Atypical anti-glomerular basement membrane disease with membranous hyperplasia: diagnostic challenges and treatment variability.

This case report presents a detailed analysis of a 31-year-old male patient who presented with a complex array of clinical symptoms, including proteinuria, hematuria, edema, and kidney insufficiency. Despite undergoing multiple tests, the results for anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies yielded negative findings. Subsequently, kidney biopsy pathology revealed a distinct diagnosis of atypical anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease with membrane hyperplasia. Treatment was initiated with a comprehensive approach involving high doses of corticosteroids therapy and cyclophosphamide (CTX). However, contrary to expectations, the patient's kidney function exhibited rapid deterioration following this therapeutic regimen. The culmination of these complications necessitated a pivotal transition to maintenance hemodialysis. This case underscores the intricate challenges associated with diagnosing and managing rare and atypical presentations of kidney disorders. The negative anti-GBM antibody results and subsequent identification of atypical anti-GBM nephropathy highlight the need for tailored diagnostic strategies to discern subtle nuances within complex clinical scenarios. Additionally, the unexpected response to the treatment regimen emphasizes the potential variability in individual patient responses, underlining the necessity for vigilant monitoring and adaptable treatment strategies. This case report contributes to the evolving understanding of atypical kidney pathologies and the complexities involved in their management.

Radix astragali inhibits the down-regulation of connexin 26 in the stria vascularis of the guinea pig cochlea after acoustic trauma.

Connexin 26 (cx26) plays an important role in the intercellular signaling and is related to K(+) metabolism in stria vascularis (SV). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are negative regulators of cx26, reducing intercellular coupling in cochlea. ROS plays an important role in acoustic trauma. Radix astragali is a natural antioxidant that decreases impulse noise-induced hearing loss through its ability to inhibit ROS. The purpose of this study was to investigate if radix astragali has the potential to reduce the change of cx26 in SV from impulse noise. Guinea pigs in the experimental group were administered radix astragali intraperitoneally. Auditory thresholds were assessed by sound-evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR) at click and tone bursts of 8, 16 and 32 kHz, 24 h before and 72 h after exposure to impulse noise. 4-Hydroxynonenal, cx26 and KCNQ1 were determined immunohistochemically in SV. SV was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Radix astragali significantly reduced the ABR deficits and the SV damage, and decreased the shifts of the expression of cx26 and KCNQ1 in the SV. These results suggest that the beneficial effect of radix astragali on impulse noise-induced hearing loss may be also due to its ability to reduce the change of cx26 in SV.

Danhong enhances recovery from residual dizziness after successful repositioning treatment in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

OBJECTIVES: Although the repositioning maneuvers are usually very effective in patients with BPPV, some patients still complain residual dizziness. Danhong injection (DHI), a traditional Chinese medicine, can effectively dilate blood vessels and improve microcirculation, and has been proven to be effective in improving cervical vertigo and posterior circulation ischemic vertigo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of DHI on residual dizziness after successful repositioning treatment in patients with BPPV. METHODS: Eighty-six patients with BPPV were randomized into two treatment groups, DHI group and non DHI group. The DHI group received the same repositioning treatment as the non-DHI group, with the addition of DHI therapy. The durations of residual dizziness of DHI group and non-DHI group were compared. In addition, the scores of the dizziness handicap inventory of these two groups were calculated. RESULTS: The durations of residual dizziness of DHI group were shorter than that of non-DHI group. There were no significant differences in the scores of dizziness handicap inventory in the first week between these two groups, and there were much significant differences in the second, the fourth, the sixth and eighth weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that DHI can significantly improve the residual dizziness after successful repositioning treatment in patients with BPPV.

Impulse noise exposure in early adulthood accelerates age-related hearing loss.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of impulse noise on age-related hearing loss. The study consisted of two groups. Each group contained 109 men. Group I comprised veterans with normal hearing at the end of 1979 sino-vietnamese war. All these veterans were randomly selected from Guangzhou Military Command. Group II were men with no military experience randomly chosen from the health examination center of Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command. Pure-tone thresholds of these two groups were measured and compared. The pure-tone thresholds of Group I were poorer than those of Group II at the frequencies of 4, 6 and 8 kHz. Thus, impulse noise accelerates age-related hearing loss.

