[Factors predicting of failure after conservative treatment in III-V grade renal trauma]. / Facteurs prédictifs d'échec du traitement conservateur du traumatisme rénal grade III­V.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Surgical exploration of renal injury secondary to major trauma often leads to nephrectomy. The aim of this work was to identify the factors associated with the need for surgery in patients with III-V grade renal trauma who were initially managed conservatively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data from patients with Grade III-V kidney injury between June 2005 and June 2015. Demographic, clinical and bio-radiological characteristics at admission and follow-up, as well as management and complications, were recorded. Patient data, including conservative treatment, was a success without recourse to nephrectomy, and those patients who needed surgery were analyzed. RESULTS: Seventy three patients were included in this study. Grade III accounted for 45%, Grade IV: 49% and Grade V: 5%. The success rate for conservative treatment was 79%: 31 patients grade III (94%), 26 grade IV (72%) and no grade V patients. hypotension at admission (P=0.04), hematoma size greater than 3.5 centimeters (P=0.002), grade V (P=0.003), anemia (P=0.04), blood transfusion (P=0.01) and worsening of lesions of the control CT lesions (P=0.001), are the factors considered as predictive of failure of conservative treatment. CONCLUSION: Conservative management is the treatment of choice in III-V grade renal trauma, and the prognostic factors found in this study make it possible to better select patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

[Oncological results of a series of 93 laparoscopic radical cystectomies: 5 years of follow-up]. / Résultats oncologiques d'une série de 93 cystectomies totales laparoscopiques : 5 ans de suivi.

OBJECTIVE: To report oncological results at 5 years after laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) with lymph node dissection for bladder cancer (BC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective single-center study of all patients who underwent LRC for BC by the same surgeon from February 2007 to March 2016. Demographic, perioperative and oncologic data were collected. We reported overall survival rate (OS), cancer specific (CSS) and recurrence-free survival (SSR), as primary indicators of oncologycal outcomes. These survival rates were estimated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Log-rank tests were used to explore overall survival according tumor stage, lymph node involvement and surgical margins status. RESULTS: In all, 93 patients (82 men and 11 women) underwent LRC. Mean age was 59 years. Minor complications (Clavien I-II) occurred in 24.7%. Major complications (Clavien IIIa-V) were observed in 8.6%. No patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Median lymph node (LN) yield was 15 and 26.5% patients had positive LN. The positive surgical margins (SMs) rate was 5.3%. Median follow-up for the entire patients was 50 months (19-84 months). Forty-three patients (46.2%) were followed for at least 71 months. Five year RFS, CSS and OS were 67%, 85% and 79%, respectively. Non organ confined desease, positive LN and positive SMs were associated with poorer OS (P<0.039, P<0.016 and P<0.001). CONCLUSION: LRC was associated with acceptable long-term oncologic outcomes, similar to those currently reported after open cystectomy for BC. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

[Evaluation of the learning curve of laparoscopic radical cystectomy for cancer: Morbidity and oncological results]. / Évaluation de la courbe d'apprentissage de la cystectomie radicale laparoscopique pour cancer : morbidité et résultats oncologiques.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of the laparoscopic radical cystectomy learning curve on perioperative and oncological outcomes. PATIENT AND METHODS: This is a retrospective and single-center study of all patients who underwent laparoscopic radical cystectomy for bladder cancer from February 2007 to March 2016, (93 patients) Perioperative and oncological data were collected. We used mixed statistical models to predict the number of patients needed in the learning phase. We compared the perioperative parameters of the patients in the learning phase with those of the rest of the patients. Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients are required for the learning phase (P1). The expertise phase begins after the 36th LRC (P2). In both phases, there was no significant difference in age, ASA score, and tumor stage (P=0.237, P=0.577, P=0.998). Mean operative time was 328.3min and 262.4min in P1 and P2 (P=0.0001), mean blood loss was 333.7mL and 194.3mL in P1 and P2 respectively (P=0.0003). The rate of major complications was high in the learning phase (P=0.042). There was no significant difference in lymph node yield, positive surgical margins and overall survival (P=0.068, P=0.194, P=0.703). CONCLUSION: This learning experience was evaluated without compromising oncological results, but with a significantly higher rate of major complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

[The local anesthesia for the prostatic biopsies echo-guided: forward-looking randomized study comparing two methods]. / L'anesthésie locale pour les biopsies prostatiques écho-guidées: étude prospective randomisée comparant deux méthodes.

