bicarbonate concentrations were slightly increased through the experiment 4. After sodium chloride was given, intravenously, there was a sustained increase in the concentration of serum sodium, potassium, phosphorus and bicarbonate but the blood pH was decreased in the first two hours and significantly elevated through the experiment. The serum concentration of chloride, magnesium, total and ionic calcium was decreased slightly. 5. B100d pH was slightly increased and the concentration of chloride was elevated sharply after injection of calcium chloride intravenously in the first two hours and come to control level in twenty-four hours. Serum sodium concentration was elevated steadily through the experiment. The concentration of total and ionic calcium in serum was elevated after injection but come to control level in twenty four hours of injection. Serum potassium and magnesium concentrations were decreased slightly in the first two hours and increased in four hours of injection. 6. Magnesium chloride intravenous injection produced a decrease in blood pH and serum concentration of bicarbonate in the first few hours and increase after 6 hours of injection. Serum magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus levels were increased after injection but the concentration of inorganic phosphrous was decreased markedly in twenty four hours of injection. Serum concentration of chloride, ionic calcium and potassium wag markedly reduced.

Effect of Castration and Sex Hormone Administration on Water and Electrolyte Distribution in Kidney, Smell Intestine and Lung of Male Rabbit / 대한비뇨기과학회지

One hundred and twenty male rabbits were divided into 8 groups in order to studythe effect of castration and sex hormone administration on water and electrolytesdistribution in kidney, small intestine and lung tissue as follows:Group 1: control (non castrated)Group 2: estrogen injectedGroup 3: androgen injectedGroup 4: progesterone injectedGroup 5: castration control (castrated)Group 6: estrogen injected and castrationGroup 7: androgen injected and castrationGroup 8: progesterone injected and castrationFourteen days after castration, each rabbit in groups 6, 7 and 8 was administeredwith 2,000 units of estrogen, 400 units of androgen and 400 units of progesteronddaily for 3 days consecutively. Three days after the final injection, they weresacrificed by means of cardiac puncture. Immediately after sacrificing the animals, kidney, lung and small intestine were removed to determine the contentsof tissue water. Na, K and Cl. Water content was determined by drying method in 1O0 degrees C oven until the weight remained constant. Na and K in serum and tissue wereanalyzed with Baird flame photometer using lithium nitrate as internal standard.Serum Cl was analyzed by the method of Schales and Schales and tissue Cl by theVan Slyke's. The conclusion is as follows: 1) In control rabbits (non castrated), serum concentration of Na and K was decreased while Cl concentration was increased after administration of estrogen, androgen and progesterone. 2) In castrated rabbits, serum concentration of Na was increased, while K was decreased. Na and K were decreased, while Cl was increased by the administration of sex hormone after castration. 3) In kidney tissue of non castrated rabbits, water content was slightly increased by the administration of sex hormone. The changes in concentration of Na, K, Cl. extracellular space and total Na + K were not significant, while K was increased remarkably in the progesterone group. Also the total Na + K [cell water (Na)] was remarkably increased as high as 47%. 4) In kidney tissue of castrated rabbits, water content and Na were increased, whereas K and Cl were decreased. The administration of sexhormone acted inclusively on the restoration of these levels to the precastration state. The androgen injection provided the most effective result. 5) In lung tissue of non castrated rabbits, Na and K were decreased by the administration of sex hormone. In the androgen group, a decrease of Na and K was most remarkable, Cl in the progesterone group, and Na space and total Na+K in the androgen group were decreased remarkably. 6) In lung tissue of castrated rabbits, water content was increased, and Na, K and Cl were all decreased. The administration of sex hormone acted inclusively on the restoration of these levels to the precastration state. In general, the androgen was most effective among hormones given. 7) In small intestine tissue of non castrated rabbits, Na, K and Cl were increased and also the extracellular space and total Na+K were inclusively increased. 8) In small intestine tissue of castrated rabbits, water content and K were increased while Na was decreased. The administration of sex hormone acted on the restoration to the precastration state in the water content and Na. The androgen was most effective among hormones given.