Tap water nasal irrigation in adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized double-blind study.

Saline nasal irrigation is effective in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, and sodium chloride itself has no antiallergic effects. The mechanism of saline nasal irrigation depends mainly on washing away allergens and inflammatory mediators induced by allergic reactions. Tap water has the same washing effects as saline. In this study, it was investigated if tap water nasal irrigation was effective in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Sixty-four patients diagnosed with seasonal allergic rhinitis were enrolled. Patients were randomized to tap water nasal irrigation group and non-tap water nasal irrigation group for treatment. Patients of both groups were treated with desloratadine. Treatment outcomes were measured using allergic rhinitis Quality of Life (QoL) survey was completed at baseline and after 3 weeks of therapy. There were statistically significant differences in QoL scores between tap water nasal irrigation group and non-tap water nasal irrigation group. The tap water nasal irrigation group had better QoL scores than the non-tap water nasal irrigation group. Tap water nasal irrigation can be a valuable adjuvant therapy for patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.

The cochlea magnesium content is negatively correlated with hearing loss induced by impulse noise.

OBJECTIVE: Magnesium is proved to attenuate acoustic trauma, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation is a critical role that involves hearing loss induced by impulse noise. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the cochlea magnesium content, ROS formation and hearing loss induced by impulse noise. METHODS: Ninety pigmented guinea pigs were exposed to impulse noise. Auditory thresholds were assessed by sound-evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR) 24h before and 72h after exposure to impulse noise. 4-Hydroxynonenal(HNE) used as a marker of ROS was determined immunohistochemically. The cochlea magnesium content was examined with the method of energy dispersive x-ray analysis, and the cochlea was also detected with scanning electron microscope. The relationship between the cochlea magnesium content, ROS formation and hearing loss was analyzed. RESULTS: There was loss of outer hair cell cilia accompanying with significant auditory threshold shift after impulse noise exposure. ROS was positive in the organ of Corti of all animals. The cochlea magnesium content was negatively correlated with ROS formation and hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibiting ROS formation is one of the mechanisms for magnesium to reduce acoustic trauma, and difference in cochlea magnesium contents is one of the factors that induce varying degrees of cochlear damage among each individual after acoustic trauma.

Quadrupedal head position enhances recovery from chronic maxillary sinusitis.

OBJECTIVES: The position of human maxillary ostia is high on their superomedial walls, which may be suboptimal for natural drainage. Human maxillary sinuses exhibit better passive drainage through their ostia when tilted anteriorly to mimic a quadrupedal head position. We all know that sufficient drainage is very important for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Chronic maxillary sinusitis (CMS) is the high incidence of CRS. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of quadrupedal head position in patients with CMS. METHODS: One hundred six patients diagnosed with CMS were enrolled. Patients were randomized to quadrupedal head position group and non-quadrupedal head position group for 6 weeks of treatment. Treatment outcomes were measured using 1) Lund-Mackay scoring system of pre-and post-treatment computer tomography (CT); and 2) Sinonasal Quality-of-Life (QoL) Survey completed at baseline and 6 weeks of therapy. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in QoL scores and CT scores between quadrupedal head position group and non-quadrupedal head position group. The quadrupedal head position group had much more improvements in QoL scores and CT scores than that of non-quadrupedal head position group. One patient in the quadrupedal head position group required functional endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) due to persistent symptoms, and nine patients in non-quadrupedal head position group needed ESS. There were less patients that required ESS in the quadrupedal head position group than in the non-quadrupedal head position group. CONCLUSIONS: The improvements of QoL scores and CT scores were significantly better in the quadrupedal head position group than that in the non-quadrupedal head position group. Quadrupedal head position can be valuable adjuvant therapy for patients with CMS.

Radix astragali injection enhances recovery from sudden deafness.