INTRODUCTION: The realization of the prostatic biopsies is a painful act. The objective of our work was to compare the analgesic efficiency of the injection of the lidocaine at the level of periprostatics laterals and apical areas compared with the use of gel of lidocaine intrarectal associated with the taking of oral tramadol. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between November 2007 and December 2009, 60 patients admitted in the service of urology of the university hospital Mohammed VI of Marrakesh for prostatic biopsies were randomized in two groups. The group 1 (30 patients) received two tablets from tramadol 50mg with 10 mL of gel of lidocaine 2% intrarectal while 30 patients of the group 2 received 10 mL from lidocaine 2% injected at the level of periprostatics laterals and apicales. The pain was estimated by a visual analog scale (AVS) at the introduction of the probe of echography (AVS 1), at the time of the biopsy (AVS 2) and 20 minutes later (AVS 3). RESULTS: There was no significant difference between both groups concerning AVS 1 means. The average score of the pain was significantly lower in the group 2 for the AVS 2 and AVS 3. CONCLUSION: The periprostatics anesthesia assured a better control of the pain at the time of the prostatic biopsy and 20 minutes later, without increase of the complications. We recommend it to decrease the pain and the discomfort related to this technique.

[Perineal-scrotal gangrene: epidemiological and therapeutic aspects. About 45 cases]. / La gangrène périnéoscrotale: profil épidémiologique et aspects thérapeutiques. À propos de 45 cas.

Perineoscrotal gangrene is an acute disease, a rare and severe affection of the perineum, whose evolution is unpredictable and rapidly extensive. The diagnosis is clinical. The paraclinical examinations allow early diagnosis and assessment of anatomical and biological repercussions. We conducted a retrospective study of 45 patients spread over six years, involving a multidisciplinary team consisting of three specialists (urologists, visceral, plastic surgeons). The average age was 52 years. The largely male dominated our series. Fournier gangrene was the most common etiology. We noted five cases of death (11%) in the acute phase, secondary to septic shock (four patients) or multiple organ failure (one patient). The evolution was favorable in 40 other patients in the series, requiring an initial management in intensive care unit, and surgical treatment. The average hospital stay was 17 days. After the acute phase, all patients underwent a surgery for skin coverage, ranging from guided healing (two patients) to musculocutaneous flap of the gracilis (six patients) via the secondary suture (four patients), the burying the testes (18 patients) and half thick skin graft, with a functional and aesthetic result was acceptable, and minimal sequelae. In our series, the most predictive prognostic factors would be the delay of care, sepsis on admission and associated diseases.

[PSA interest and prostatitis: literature review]. / Intérêt de l'utilisation du PSA dans la prise en charge des prostatites: revue de la littérature.

UNLABELLED: Prostatitis is easily diagnosed but sometimes associated with PSA measurement. An increased PSA in an asymptomatic patient may be associated with antibiotic use to eliminate the inflammatory part and to confirm prostate biopsy. It seems interesting to confirm or infirm these attitudes with a systematic review of the literature METHOD: We performed a literature review using the words [prostatitis], [acute prostatitis], [prostate specific antigen], [PSA], in the MEDLINE, Pubmed and AMBASE database searching for articles in French or English published in the past 20 years. RESULTS: PSA is not always increased during an acute prostatitis episode. An increased PSA in an asymptomatic man does not seem to be systematically correlated to prostate inflammation. Analyzing the studies, it seems inaccurate to measure PSA value during a febrile urinary infection episode in men. Systematic use of antibiotic to decrease PSA and not performing prostate biopsy is not relevant and may induce resistance to antibiotic and doesn't induce a reduction risk of having prostate biopsy. CONCLUSION: PSA is unnecessary in case of febrile urinary tract infection in men.

