Impact of donor age on long-term outcomes after delayed graft function: 10-year follow-up.

Delayed graft function (DGF) has a negative impact on graft survival in donation after brain death (DBD) but not for donation after cardiac death (DCD) kidneys. However, older donor age is associated with graft loss in DCD transplants. We sought to examine the interaction between donor age and DGF in DBD kidneys. This is a single-center, retrospective review of 657 consecutive DBD recipients transplanted between 1990 and 2005. We stratified the cohort by decades of donor age and studied the association between DGF and graft failure using Cox models. The risk of graft loss associated with DGF was not significantly increased for donor age below 60 years (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.12, 1.51, and 0.90, respectively, for age <40, 41-50 and 51-60 years) but significantly increased after 60 years (aHR 2.67; P = 0.019). Analysis of death-censored graft failure yielded similar results for donor age below 60 years and showed a substantially increased risk with donors above 60 years (aHR 6.98, P = 0.002). This analysis reveals an unexpectedly high impact of older donor age on the association between DGF and renal transplant outcomes. Further research is needed to determine the best use of kidneys from donors above 60 years old, where DGF is expected.

First test of a "high-density injection" protocol for myogenic cell transplantation throughout large volumes of muscles in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient: eighteen months follow-up.

A 26-years old Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patient received normal muscle-precursor cells, proliferated in vitro and implanted in a thenar eminence, biceps brachii, and in a portion of a gastrocnemius by injections placed 1mm from each other or less. Saline was injected in the contralateral gastrocnemius. The patient was immunosuppressed with tacrolimus. The protocol of cell transplantation was well tolerated and did not cause permanent sequels. Some injected sites were biopsied at 1, 14 and 18 months post-transplantation. Muscles were replaced by fat and fibrosis. In the cell-grafted site of the gastrocnemius, 27.5% of the myofiber profiles expressed donor-derived dystrophin 1 month post-transplantation and 34.5% 18 months post-transplantation. The contralateral gastrocnemius was dystrophin-negative. Myofibers were virtually absent in the biceps brachii, where only two dystrophin-positive myofibers were observed. In conclusion, a "high-density injection" protocol was feasible for intramuscular cell-transplantation in a DMD patient and long-term expression of donor-derived dystrophin was observed.

Dystrophin expression in muscles of duchenne muscular dystrophy patients after high-density injections of normal myogenic cells.

A clinical trial was conducted to test a new protocol of normal muscle precursor cell (MPC) allotransplantation in skeletal muscles of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Cultured MPCs obtained from one of the patient's parents were implanted in 0.25 or 1 cm of a Tibialis anterior in 9 patients with DMD. MPC injections were placed 1 to 2 mm from each other, and a similar pattern of saline injections was done in the contralateral muscle. The patients were immunosuppressed with tacrolimus. Muscle biopsies were performed at the injected sites 4 weeks later. In the biopsies of the cell-grafted sites, there were myofibers expressing donor's dystrophin in 8 patients. The percentage of myofibers expressing donor's dystrophin varied from 3.5% to 26%. Evidence of small myofiber neoformation was observed in some patients. Donor-derived dystrophin transcripts were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in the cell-grafted sites in all patients. The protocol of immunosuppression was sufficient to obtain these results, although it is not certain whether acute rejection was efficiently controlled in all the cases. In conclusion, intramuscular allotransplantation of normal MPCs can induce the expression of donor-derived dystrophin in skeletal muscles of patients with DMD, although this expression is restricted to the sites of MPC injection.

Endothelin-1 levels and cardiovascular risk factors in renal transplant patients.

OBJECTIVE: Circulating endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels have been reported to be associated with vascular complications and endothelial dysfunction in nontransplanted patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ET-1 levels and major cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in renal transplant (RTX) patients with stable graft function. METHODS: ET-1 levels were determined in 156 RTX patients and the relationship between circulating ET-1 levels and CV risk factors including age, gender, kidney function, blood lipids, diabetes, and hypertension was studied. RESULTS: Circulating ET-1 levels were found to be positively correlated with creatinine (r = 0.25, p < 0.01) and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.20, p < 0.05) and inversely correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (r = -0.27, p < 0.01). Patients with high and intermediate total cholesterol/HDL-C ratios (TC/HDL-C) had significantly higher ET-1 levels when compared to patients with low ratios (7.02 +/- 3.74, 6.79 +/- 2.67, and 5.37 +/- 3.04 pg/ml, respectively, p < 0.002). Only creatinine, HDL-C, and age >40 years were shown to be independent correlates for ET-1 levels according to multivariate analyses. Interestingly, ET-1 levels were significantly higher (+26%, p < 0.03) in RTX patients with documented CV disease, as compared to those without, when matched for age, gender, and presence of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Increased circulating ET-1 levels are associated with low HDL-C and documented CV disease in RTX. This is likely a reflection of vascular endothelial damage and dysfunction and therefore may represent an increased risk for atherosclerosis.

Dual-kidney transplants as an alternative for very marginal donors: long-term follow-up in 63 patients.