OBJECTIVES: An acute interruption of the blood supply to the inner ear is one of the most likely causative factors for sudden deafness (SD). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been suggested to be important mediators of the tissue injury during cochlear ischemia and reperfusion. Radix astragali (RA) is natural antioxidant. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of RA in patients with SD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We compared the hearing gains from hearing impairment in 46 ears treated with RA with 46 ears treated with non-RA. RA was given intravenously daily for 10 days. There were no significant differences in clinical or audiological data between RA and non-RA groups. RESULTS: The hearing gain at 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz in RA group was much higher than that of non-RA group correspondingly (P < .01). Also, the hearing gain at PTA (pure-tone average of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) in RA group was significantly higher than that of non-RA group (P < .01). CONCLUSION: The recovery of hearing was significantly better after treatment of RA than non-treatment of RA. RA can be valuable concurrent therapy for patients with SD.

Astragalosides reduce cisplatin ototoxicity in guinea pigs.

Cisplatin is known to cause high-frequency neurosensory hearing loss. While reactive oxygen species have been shown to play a role, reactive nitrogen species have been implicated, but not proven to be involved, in cisplatin ototoxicity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in cisplatin ototoxicity by administering astragalosides, a natural antioxidant, in conjunction with cisplatin. Guinea pigs were injected with cisplatin, astragalosides or both. Auditory brainstem-evoked responses (ABRs) were measured before and 3 days after cisplatin administration. The cochlear tissue was then assayed for NO and malondialdehyde (MDA), and cochleae were also examined by scanning electron microscopy. Cisplatin alone caused significant ABR threshold shifts at all stimuli tested, whereas astragalosides alone caused no shifts. There was a significant reduction in threshold shift for clicks, 8-kHz and 16-kHz tone bursts (but not 32 kHz) when astragalosides was given with cisplatin. Both the MDA concentration and the NO concentration in the astragalosides/cisplatin group were significantly lower than those of the cisplatin group. Correspondingly, the loss of outer hair cells in the astragalosides/cisplatin group was much less than that in the cisplatin group. This suggests that astragalosides reduces cisplatin ototoxicity by its antioxidant property.

Bipolaris oryzae, a novel fungal opportunist causing keratitis.

We report a case of mycotic keratitis caused by Bipolaris oryzae with predisposing trauma from a foreign body. The fungus was identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region, translation elongation factor 1α (TEF1) gene, and partial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) gene, and the species identity was confirmed on the basis of its characteristic conidial phenotype. The patient was treated with surgical intervention and antifungal agents, including intravenous fluconazole (FLC), oral itraconazole, topical 0.15% amphotericin B eye drops, and 0.5% FLC eye drops. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mycotic keratitis caused by B. oryzae worldwide.

[Role of ciliary neurotrophic factor in regeneration of severed facial nerve of cats].

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of extrinsic (CNTF) in the regeneration of severed facial nerve in cats. METHOD: The facial nerve in temporal bone of adult cats were severed and the severed ends were connected with CNTF or saline applied at the connection. Electrophysiological examination and immunocytochemistry were performed with immunoelectron microscope for morphological analysis at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after the operation. RESULTS: Two weeks after operation, both CNTF and saline groups failed to exhibit muscular excitement by facial nerve stimulation, but the amount of myelinated nerve fibers had statistical difference between the two groups (P<0.05). At 4 weeks, the latency of the facial muscle excitement was 7.832+/-2.695 ms in CNTF group and 16.120+/-3.516 ms in saline group, and the average number of myelinated axons was significantly different between the two groups (1,435+/-318 vs 957+/-269, P<0.05). At the 8th weeks, the latency of facial muscle excitement was reduced to 3.125+/-0.165 ms in CNTF group and to a comparable level of 3.095+/-0.178 ms in saline group (P>0.05), and the average number of myelinated axons increased to 1,695+/-283 and 1,543+/-320 respectively in the two groups (P>0.05). Significant increase of Schwann cells was noted in both groups at this stage. CONCLUSION: Local application of CNTF may enhance facial early-stage nerve regeneration in adult cats, but its long-term effects remain unclear.

Comparative study of IDH1 mutations in gliomas by high resolution melting analysis, immunohistochemistry and direct DNA sequencing.

