Association of Dietary Patterns with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Mexican Adults: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study.

Dietary patterns (DPs) are an essential tool to analyze the relationship between diet and health as they have presented an association with the incidence of chronic non-communicable diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was the identification and characterization of DPs and their association with cardiovascular risk factors. For this purpose, a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in 165 Mexican adults, including dietary intakes derived from a validated food frequency questionnaire, clinical history, anthropometry, and biochemical biomarkers using standardized procedures for glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, and HDL-c. DPs were identified through principal component analysis and ordinal logistic regression was used to examine associations between DPs and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Three DPs were identified: Mexican Fast-Food, Variety-Food, and Healthy-Economic, with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity (78%). Having a high adherence to a Mexican Fast-Food pattern (OR 1.71 CI 1.4-2.8), being sedentary (OR 4.85 2.32-10.15) and smoking (0R 6.4 CI 2.40-16.9) increased the risk of having a high scale of risk factors (four or more risk factors simultaneously). In conclusion, the Mexican Fast-Food pattern showed an increase in the risk of having multiple risk factors, while a sedentary lifestyle and overeating were largely responsible for the prevalence of overweight and obesity in this group of Mexican adults.

Fiber Consumption Mediates Differences in Several Gut Microbes in a Subpopulation of Young Mexican Adults.

Diet is a determinant for bodyweight and gut microbiota composition. Changes in dietary patterns are useful for the prevention and management of overweight and obesity. We aim to evaluate diet behavior and its potential association with selected gut bacteria and body weight among Mexican young adults. Mexican college students aged between 18 and 25 (normal-weight, overweight, and obese) were recruited. Anthropometric variables were recorded. A validated food frequency questionnaire was applied to all the participants. The percentages of macronutrients, fiber, and energy were calculated, and fecal samples were analyzed by real-time-qPCR to quantify selected gut bacteria. All the participants showed an unbalanced dietary pattern. However, the consumption of fruits, non-fat cereals, and oils and fats without protein were higher in the normal-weight individuals. In the overweight/obese participants, fiber intake did not correlate with the microbial variables, while Kcal from protein and Clostridium leptum correlated positively with Lactobacillus. Similarly, Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale correlated with Akkermansia muciniphila. In the normal-weight participants, Clostridium leptum and Lactobacillus correlated positively with Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale and Bifidobacterium, respectively, and Bacteroidetes negatively with Akkermansia muciniphila. In conclusion, a higher fiber intake had a positive impact on body weight and bacterial gut composition in this Mexican population of college students.

Metabolomics unveils urinary changes in subjects with metabolic syndrome following 12-week nut consumption.

Through an HPLC-Q-TOF-MS-driven nontargeted metabolomics approach, we aimed to discriminate changes in the urinary metabolome of subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS), following 12 weeks of mixed nuts consumption (30 g/day), compared to sex- and age-matched individuals given a control diet. The urinary metabolome corresponding to the nut-enriched diet clearly clustered in a distinct group, and the multivariate data analysis discriminated relevant mass features in this separation. Metabolites corresponding to the discriminating ions (MS features) were then subjected to multiple tandem mass spectrometry experiments using LC-ITD-FT-MS, to confirm their putative identification. The metabolomics approach revealed 20 potential markers of nut intake, including fatty acid conjugated metabolites, phase II and microbial-derived phenolic metabolites, and serotonin metabolites. An increased excretion of serotonin metabolites was associated for the first time with nut consumption. Additionally, the detection of urinary markers of gut microbial and phase II metabolism of nut polyphenols confirmed the understanding of their bioavailability and bioactivity as a priority area of research in the determination of the health effects derived from nut consumption. The results confirmed how a nontargeted metabolomics strategy may help to access unexplored metabolic pathways impacted by diet, thereby raising prospects for new intervention targets.