Statistical Observation on Congenital Anomalies of the Genito-urinary Tracts(1954-1964) / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A statistical observation was made on congenital anomalies of the genitourinary tract of the out-patients and in-patients in the Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital during the period January, 1954 through December, 1964 and the following results were obtained. I. Statistics on out-patients. 1) During the period, 17,177 cases(14,909 males and 2,268 females) seen at our out-patient Department, 262 cases (239 males, 23 females) had congenital anomalies of the genito-urinary tracts, giving a rate of 1.53%(male: 1.31 %, female: 0.22 %). 2) A gradual tendency of annual increase is observed. 3) Of 262 cases, 234 cases or 89.3 % were seen by us at the ages of 39 years or below, and 28 cases or 10.7% at the ages of 40 years or above. 4) Of the anomalies, 86 cases or 32.8 % were testicular, 77 cases or 29.3 % urethral, 54 cases or 20.6 % penile, and 1 case or 0.3% vesical, the lowest. 5) Hypospadia is observed in 31.6 % of all the anomalies, cryptorchidism in 23.6 % and congenital complete phimosis in 18.7 % II. Statistics on in-patients. 1) During the period, of 1,158 cases hospitalized (886 males, 272 females), 88 cases (76 males, 12 females) had congenital anomalies of the genito-urinary tracts, giving a rate of 7.6 % (male: 6.5%, female: 1.1%). 2) A gradual tendency of annual increase is observed. 3) Of 88 cases, 71 cases or 80.7% were seen by us at the ages of 29 years or below, and 17 cases or 19.3 % at the ages of 30 years or above. 4) Of the anomalies, 34 cases or 38.6 % were urethral, 25 cases or 28.5 % renal, 21 cases or 23.9 % testicular and 1 case or 1.1 % vesical, the lowest. 5) Hypospadia is observed in 37.5 % of all the anomalies, cryptorchidism in 23.6 % and nephroptosis in 15.9%.

Uretero-Ileo-Cutaneous Anastomosis for Urinary Diversion -6Year Experience in 52 Patients- / 대한비뇨기과학회지

The records of fifty two cases of the ileal conduit at the Seoul National University Hospital during a 6-year period from January 1, 1975 to December 31, 1980 were reviewed. 1. There were 42 males and 10 females (ratio of 4.2:1) ranged in age from 5 to 74 years with peak incidence in the 6th decade. 2. The most common indication of this procedure was bladder tumor and other indications were neurogenic bladder, bilateral ureteral stricture, genitourinary tuberculosis, actinomycosis, urethral stricture. urethral cancer and colon cancer. 3. Seventy seven percent of patients with abnormal renal function preoperatively improved postoperatively. 4. Operative mortality was 3.8%. Early complication included wound infection and disruption, sepsis, obstruction and urine leakage in ileoureteral junction, pneumonia, fecal leakage from ileoileal junction, postoperative acute renal failure, bleeding from ileal loop, and urethral bleeding. Late complication included intestinal obstruction, parastromal dermatitis, acute pyelonephritis, ureteral obstruction and incisional hernia. 5. Thirty three of 43 patients developed bacteriuria, 30.3% of the patients showed mixed infection and major causative organisms were Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, E. coli and Serratia.

Clinical Observation on the Non-calculous Obstruction at the Ureteropelvic Juncture / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A clinical observation was made on the obstruction at the ureteropelvic Juncture of the inpatient in the Department of Urology. Seoul National University Hospital during the period September, 1961 through August, 1968 and the following results were observed. 1. Of 1824 cases hospitalized, 33 cases werehydronephrosis of non-calculous origin. Among the 33 cages 10 were obstruction ofthe ureteropelvic juncture giving a rate of 30.3%. Age distribution ranged from 4to 48 years with average of 26 years. 2. As to the origin of the obstruction, 5 cases were due to aberrant vessel one congenital stricture one fibrous band and one fibrosis, respectively. The causes were unknown in 2 cases. 3. The most common complaints were pain on the involved site in 8 cases. Palpable mass, gastrointestinal trouble and general weakness were found in 6 cases. Loss of weight and pollakisuria were noted in 3 cases. Hypertension. hematuria, fever andedema were found respectively in one case. 4. All cases including two which showed non-function on IVP showed markedly dilated pelvis and marked narrowing ofthe ureteropelvic juncture. 5. Nephrectomy was performed in 5 cases, removal of aberrant vessel in 2, ureteroplasty in one and ureteral dilation with contralateral nephrectomy in 2.

Clinical Observation on the Renal Tumors / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A clinical observation was made on the renal tumors of the in-patients in the Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital during the period October, 1965 through September, 1967 and the following results were obtained. 1. During the period, of 300 cases (227 males and 73 females) hospitalized, 10 cases had tumors of the kidneys giving a rate of 3.3%. Among the 10 cases 7 cases were male and 3 cases were female with ratio of 2.3 to 1. 2. Age distribution ranged from 2 years to 67 years with average of 40 years. Of 10 cases, 5 cases or 50% were seen by us at the ages of 50 years or more. 3. Tumors involved right and left kidneys equally. 4. The most common complaints on admission were hematuria and pain followed by palpable mass. 5. Excretory urogram was taken in all patients. In 5 cases the diseased kidney was not visualized. Remaining 5 cases gave compression deformities compatible with renal tumor. 6. All patients underwent nephrectomy and two of them had postoperative x-ray irradiation. 7. Renal cell carcinoma is observed in 7 cases, Wilms' tumor in 2 cases and leiomyofibrolipoangioma, so called hamartoma, in 1 case.