Patients with glioblastomas with a specific mutation in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene have a better prognosis than those with gliomas with wild­type IDH1. IDH1 analysis has become part of the standard diagnostic procedure and a promising tool used for stratification in clinical trials. The present study aimed to compare high resolution melting (HRM) analysis, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and direct DNA sequencing for the detection of IDH mutations in gliomas. Fifty­one formalin­fixed paraffin­embedded tumor samples were selected. For the HRM analysis and direct DNA sequencing, DNA was extracted from the tissues. For IHC, sections were stained with an anti­IDH1­R132H specific antibody. The HRM analysis method identified 33 cases of IDH1 gene mutations, and all mutations occurred at the R132H site. There were 33 cases of IDH1 gene mutations found by IHC, which was consistent with that identified using the HRM analysis method. However, only 30 IDH1 samples were confirmed by sequencing, in which mutations occurred at the IDH1 exon 4 R132H site. No mutation was detected in the other three of these 33 cases (two grade II oligodendroglioma and one grade II diffuse astrocytoma) by sequencing, while IHC was positive for IDH1­R132H. The results showed that the mutation detection rate was not identified to be significantly different (P=0.250) when determined by the HRM analysis method or by direct DNA sequencing, as the concordant rate between the two methods was high (κ=0.866). The HRM analysis method in glioma IDH1 gene mutation detection has advantages of high sensitivity, good repeatability, simple operation and accurate results. It provides a novel method for detecting mutations of the IDH1 gene in paraffin embedded tissue samples of clinical glioma. Related to a small amount of sample, there was no evidence showing that HRM analysis method is superior to IHC. Direct DNA sequencing, HRM analysis and IHC results were consistent; however, HRM and IHC are more sensitive than direct DNA sequencing in identifying the IDH1­R132H mutation.

Dynamic changes in type I collagen, MMP-1 and TIMP-1 after angioplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the dynamic changes of type I collagen, and the activity of metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) after angioplasty. METHODS: The restenotic model of iliac arteries of domestic microswine was established with hypercholesterol feed plus two angioplasties. Angioplastied vessels were harvested at the end of 1, 2, 3 and 6 months after the second angioplasty. Immunohistochemistry, transmission electronic microscopy and image quantitative analysis techniques were employed to study neointimal proliferation, the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and the expression of type I collagen, MMP-1 and TIMP-1. RESULTS: The peak of vascular neointimal proliferation was at 3 months after angioplasty. The expression of type I collagen gradually increased from 1 to 6 months after angioplasty. For MMP-1, expression was lower in the early stage after angioplasty but increase to normal levels of control vessels at 6 months after angioplasty. Expression of TIMP-1 rapidly increased in the early phase after angioplasty, reached peak at 3 months and maintained the high level till 6 months after angioplasty. Meanwhile, the VSMC was predominantly the synthetic phenotype at the early stage and was transformed to the contractive phenotype at the late stage after angioplasty. The ratio of TIMP-1 and MMP-1 was positively related to the area of the neointima and the expression of type I collagen respectively (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Type I collagen increased gradually after angioplasty, which might be determined by the ratio of TIMP-1/MMP-1 and also related to the phenotype of VSMC.

[Development of toxin targeting to VEGF-KDR].

OBJECTIVE: To develop toxin targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor II (VEGF-II/KDR) fused with a KDR-binling peptide screened from peptide library. METHODS: By affinity to KDR molecular which expressed specifically by new born vascular endothelial cell, peptides to KDR were screened from C7 peptide library by phage display. Among them, a peptide binding to KDR with high affinity termed as P5 was selected and fused to the N-terminal of Shiga toxin subunit A (StxA). The protein (P5-StxA) was expressed in E. coli. RESULTS: ELISA and Western blot were applied to characterize the binding interaction between the fusion protein, P5-StxA and KDR. Cytotoxicity assay showed that P5-StxA maintained similar toxicity to cell as StxA. In the model of angiogenesis, P5-StxA inhibited selectively VEGF-induced growth of preexisting vessels of the chick chorioallantoic membrane. CONCLUSION: These studies demonstrate the small peptide, P5, maybe be used as carrier of toxin targeting to KDR.

nNOS expression of hippocampal neurons in aged rats after brain ischemia/reperfusion and its role in DND development.