IgG Anti-ghrelin Immune Complexes Are Increased in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Under Biologic Therapy and Are Related to Clinical and Metabolic Markers.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic alterations. The mechanisms underlying these alterations remain unclear. Ghrelin is a gastrointestinal hormone with potent effects on food intake, body weight, metabolism, and immune response. Recent studies reported the presence of anti-ghrelin autoantibodies in healthy subjects and the levels and affinity of these autoantibodies were altered in anorectic and obese individuals. In this cross-sectional study we analyzed anti-ghrelin autoantibodies in RA patients and evaluated its relationship with clinical, body-composition and metabolic parameters. Clinical measurements of RA patients included the disease activity score-28 (DAS-28), inflammatory biomarkers, autoantibodies (RF and anti-CCP), body composition, glucose and lipid profile. Serum ghrelin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Free and total anti-ghrelin autoantibodies quantification (IgG and IgA isotypes) was performed by in-house ELISA. RA patients had lower IgG anti-ghrelin autoantibodies levels and higher immune complexes percentage (IgG+ghrelin) compared to the control group, while the IgA anti-ghrelin autoantibodies showed no significant differences. In the bivariate analysis, the percentage of IgG anti-ghrelin immune complexes positively correlated with BMI and ghrelin whereas in the multivariate regression model, the variables associated were DAS-28, body weight, visceral fat, LDL-C and TG (R 2 = 0.72). The percentage of IgA anti-ghrelin immune complexes positively correlated with RF and anti-CCP and the multivariate regression model showed an association with RF and body fat percentage (R 2 = 0.22). Our study shows an increased percentage of IgG anti-ghrelin immune complexes in RA patients despite ghrelin levels were similar in both groups, suggesting an increase in the affinity of these autoantibodies toward ghrelin. The associations found in the multiple regression analysis for anti-ghrelin immune complexes support the previously reported functions of these natural autoantibodies as carriers and modulators of the stability and physiological effect of the hormone. However, in RA both the disease activity and the RF appear to influence the formation of these anti-ghrelin immune complexes.

Effects of green tea and its epigallocatechin (EGCG) content on body weight and fat mass in humans: a systematic review / Efectos del té verde y su contenido de galato de epigalocatequina (EGCG) sobre el peso corporal y la masa grasa en humanos. Una revisión sistemática.

The prevalence and incidence of overweight and obesity worldwide continues to increase, as well as diseases related to these conditions. This is attributed to an increase in energy intake and a decrease in energy expenditure. Consumption of green tea has been linked to a reduction in body fat and body weight. However, research on green tea has been very diverse. This review assesses the investigations that have been made with green tea and its epigallocatechin gallato (EGCG) content, evaluating its effect on body fat and body weight in humans. A search was made in the PubMed and Web of the Science databases that gave a first total result of 424 potential articles; 409 were excluded and 15 articles were used for this systematic review. Research has been very varied, however, daily consumption of green tea with doses of EGCG between 100 and 460 mg/day has shown greater effectiveness on body fat and body weight reduction in intervention periods of 12 weeks or more. In addition, the use of caffeine doses between 80 and 300 mg/day has been shown to be an important factor for this effects, when the participants did not have a high caffeine intake (> 300 mg/day) prior to the intervention.

La prevalencia e incidencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad continúan en aumento a nivel mundial, así como las enfermedades relacionadas con estas condiciones. Ello se atribuye a un incremento en la ingesta de energía y una disminución en el gasto de la misma. El consumo de té verde se ha relacionado con una reducción en la grasa y el peso corporal. Sin embargo, las investigaciones realizadas con el té verde han sido muy diversas. Esta revisión sistemática explora las investigaciones que se han realizado con té verde y su contenido de galato de epigalocatequina (EGCG) evaluando su efecto sobre la grasa y el peso corporal en humanos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science que dio como primer resultado un total de 424 artículos potenciales. Fueron excluidos 409, por lo que se utilizaron 15 artículos para esta revisión sistemática. Las investigaciones han sido muy diversas; sin embargo, el consumo diario de té verde con dosis de EGCG entre los 100 y los 460 mg/día ha mostrado mayor efectividad sobre la reducción de masa grasa y peso corporal en periodos de intervención de 12 semanas o más. Además, la utilización de dosis de cafeína entre 80 y 300 mg/día ha mostrado ser un factor de importancia para los efectos obtenidos, siempre y cuando los participantes no tuviesen previo a la intervención una ingesta habitual de cafeína alta (> 300 mg/día).