Mule bite to the male genitalia with complete penile and anterior urethra amputation: unusual case and review of the literature.

Animal bite is rare with few cases reported in the literature. The morbidity of animal bites is directly related to the severity of the initial wound. Most victims are boys, and dog bites are the most common injury. Infectious complications are unusual, since treatment is sought early (Wein 2007). Thus, urologists are not usually familiar with management and principles for treating this condition. The authors report the case of a 38-year-old male with a severe mule bite injury to the genitalia causing complete penile and anterior urethra amputation and scrotal wound with no involvement of its contents. To our knowledge, no such case had ever been reported in the medical literature. This kind of emergencies is challenging for urologists.

Les abcès du psoas: aspects diagnostic et therapeutique

Objectif: Décrit pour la première fois en 1881 par Mynter1, l'abcès du psoas est une maladie rare. Les auteurs rapportent leur expérience dans la prise en charge de cette pathologie. Patients et méthodes: De janvier 1999 jusqu'en décembre 2002, quinze observations d'abcès du psoas, 12 hommes (80%) et 3 femmes (20%), d'âge moyen de 53 ans (27 - 70 ans), ont été colligées dans notre service. Le délai moyen d'hospitalisation est de 6 semaines (2 semaines - 24 semaines). L'interrogatoire permettait de reconstituer l'histoire de la maladie et une enquête étiologique. Tous les patients ont été explorés par le couple abdomen sans préparation et échographies abdominales. Neuf patients ont eu un uro-scanner. Le drainage chirurgical par une petite incision de 5 cm a été effectué chez 12 patients. Le traitement étiologique a été réalisé ultérieurement chez 9 patients. Résultats : La symptomatologie clinique était faite de fièvre chez 9 malades (60%), d'un psoïtis chez 6 malades (40%), d'une masse lombaire chez 5 malades (33%) et d'une masse inguinale chez 3 malades (20%). Une hyperleucocytose oscillant entre 13000 et 34000 /mm3 a été trouvée chez tous les malades (54%). Les germes les plus fréquemment isolés sont le staphylocoque doré (54%), le bacille de Koch (38,4%), Escherichia coli (15%) et Klebsiella (8%). L'abcès du psoas était primitif chez 4 malades (26.6%) et secondaire chez 11 malades (73.3%). Le traitement chirurgical qui consiste à drainer largement la collection purulente a été réalisé chez 8 malades par voie lombaire antérolatérale extra péritonéale et par voie inguinale haute chez 4 malades. Trois de nos malades ont bien évolué sous traitement médical associé à un drainage percutané. L'évolution immédiate est favorable chez tous nos malades. Conclusion: L'abcès primitif du psoas reste de pathogénie obscure. C'est un piège diagnostique pour le clinicien. Le diagnostic clinique précis de l'abcès et la sanction thérapeutique ont bénéficié des données récentes de l'imagerie moderne. Le traitement chirurgical reste la référence en cas d'échec du drainage percutané

Prise en charge des fractures de verge : a propos de 30 cas

Objectives: To evaluate our experience with the management of penile fractures. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively studied 30 cases of trauma to the erect penis seen at the Urology Department of Mohammed VI University Hospital; Marrakech; Morocco between January 2001 and January 2004. In general; the patients presented between 3 hours and 10 days after the injury; however the majority (25 patients) presented within 12 hours after the injury. The mean age of the patients was 33 years (range: 17 - 70 years). The diagnosis of penile fracture was entirely based on clinical features. The commonest cause of penile fracture was violent sexual intercourse (12 cases). The injury involved unilateral corporeal rupture in all patients with the length of the fracture site varying from 1 to 3 cm. Surgery involved an elective incision on the site of the fracture in all patients. Hospital stay ranged from 1 to 2 days. All patients were followed up for at least 6 months. Results: The postoperative period was uneventful in all patients but one who developed infection of the incision. At follow-up 3 months after the intervention; all patients were able to have a painless sexual intercourse and reported an adequate erection without erectile dysfunction or penile curvature. Conclusion: Our results show that an elective incision is a reliable method to treat unilateral penile fracture without urethral trauma