Urinary Prostaglandin E in Female Urethral Syndrome / 대한비뇨기과학회지

The levels of prostaglandin E were studied in the urine of 25 female patients with irritative bladder symptoms but no evidence of organic disease or urinary infection (female urethral syndrome). Twenty five healthy women served as a control group. A significant elevation of prostaglandin E in the urine of patient with female urethral syndrome was demonstrated (by Wilcoxon rank sum test; z= -2.32, p<0.05). The results suggest that prostaglandins may be responsible for the lower urinary tract symptoms in the patients. The potential beneficial clinical effects of prostaglandin syntheses inhibitors in treatingthe severe discomfort associated with urethral syndrome need to be evaluated further.

Clinical Observation on the Bladder Tumor / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A clinical observation was made on the bladder tumors of the inpatients in the Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital during the period January. 1957 through June, 1967. During the period, of 1.836 cases (1,372 males and 464 females) hospitalized, 99 cases had bladder tumors, giving a rate of 5.3%. Among the 99 cases, 88 cases could be studied and the following results were obtained. 1. Among the 88 cases, 68 cases were male and 20 cases were female with ratio of 3.4 to 1. 2. Age distribution ranged from 22 years to 79 years, 70.5% of cases were in the age group of 4o~69. 3. Hematuria which occurred in 80 cases is the most common initial disturbance. The other common manifestations are frequency, dysuria and urinary retention as in order. 4. 54 cases or 61.5% of the cases visited to hospital within one year after the occurrence of initial disturbance. 5. 37.8% of the cases involved in the lateral wall, 30.7% in the posterior wall, 12.1% in the entire wall and 7.9% in the trigone. 6. As the methods of treatments, T.U.R. was performed 43 times, 29 time of electrocoagulation through suprapubic cystotomy and 12 times of partial resection of the bladder were done. 7. Among 88 cases, pathologic diagnosis was made in 72 cases. Transitional cell carcinoma is observed in 62 cases, adenocarcinoma in 4 cases, metastatic carcinoma in 3 cases and squamous cell carcinoma in 1 case. 8. 27 (30.7%) cases had had follow-up studies one or more times for 2 months to six and half years. At the first follow-up study 6 cases were tumor free and 21 cases had recurrent tumors.

A Clinical Observation on 112 Cases of Hypospadias / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A clinical observation was made on 112 cases of hypospadias which were treated at the Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital during the period June 1977 through May 1982. The results were as follows: 1. The ages were distributed from 7 months to 31 years and most of the cases (64.3%) was treated in the age group of less than 7 years. 2. Most of the types of hypospadias was penoscrotal type (43.8%). 3. Cryptorchism was the most frequent associated anomalies with 21 cases (18.8%). 4. The complication rate of other anomalies was greatest in the perineal type (81.8%). 5. Success rate of one-stage urethroplasty was 52.9%. 6. In two-stage operation, the first stage operation of 97 cases was successful except one of incomplete chordee release and the success rate of Thiersch-Duplay and Johanson second stage urethroplasty was 44.4% and 66.7% respectively. 7. As the urethral stent was used in the urethroplasty, the success rate of use of silastic tube was better than red rubber and feeding tube.

Statistical Observation on Patients In the Department of Urology In 1964 / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Statistical survey was made on out-patients and in-patients in the Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital during the period from January to December in 1964. Of 2,873 out-patients including 2,346 males and 527 females, 234 cases (171 males and 63 females) were hospitalized and various operations were performed on 195 occasions. The following tables are self-explanatory.

Free Water Clearance: A Clinical marker of Patients with Obstructive Uropathy / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Renal functional changes following relief of obstruction were investigated with a prospective aspect in a series of 15 postoperative patients using standard renal function measurements with emphasis on osmolar and free water clearance. Sequential measurements of free water clearance revealed earlier changes of postoperative renal function than that of standard renal function. The advantage of this measurement was in postoperative patients with adequate amount of urine output or diuresis. It may be helpful to the management of patients with obstructive uropathy and to early prediction of acute renal failure, especially in patients with post-obstructive diuresis.