Inseguridad alimentaria y vulnerabilidad alimentaria en comunidades: una revisión sistemática / Food insecurity and food vulnerability in communities: a systematic review

Fundamentos: La inseguridad alimentaria (IA) y la vulnerabilidad alimentaria (VA) en las personas y endiferentes comunidades representan dos problemáticas contemporáneas que pueden estar asociadas adiferentes factores, predictores, causas y contextos. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue identificar losprincipales hallazgos de trabajos empíricos que dieran cuenta de estas temáticas y que fueron publicados enlos últimos 12 años.Métodos: Este trabajo se desarrolló bajo criterios metodológicos PRISMA y se consideraron estudiospublicados en las bases de datos Springer, Science Direct y Proquest, en el periodo 2008-2020. Se diseñó unamatriz de concentración de información para la lectura y organización de textos.Resultados: Se obtuvieron 19 artículos empíricos, 17 de los cuales se realizaron en África y Asia; 6 estudioseran de tipo cuantitativo, 2 cualitativos y 11 trabajos de tipo mixto. Las disciplinas de estudio másrepresentadas fueron economía y ciencias naturales.Conclusiones: Existen variables detonantes de la IA y VA mayormente en poblaciones rurales donde factoresprecursores de tipo macro como el cambio climático afectan en mayor escala a estos grupos socialesgenerando una serie de efectos en cadena que se agudizan más a partir de variables sociodemográficas. (AU)

Background: Food insecurity (IA) and food vulnerability (VA) in people and in different types of communitiesrepresent two contemporary problems that may be associated with different factors, predictors, causes andcontexts. The objective of this systematic review was to identify the main findings of empirical works thataccount for these issues and that were published in the last 12 years.Methods: This work was developed under PRISMA methodological criteria and studies published in theSpringer, Science Direct and Proquest databases were considered, in the period 2008-2020. An informationconcentration matrix was designed for reading and organizing texts.Results: 19 empirical articles were obtained, 17 of which were conducted in Africa and Asia; 6 studies werequantitative, 2 qualitative and 11 mixed studies. The most represented study disciplines were economics andnatural sciences.Conclusions: There are trigger variables for AI and VA mostly in rural populations where macro-typeprecursor factors such as climate change affect these social groups on a larger scale, generating a series ofchain effects that are more acute based on sociodemographic variables. (AU)

Validation of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess food groups and nutrient intake.

INTRODUCTION: Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) analyze average food and nutrient intake over extended periods to associate habitual dietary intake with health problems and chronic diseases. A tool of this nature applicable to both women and men is not presently available in Mexico. OBJECTIVE: To validate a FFQ for adult men and women. METHODS: The study was conducted on 97 participants, 61% were women. Two FFQs were administered (with a one-year interval) to measure reproducibility. To assess validity, the second FFQ was compared against dietary record (DR) covering nine days. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlations and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC). The de-attenuation of the ICC resulting from intraindividual variability was controlled. The validity analysis was complemented by comparing the classification ability of FFQ to that of DR through concordance between intake categories and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: Reproducibility: ICC values for food groups ranged 0.42-0.87; the range for energy and nutrients was between 0.34 and 0.82. VALIDITY: ICC values for food groups ranged 0.35-0.84; the range for energy and nutrients was between 0.36 and 0.77. Most subjects (56.7-76.3%) classified in the same or adjacent quintile for energy and nutrients using both methods. Extreme misclassification was <6.3% for all items. Bland-Altman plots reveal high concordance between FFQ and DR. CONCLUSIONS: FFQ produced sufficient levels of reproducibility and validity to determine average daily intake over one year. These results will enable the analysis of possible associations with chronic diseases and dietary diagnoses in adult populations of men and women.

Introducción. Los cuestionarios semicuantitativos de frecuencia de consumo (CFC) analizan ingestión promedio de alimentos y nutrimentos en períodos extensos para asociar consumo habitual con problemas de salud, como enfermedades crónicas. En México, no existe una herramienta similar, aplicable en mujeres y hombres. Objetivo. Validar un CFC en mujeres y hombres adultos. Métodos. El estudio incluyó 97 participantes (61% mujeres). Dos CFC fueron aplicados (un año entre ambos) para medir reproducibilidad. Para validez, se comparó el segundo CFC con registros dietéticos de nueve días. Los análisis incluyeron correlaciones de Pearson y coeficientes de correlación intraclase (CCI). Se controló desatenuación de CCI provocada por la variabilidad intraindividual. El análisis de validez se complementó con la comparación de la capacidad de clasificación entre CFC y registros dietéticos, mediante concordancia de categorías de consumo y gráficos de Bland y Altman. Resultados. Reproducibilidad: los CCI para grupos de alimentos oscilaron entre 0.42-0.87 y para nutrimentos entre 0.34-0.82. Validez: los CCI para grupos de alimentos variaron entre 0.35-0.84 y para nutrimentos entre 0.36-0.77. La mayoría de sujetos (56.7-76.3%) clasificaron en el mismo quintil o adyacente por ambos métodos (media 66.1%), para nutrimentos. La mala clasificación extrema para todos los ítems fue.