BACKGROUND: Organ shortage has led to the use of dual-kidney transplant (DKT) of very marginal donors into a single recipient to increase the use of marginal organs. To date, few data are available about the long-term outcome of DKT and its usefulness to increase the pool of available organ. METHODS: We conducted a single-center cohort study of DKTs with longitudinal follow-up over an 8-year period. Between 1999 and 2007, 63 DKTs were performed. All kidneys from donors younger than 75 years refused by all centers for single transplantation, and kidneys from donors aged 75 years or older were routinely evaluated based on preimplantation glomerulosclerosis. Renal function, patient or graft survival, and perioperative complications were compared with 66 single kidneys from expanded criteria donors (ECD) and 63 ideal kidney donors. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 56 months, patient or graft survival was similar between the three groups. Twelve-, 36-, and 84-month creatinine clearance were similar for DKT and ECD (12 months: 58 and 59 mL/min; 36 months: 54 and 60 mL/min; and 84 months: 62 and 51 mL/min, respectively). For the study period, the routine evaluation of very marginal kidneys for DKT in our center has led to an increase of 47% in the transplants from donors aged 50 years or older, which represent 12% at the level of our organ procurement organization. CONCLUSIONS: DKT patients can expect long-term results comparable with single kidney ECD. The implementation of a DKT program in our unit safely increased the pool of organs from marginal donors.

Factors associated with progression of interstitial fibrosis in renal transplant patients receiving tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil.

BACKGROUND: We recently reported a randomized study in renal transplant patients (RTP) receiving tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone in which patients who had early protocol biopsies (PBx) derived no benefit compared with controls (no PBx) at 6 months, likely due to the low prevalence of subclinical rejection. We report on the follow-up of these patients to 24 months at which time a repeat PBx and tests of renal function were performed. METHODS: Of the 240 RTP randomized, 22 were excluded for a protocol violation. Approximately 75% of the remaining 218 (111 PBx and 107 controls) completed the study. RESULTS: At 24 months, graft function was excellent with a mean creatinine clearance of approximately 74 mL/min and negligible proteinuria; however, the prevalence of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA)-ci + ct more than or equal to 2-increased from approximately 3% at baseline to up to 40% to 50%. By logistic regression analysis, the only independent positive correlate of IF/TA was transplantation with a deceased donor. However, by post hoc analysis, use of angiotensin-II-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers was negatively correlated with both the prevalence of IF/TA at 24 months and its progression between 6 and 24 months in RTP that had paired biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: A regimen of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone results in excellent renal function at 24 months posttransplant but with a progressive increase in IF/TA. A potential inhibitory effect of angiotensin-II-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blockers on IF/TA is suggested that requires confirmation in a randomized study.

Effects of prednisone withdrawal on the new metabolic triad in cyclosporine-treated kidney transplant patients.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after renal transplantation. Prednisone (Pred) maintenance therapy is associated with risk factors for atherosclerosis. Therefore, we were interested in quantifying the effects of Pred withdrawal on body weight and waist circumference as well as on metabolic markers of coronary heart disease risk. METHODS: Twenty-six cyclosporine-treated renal transplant patients (13 men and 13 women) were evaluated before and after at least 11 months (16 +/- 2.9 months) of Pred withdrawal. A complete fasting lipoprotein-lipid profile as well as anthropometric measurements were obtained from each patient. RESULTS: Pred withdrawal was associated with a 6.0% reduction of body weight (-4.34 +/- 5.40 kg; P < 0.05) and with a 7.7% decrease in waist girth (-7.13 +/- 5.75 cm; P < 0.005) in women, whereas no change in these variables were observed in men. In both genders, plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were unaffected by Pred withdrawal, whereas plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels decreased by 14.0% in women (-0.22 +/- 0.22 mmol/L; P < 0.005) and 22.0% in men (-0.36 +/- 0.28 mmol/L; P < 0.005). Pred withdrawal was associated with a significant reduction in plasma apolipoprotein B concentrations in both women (-0.28 +/- 0.15 g/L; -24.6%; P < 0.0001) and men (-0.22 +/- 0.19 g/L; -20.5%; P < 0.005). A significant reduction in fasting insulin was observed in both women (-27.8 +/- 27.9 pmol/L; -25.3%; P < 0.005) and men (-25.0 +/- 32.8 pmol/L; -21.4%; P < 0.05), whereas the LDL peak particle size was unaffected by Pred withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS: Pred withdrawal modifies several anthropometric and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors in renal transplant patients. Furthermore, female patients may derive further benefits of Pred withdrawal resulting from the concomitant loss of body weight and abdominal fat.

Dystrophin expression in myofibers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients following intramuscular injections of normal myogenic cells.

Three Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients received injections of myogenic cells obtained from skeletal muscle biopsies of normal donors. The cells (30 x 10 (6)) were injected in 1 cm3 of the tibialis anterior by 25 parallel injections. We performed similar patterns of saline injections in the contralateral muscles as controls. The patients received tacrolimus for immunosuppression. Muscle biopsies were performed at the injected sites 4 weeks later. We observed dystrophin-positive myofibers in the cell-grafted sites amounting to 9 (patient 1), 6.8 (patient 2), and 11% (patient 3). Since patients 1 and 2 had identified dystrophin-gene deletions these results were obtained using monoclonal antibodies specific to epitopes coded by the deleted exons. Donor dystrophin was absent in the control sites. Patient 3 had exon duplication and thus specific donor-dystrophin detection was not possible. However, there were fourfold more dystrophin-positive myofibers in the cell-grafted than in the control site. Donor-dystrophin transcripts were detected by RT-PCR (using primers reacting with a sequence int eh deleted exons) only in the cell-grafted sites in patients 1 and 2. Dystrophin transcripts were more abundant in the cell-grafted than in the control site in patient 3. Therefore, significant dystrophin expression can be obtained in teh skeletal muscles of DMD patients following specific conditions of cell delivery and immunosuppression.