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in aged rats' hippocampal delayed neuronal death (DND) following brain ischemia. METHODS: Models of incomplete brain ischemia were induced by clipping common carotid artery. A total of 46 aged SD rats were divided into 8 groups: normal control group (Group A, n=5), sham-operation group (Group B, n=5), reperfusion 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hours groups after brain ischemia for 30 minutes (Group C, D, E, F, G, and H, n=6/group). The expression of nNOS was examined by immunohistochemistry and neuronal ultrastructural changes were observed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at different time points after reperfusion. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry showed that nNOS expression in the hippocampal neurons was high in Group E, low expression in Group D, moderate expression in Group F and G. There was nearly no expression of nNOS in Group A, B, C, and H. Ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons was damaged more severely in reperfusion over 24 hours groups. CONCLUSIONS: Nitric oxide (NO) may be one of the important factors in inducing DND after ischemia/reperfusion.

Structural changes of neurons in hippocampus from infantile rats exposed to hyperbaric oxygen.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if hyperbaric oxygen ( HBO) may induce structural changes of neurons in hippocampus from infantile rats and if the changes are reversible. METHODS: All 27 healthy SD infantile rats were exposed to HBO (0.25 MPa) or hyperbaric air (HBA) for 1 to 3 courses (10 days as 1 course). The hippocampus was taken at the end of each course to observe its morphology b y light microscope and electron microscope. RESULTS: HBO exposure induced capillary dilation, nuclear membr ane winding or blurring and some mitochondria swelling with its crista blurring i n neurons. The changes occurred after 1 course exposure and became significant w ith time. Most of the changes recovered 20 days after stopping exposure. No chan ge was found after HBA exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term HBO exposure can cause capillary dilati on and ultrastructural injury of neurons in hippocampus from infantile rats. The damage is not serious, but reversible.

[Pathological and ultramicrostructural changes of tissues in a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To study the morphological, ultramicrostructural and pathological changes of tissues from a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). METHODS: One autopsy case of diagnosed SARS was investigated. Lung puncture was performed immediately after the patient died, and the autopsy was done after 12 h. The specimens from lymph nodes, spleen, small intestine, colon and bone marrow were studied by immunohistochemical technique. The antibodies used included CD20, CD45RO (UCHL-1), CD4, CD8, CD68 and CD34. RESULTS: The principal lesions of the SARS case consisted of acute lobular intrastitial pneumonia, hyaloid membranes of pulmonic alveoli and hyperplasia and shedding of alveolar epithelium of. Virus-like inclusions occasionally contained cytoplasm of the alveolar epithelium, which were positive by histochemical staining. The adjacent blood-vessels were changed by hyperplasia and enlargement. The structures of lymph nodes and spleen were damaged with lymph follicles depletion and splenic nodules atrophy. The specific changes included reduction of lymphocytes and hyperplasia of histiocytes, depletion of the follicles of small intestine and colon wall, decreased hyperplasia of the bone marrow and increased number of the megakaryocyte. Meanwhile, in the immunohistochemical study, CD(20)(+) B cells were fully expressed in lymph nodes and spleen, and the CD45RO (UCHL-1)(+) T cells were scatteredly expressed. The number of CD4(+) help T cell was markedly decreased, while the number of CD8+ poisonal T cells increased, and the ratio of the former and latter was no more than 0.5. Under the electronic microscopy observation, virus-like particles with 80 - 160 nm diameter and halo or garland envelope were found in mononuclear macrophage and cytoplasm of alveolar epithelium. CONCLUSION: The specific lesions of SARS consist of lobular intrastitial pneumonia with the formation of hyaline membranes of lung, haemorrhage, necrosis, inflammation of blood vessels and the damages of extralung lymphohemopioetic system. The damages were very similar to the pathological features of tissues infected by human immunodeficiency virus, in which numbers of T cells decreased and CD(4)(+) T cell/CD(8)(+) T cell ratio was no more than 0.5. According to the virus-like particles found in lung of the SARS case, it is considered that these virus-like particles may be a new kind of coronavirus which caused the "atypical pneumonia".