Efectos del té verde y su contenido de galato de epigalocatequina (EGCG) sobre el peso corporal y la masa grasa en humanos. Una revisión sistemática / Effects of green tea and its epigallocatechin (EGCG) content on body weight and fat mass in humans: a systematic review

La prevalencia e incidencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad continúan en aumento a nivel mundial, así como las enfermedades relacionadas con estas condiciones. Ello se atribuye a un incremento en la ingesta de energía y una disminución en el gasto de la misma. El consumo de té verde se ha relacionado con una reducción en la grasa y el peso corporal. Sin embargo, las investigaciones realizadas con el té verde han sido muy diversas. Esta revisión sistemática explora las investigaciones que se han realizado con té verde y su contenido de galato de epigalocatequina (EGCG) evaluando su efecto sobre la grasa y el peso corporal en humanos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science que dio como primer resultado un total de 424 artículos potenciales. Fueron excluidos 409, por lo que se utilizaron 15 artículos para esta revisión sistemática. Las investigaciones han sido muy diversas; sin embargo, el consumo diario de té verde con dosis de EGCG entre los 100 y los 460 mg/día ha mostrado mayor efectividad sobre la reducción de masa grasa y peso corporal en periodos de intervención de 12 semanas o más. Además, la utilización de dosis de cafeína entre 80 y 300 mg/día ha mostrado ser un factor de importancia para los efectos obtenidos, siempre y cuando los participantes no tuviesen previo a la intervención una ingesta habitual de cafeína alta (> 300 mg/día) (AU)

The prevalence and incidence of overweight and obesity worldwide continues to increase, as well as diseases related to these conditions. This is attributed to an increase in energy intake and a decrease in energy expenditure. Consumption of green tea has been linked to a reduction in body fat and body weight. However, research on green tea has been very diverse. This review assesses the investigations that have been made with green tea and its epigallocatechin gallato (EGCG) content, evaluating its effect on body fat and body weight in humans. A search was made in the PubMed and Web of the Science databases that gave a first total result of 424 potential articles; 409 were excluded and 15 articles were used for this systematic review. Research has been very varied, however, daily consumption of green tea with doses of EGCG between 100 and 460 mg/day has shown greater effectiveness on body fat and body weight reduction in intervention periods of 12 weeks or more. In addition, the use of caffeine doses between 80 and 300 mg/day has been shown to be an important factor for this effects, when the participants did not have a high caffeine intake (> 300 mg/day) prior to the intervention (AU)

Urolithins are the main urinary microbial-derived phenolic metabolites discriminating a moderate consumption of nuts in free-living subjects with diagnosed metabolic syndrome.

Walnuts ( Juglans regia L.), hazelnuts ( Corylus avellana L.), and almonds ( Prunus dulcis Mill.) are rich sources of ellagitannins and proanthocyanidins. Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in modulating the bioavailability of these high molecular weight polyphenols. However, to date there are no studies evaluating the capacity to produce nut phenolic metabolites in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS), a pathology associated with an altered gut bacterial diversity. This study applied a LC-MS targeted approach to analyze the urinary excretion of nut phenolic metabolites in MetS subjects following 12 weeks of nut consumption, compared to sex- and age-matched individuals given a nut-free control diet. Metabolites were targeted in both hydrolyzed and nonhydrolyzed urine by LC-PDA-QqQ-MS/MS analysis, and identification of metabolites lacking available standards was confirmed by LC-ESI-ITD-FT-MS. Ellagitannin-derived urolithins A and B significantly increased after the nut-enriched-diet, urolithins C and D were also detected, and a complex combination of urolithin-conjugated forms was observed in nonhydrolyzed urine, confirming an extensive phase II metabolism after absorption. In contrast, no significant increases in proanthocyanidin microbial metabolites were observed in urine following nut consumption. Because the intestinal microbiota of the subjects in this study could catabolize ellagitannins into a wide range of urolithins, further research is strongly warranted on the in vivo potential of these microbial metabolites in reducing cardiometabolic risk.

Effect of whole walnuts and walnut-skin extracts on oxidant status in mice.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the intake of whole walnuts and walnut fractions on the oxidant status in mice. METHODS: Thirty-six C57BL/6J male mice were randomized to be fed one of three diets: 1) a standard diet (control group), 2) a standard diet with 10% of whole walnuts (walnut-diet group), or 3) a standard diet with 2% of walnut skins (walnut-skin-diet group) for 8 wk. The plasma antioxidant capacity was measured by oxygen radical-absorbance capacity and plasma ferric-reducing antioxidant potential. Conjugated diene formation and reduced glutathione levels were also analyzed. RESULTS: We observed no changes in plasma oxidation capability between the walnut and walnut-skin groups with the exception of conjugated dienes. Plasma total antioxidant capacity and the ratio between reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione were lower in the walnut and walnut-skin groups than in the control group. CONCLUSION: The decrease in the antioxidant burden observed in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems after sustained consumption of a whole-walnut or a walnut-skin diet in mice may be related to the plasma oxidation capability being maintained in the groups consuming the walnut diets.

Effect of nut consumption on oxidative stress and the endothelial function in metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Oxidative stress has a key role in atherosclerosis, cancer and other chronic diseases. Some bioactive compounds in nuts have been implicated in antioxidant activities. OBJECTIVE: We assessed how nut consumption affected several markers of oxidation and endothelial function (EF) in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A randomized, controlled, parallel feeding trial was conducted on 50 MetS adults who were recommended a healthy diet supplemented or not with 30 g of mixed nuts (Nut and Control groups, respectively) every day for 12 weeks. The plasma antioxidant capacity (AC), oxidized LDL (oxLDL), conjugated diene (CD) formation, urine 8-isoprostanes, DNA damage assessed by yield of urine 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), and EF assessed by peripheral artery tonometry (PAT) and biochemical markers, were measured at baseline and the end of the intervention. RESULTS: No significant differences in changes between groups were observed in AC, oxLDL, CD, 8-isoprostanes or EF during the intervention, whereas the reduction in DNA damage was significant in the Nut group compared to Control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Nut consumption has no deleterious effect on lipid oxidation. The decrease in DNA damage observed in this study could contribute to explain the beneficial effects of regular nut consumption on some MetS features and several chronic diseases.

Nuts and oxidation: a systematic review.

In recent years, nuts have received special attention because of their potential role in preventing cardiovascular disease. Because nuts are very rich in total fat that can potentially be oxidized and their skins contain several antioxidants, studies have been conducted to evaluate the potential effect of nut consumption on oxidative stress. This review evaluates the in vitro and in vivo studies conducted in animals or humans to analyze the effect of nuts on oxidation.

Comparación en la ingesta de alimentos de adultos que residen en una zona rural y urbana de Jalisco, México / Comparison in food intake of adults residing in a rural and urban area of Jalisco, Mexico

Los cambios demográficos y epidemiológicos a nivel mundial en los últimos años se han relacionado con un incremento en la población adulta (OMS, 2002). Esto ha conducido a una modificación en los hábitos alimenticios, lo que afecta la situación nutricional en este grupo de edad, tanto de zonas rurales como urbanas. En México se ha reportado que el consumo inadecuado de alimentos con alto contenido calórico se relaciona con la presencia y desarrollo de sobrepeso y obesidad (ENSANUT, 2006). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y comparar la ingesta de alimentos de adultos que residen en una zona rural y urbana de Jalisco. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, trasversal y comparativo de 52 adultos (50-90 años), 26 residen en una zona rural y 26 en área urbana. La ingesta de alimentos se evaluó mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos y recordatorio de 24 horas. Se utilizó un análisis multivariado, con ajuste de las variables: IMC, edad, sexo y kilocalorías, considerando diferencias significativas a una de p≤0.05. Los resultados mostraron que los adultos que residen en el área rural presentan un consumo energético menor, un mayor consumo de vitamina C (p=0.05) y cereales (p=0.001); los adultos que habitan en la zona urbana reportaron una mayor ingesta de grasas (p=0.045). Estos resultados aportan a la descripción nutricional actual de los adultos en Jalisco, con diferencias en la ingesta de nutrientes en las zonas rurales y urbanas. Lo cual sugiere que al evaluar los hábitos de los adultos es necesaria la inclusión de otros factores, entre ellos, la valoración de la calidad de vida.