[Pathological changes of lungs in patients with severity acute respiratory syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the progression in morphologic changes of lungs in SARS patients. METHODS: Four cases of SARS with lung tissue samples available (including one for ultrastructural examination) were enrolled into the study. Histochemical study for VG, Masson, reticulin, orcein, PAS, sirius red stains and immunohistochemical study for vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle actin, HHF-35, CD34, F8, collagen types I and III were also performed. RESULTS: According to the morphologic changes, lung lesions in SARS were subcategorized into 3 phases: acute exudative inflammation, fibrous proliferation and the final fibrotic stage. Two cases belonged to the acute exudative phase, in which the course was less than 20 days. The principal lesions consisted of acute alveolar exudative inflammation, hyperplasia of alveolar epithelium, necrosis, alveolar hyaline membrane formation, alveolar desquamation and focal fibroplasia. The acute exudative protein was PAS-positive. There was an increase in reticulin fiber formation. The reactive fibroblasts were highlighted by desmin and vimentin. One case belonged to the fibroproliferative stage, in which the course was around 25 days. Major lesions included proliferative interstitial pneumonia with early pulmonary fibrosis. There was also evidence of organizing pneumonia, with an increase in reticulin fiber formation, which had a glomeruloid appearance on special stain. The mesenchymal cells showed either myofibroblastic (which expressed desmin, HHF-35, smooth muscle actin and vimentin) or fibroblastic (which expressed vimentin only) differentiation. Fibroelastosis and fibroplasia was also noted. The remaining case belonged to the fibrotic stage, in which the course was around 75 days. The main features included diffuse fibrosis and honeycomb change, which were highlighted by sirius red stain. Immunohistochemistry showed mainly types I and IV collagen fibers. In all lesions, there was also an increase of number of CD68-positive macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: The morphologic progression in lungs of SARS patients is characterized by the development of increased fibrosis. The primitive mesenchymal cells, hyperplastic alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis.

BSP gene silencing inhibits migration, invasion, and bone metastasis of MDA-MB-231BO human breast cancer cells.

Bone sialoprotein (BSP) has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological events, including tumor cell invasion, bone homing, adhesion, and matrix degradation. To explore the potential involvement of BSP in human breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis, we used retrovirus-mediated RNAi to deplete BSP levels in the human bone-seeking breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231BO (231BO) and established the 231BO-BSP27 and 231BO-BSP81 cell clones. Cell proliferation, colony formation, wound healing, and the ability to invade into matrigel of these BSP-depleted clones were all decreased. Both 231BO-BSP27 cells and 231BO-BSP81 cells showed a significant (15.4% and 28.6% respectively) reduction of bone metastatic potential following intracardiac injection as determined by X-ray detection and by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Moreover, the expression of integrins αvß3 and ß3 was decreased in the BSP-silenced cells whereas ectopic BSP expression increased the integrins αvß3 and ß3 levels. These results together suggest that BSP silencing decreased the integrin αvß3 and ß3 levels, in turn inhibiting cell migration and invasion and decreasing the ability of the cells to metastasize to bone.

Astragaloside IV inhibits apoptotic cell death in the guinea pig cochlea exposed to impulse noise.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the beneficial effect of astragaloside IV on impulse noise-induced hearing loss may be due to its ability to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevent apoptosis. OBJECTIVE: Astragaloside IV is the major active constituent of Astragalus membranaceus, which has been widely used for the treatment of diseases in China for its antioxidant properties. ROS and apoptosis are involved in damage induced by impulse noise trauma. We aimed to investigate if the beneficial effects of astragaloside IV on cochlea exposed to impulse noise are associated with the inhibition of ROS and the decrease in apoptosis. METHODS: 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) was used as the marker of ROS. Active-caspase-3 (cas-3) served as a marker for apoptosis. 4HNE and cas-3 were determined immunohistochemically. Guinea pigs in the experimental group were administered astragaloside IV intragastrically. Auditory thresholds were assessed by sound-evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR) 72 h before and after exposure to impulse noise. RESULTS: The results showed that astragaloside IV significantly reduced ABR deficits, and decreased the expression of ROS and cas-3.