The changes demographic and epidemiological in recent years worldwide to related an increase in the adult population (OMS, 2002). This in turn has led to a significant change in eating habits, which has affected the nutritional status in rural and urban areas. In Mexico had reported an increase in high caloric foods intake, which is associated with in the increase in overweight and obesity (ENSANUT, 2006). The aim of this study was evaluate and compare the diet of adults residing urban and rural area of Jalisco, Mexico. This across sectional, descriptive and comparative study, of 52 adults (50-90 years), 26 reside in a rural area and 26 in an urban area. Dietary intake we evaluated by food frequency questionnaire in twenty-four hours dietary record. Multivariate analysis of variance to allow for covariate adjustment it we used, like the IMC, age, gender, and kilocalories, considering a significant difference p ≤ de 0.05. Results showed that in rural area, adults presented a lower energy intake and showed higher consumption of vitamin C (p= 0.05) and cereals (p= 0.001); adults in urban area had higher intake of foods high in fat (p= 0.045). These results contribute to the current nutritional status of adults in Mexico, with differences in nutrient intake in rural and urban areas. It suggests that assess eating habits in older adults need to include other factors including, the quality of life.

Trastornos de la conducta de beber: una propuesta de investigación / Drinking behavior disorders: a research proposal

La palabra trastorno refiere un grupo de signos, síntomas y conductas que pueden ocurrir en diferentes formas clínicas y con distintos niveles de severidad. Aunque la investigación sobre los trastornos de la conducta de beber es poco conocida, se ha observado un aumento de respuestas desordenadas relacionadas con el beber en exceso que requieren urgente atención académica. Uno de los problemas principales para su aparente falta de conocimiento consiste en la conceptualización del fenómeno y su medición. El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en proponer la inclusión de la potomanía, drunkorexia y atracón de azúcar como trastornos de la conducta de beber a partir de un análisis descriptivo de estos fenómenos. En base a ello se incluye un apartado acerca de la sed y la conducta de beber, distinguiendo el beber habitual del beber excesivo. Posteriormente se describen los posibles trastornos de la conducta de beber, revisando los métodos y manipulaciones experimentales utilizadas. Se reconoce la falta de evidencia científica para determinar si pueden considerarse o no trastornos. Finalmente, se discute la posibilidad de incluir otras conductas dentro de los trastornos de la conducta de beber en un futuro cercano.

Disorder word refers a signs, symptoms and behaviors group those who can occur in many clinical ways and in severity different levels. Although drinking behavior disorders research is know it a little, it has observed a raise of disorder responses in relation with excessive behavior who's require urgent academic attention. One of its principal problems for lack of knowledge apparent consists about measuring and conceptualization phenomenon. The objective of present work consists about discussion on drinking disorder behaviors. The purpose is to review its definition and propose potomania, drunkorexia and sugar bingeing like drinking disorders through a descriptive analysis. Content of this work includes the thirst and drinking behavior part and its methods and experimental manipulations used. We recognize the lack of scientific research to determine if they can considerate or not disorders. In a near future we discuss the possibility of another behaviors inclusion like drinking behaviors disorders.

Efecto del ayuno sobre la conducta alimentaria en estudiantes universitarios / Fasting effect on eating behavior in university students

La evidencia científica sobre la caracterización de la conducta alimentaria señala que situaciones de privación de alimento, como el ayuno, aumentan el valor del alimento y modifican el patrón alimentario. En consecuencia se incrementa el consumo de alimentos y por ende el consumo calórico. La situación se agrava cuando los alimentos preferidos después del periodo de privación son poco saludables o se consumen en exceso convirtiéndose en detonadores de problemas de salud (Capaldi, 1993; Gottschalk, Libby & Graff, 2000; Vélez & Garcia, 2003). Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto del ayuno sobre el consumo calórico y la modificación de las preferencias alimentarias, se diseñó un estudio en el cual participaron nueve jóvenes universitarios que fueron clasificados de acuerdo a su Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) en tres grupos: Bajo-peso, Normo-peso y Sobre-peso. Fueron expuestos durante la línea base a ocho alimentos diferentes. Durante la fase experimental se expuso a los mismos participantes a un periodo de ayuno y posteriormente a los mismos alimentos registrando su consumo. Los resultados mostraron que el consumo calórico y la preferencia entre alimentos se modificaron. El grupo Bajo-peso aumentó su consumo de alimento mientras que en los grupos Normo-peso y Sobre-peso lo disminuyeron.

Scientific evidence on the characterization of eating behavior indicates that food deprivation situations, such as fasting, the food value increases and alter the feeding pattern. Consequently food consumption increases and therefore caloric intake. The situation worsens when after a deprivation period the preferred foods are unhealthy or consumed in excess becoming tiggers for health problems (Capaldi, 1993; Gottschalk , Libby & Graff , 2000; Velez & Garcia , 2003). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fasting on caloric intake and changing food preferences. This study was conducted with the participation of 9 university students who were classified according to their Body Mass Index (BMI) into three groups: Low-weight, Normo-weight and Over-weight. At the baseline participants were exposed to eight different foods. Same participants during the experimental phase were exposed to a period of fasting, subsequently were exposed to the same foods and record their consumption. Results showed that caloric intake and food preferences were altered after the fasting condition, differential effects among participants were observed. Low-weight group increased their food consumption while Normal-weight and Over-weight groups decreased.

The effect of nuts on inflammation.

Inflammation is one of the recognised mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerotic plaque and insulin resistance. Inflammatory or endothelial markers such as C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibrinogen, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and Intracellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) have been identified as independent predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes in human prospective studies. Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that some dietary factors, such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins, dietary fiber, L-arginine and magnesium may play an important role in modulating inflammation. The relationship observed between frequent nut consumption and the reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality and type 2 diabetes in some prospective studies could be explained by the fact that nuts are rich in all of these modulator nutrients. In fact, frequent nut consumption has been associated with lower concentrations of some peripheral inflammation markers in cross-sectional studies. Nut consumption has also been shown to decrease the plasma concentration of CRP, IL-6 and some endothelial markers in recent clinical trials.

Validation of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess food groups and nutrient intake / Validación de un cuestionario semi-cuantitativo de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos para determinar la ingestión de grupos de alimentos y nutrientes

Introduction: Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) analyze average food and nutrient intake over extended periods to associate habitual dietary intake with health problems and chronic diseases. A tool of this nature applicable to both women and men is not presently available in Mexico. Objective: To validate a FFQ for adult men and women. Methods: The study was conducted on 97 participants, 61% were women. Two FFQs were administered (with a one-year interval) to measure reproducibility. To assess validity, the second FFQ was compared against dietary record (DR) covering nine days. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlations and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC). The de-attenuation of the ICC resulting from intraindividual variability was controlled. The validity analysis was complemented by comparing the classification ability of FFQ to that of DR through concordance between intake categories and Bland-Altman plots. Results: Reproducibility: ICC values for food groups ranged 0.42-0.87; the range for energy and nutrients was between 0.34 and 0.82. Validity: ICC values for food groups ranged 0.35-0.84; the range for energy and nutrients was between 0.36 and 0.77. Most subjects (56.776.3%) classified in the same or adjacent quintile for energy and nutrients using both methods. Extreme misclassification was <6.3% for all items. Bland-Altman plots reveal high concordance between FFQ and DR. 
Conclusions: FFQ produced sufficient levels of repro-ducibility and validity to determine average daily intake over one year. These results will enable the analysis of possible associations with chronic diseases and dietary diagnoses in adult populations of men and women (AU)

Introducción: Los cuestionarios semicuantitativos de frecuencia de consumo (CFC) analizan ingestión promedio de alimentos y nutrimentos en períodos extensos para asociar consumo habitual con problemas de salud, como enfermedades crónicas. En México, no existe una herramienta similar, aplicable en mujeres y hombres. Objetivo: Validar un CFC en mujeres y hombres adultos. Métodos: El estudio incluyó 97 participantes (61% mujeres). Dos CFC fueron aplicados (un año entre ambos) para medir reproducibilidad. Para validez, se comparó el segundo CFC con registros dietéticos de nueve días. Los análisis incluyeron correlaciones de Pearson y coeficientes de correlación intraclase (CCI). Se controló desatenuación de CCI provocada por la variabilidad intraindividual. El análisis de validez se complementó con la comparación de la capacidad de clasificación entre CFC y registros dietéticos, mediante concordancia de categorías de consumo y gráficos de Bland y Altman. Resultados: Reproducibilidad: los CCI para grupos de alimentos oscilaron entre 0,42-0,87 y para nutrimentos entre 0,34-0,82. Validez: los CCI para grupos de alimentos variaron entre 0,35-0,84 y para nutrimentos entre 0,360,77. La mayoría de sujetos (56,7-76,3%) clasificaron en el mismo quintil o adyacente por ambos métodos (media 66,1%), para energía y nutrimentos. La mala clasificación extrema para todos los ítems fue <6,3%. El análisis con gráficos de Bland y Altman determinó una buena capacidad de acuerdo del CFC, respecto a registros dietéticos. Conclusiones: El CFC obtuvo reproducibilidad y validez adecuadas para determinar ingestión diaria promedio, en un año. Esto permitirá analizar posibles asociaciones con enfermedades crónicas y diagnósticos dietéticos poblacionales en mujeres y hombres adultos (AU)

Effect of early exposure to sucralose on fluid intake in rats / Efecto de la exposición temprana a la sucralosa sobre el consumo de líquidos en ratas

Experimental evidence has demonstrated the effect of exposure history on feeding behavior in organisms. However, it is reported that sucralose is not adequately consumed by the rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of early exposure to sucralose in subsequent fluid intake in Wistar rats. Twenty rats were assigned into two groups, A and S. The S group was exposed to sucralose from nursing, since her mother drank a solution with sucralose during this stage. Group A was exposed to water. At 90 days of age both groups received a solution with sucralose for 10 days, followed by 10 days in which they returned to initial conditions (A, water and S, sucralose). Later both groups received water for 10 days, ending the experiment with a return to initial conditions for 10 days. The results showed a differential effect in sucralose and water consumption with respect to sex. In particular females consumed more sucralose than males. However, experimental group exposed to it early sucralose showed a higher consumption compared with the group exposed to water. These results showed that exposure to sucralose flavor during lactation influences the fluids habitually consumed by females, also showed differential effects with respect to sex. Animals exposed to sucralose from nursing showed an increase in sucralose consumption after water intake. This evidence demonstrates the role that early exposure to specific flavors in the pattern of consumption in adulthood. Additionally, it is possible to point out the importance of learning at an early age as a tool to prevent the development of food pathologies.

La evidencia experimental ha demostrado el efecto de la historia de exposición sobre el comportamiento de alimentación en los organismos. Sin embargo, se ha reportado que la sucralosa no es consumida por las ratas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la exposición temprana a la sucralosa en el consumo de líquidos de ratas de la cepa Wistar. Veinte ratas de la cepa Wistar se dividieron en dos grupos: A y S. El grupo S, estuvo expuesto a la sucralosa desde la lactancia, ya que su madre tomó una solución con sucralosa en esa etapa. El grupo A estuvo expuesto a agua. A los 90 días de edad ambos grupos recibieron como bebida una solución con sucralosa por 10 días, seguido de 10 días en los que retornaron a condiciones iniciales (A, agua y S, sucralosa). Posteriormente recibieron como bebida agua por 10 días, finalizando el experimento con un retorno a condiciones iniciales por 10 días. Los resultados mostraron un efecto diferencial en el consumo de sucralosa y agua con respecto al género. En particular, las hembras consumieron más sucralosa que los machos. Sin embargo, el grupo experimental expuesto a la sucralosa mostró un consumo más alto en comparación con el grupo expuesto al agua. Estos resultados mostraron que la exposición al sabor de la sucralosa desde la lactancia, influyó en el consumo habitual de líquidos en las hembras. Los animales expuestos a la sucralosa desde la lactancia mostraron un aumento en el consumo de sucralosa después de la ingesta de agua. Esta evidencia demuestra el papel que tiene la exposición temprana a sabores específicos en los patrones de consumo en la edad adulta. Además, es posible señalar la importancia del aprendizaje a una edad temprana como una herramienta para prevenir el desarrollo de patologías alimentarias.