RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although immune cell therapy has long been used for treating solid cancer, its efficacy remains limited. Interferon (IFN)-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs) exhibit cytotoxicity and present antigens to relevant cells; thus, they can selectively induce tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific CD8 T cells and may be useful in cancer treatment. Various protocols have been used to amplify human IKDCs from peripheral sources, but the complexity of the process has prevented their widespread clinical application. Additionally, the induction of TAA-specific CD8 T cells through the adoptive transfer of IKDCs to immunocompromised patients with cancer may be insufficient. Therefore, we developed a method for generating an immune cell-based regimen, Phyduxon-T, comprising a human IKDC counterpart (Phyduxon) and expanded TAA-specific CD8 T cells. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from ovarian cancer patients were cultured with human interleukin (hIL)-15, hIL-12, and hIL-18 to generate Phyduxon-T. Then, its phenotype, cytotoxicity, and antigen-presenting function were evaluated through flow cytometry using specific monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: Phyduxon exhibited the characteristics of both natural killer and dendritic cells. This regimen also exhibited cytotoxicity against primary ovarian cancer cells and presented TAAs, thereby inducing TAA-specific CD8 T cells, as evidenced by the expression of 4-1BB and IFN-γ. Notably, the Phyduxon-T manufacturing protocol effectively expanded IFN-γ-producing 4-1BB+ TAA-specific CD8 T cells from peripheral sources; these cells exhibited cytotoxic activities against ovarian cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Phyduxon-T, which is a combination of natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and TAA-specific CD8 T cells, may enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ovarianas , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos , Feminino , Humanos , Interferons/metabolismo , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Antígenos de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Ovarianas/metabolismo , Células DendríticasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sunitinib is a multikinase inhibitor used to treat patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, sunitinib toxicity makes it a double-edged sword. Potent immune modulation by sunitinib extends to nuclear interactions. To address these issues, there is an urgent need for delivery vectors suitable for sunitinib treatment. METHODS: We developed PEGylated liposomes as delivery vectors to precisely target sunitinib (lipo-sunitinib) to RCC tumors. Further investigations, including RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), were performed to evaluate transcriptomic changes in these pathways. DiI/DiR-labeled lipo-sunitinib was used for the biodistribution analysis. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence (IF) were used to examine immune modulation in orthotopic RCC models. RESULTS: The evaluation of results indicated that lipo-sunitinib precisely targeted the tumor site to induce autophagy and was readily taken up by RCC tumor cells. In addition, transcriptomic assays revealed that following lipo-sunitinib treatment, autophagy, antigen presentation, cytokine, and chemokine production pathways were upregulated, whereas the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway was downregulated. In vivo data provided evidence supporting the inhibitory effect of lipo-sunitinib on RCC tumor progression and metastasis. Flow cytometry further demonstrated that liposunitinib increased the infiltration of effector T cells (Teffs) and conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) into the tumor. Furthermore, systemic immune organs such as the tumor-draining lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow exhibited upregulated anticancer immunity following lipo-sunitinib treatment. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that lipo-sunitinib is distributed at the RCC tumor site, concurrently inducing potent autophagy, elevating antigen presentation, activating cytokine and chemokine production pathways, and downregulating EMT in RCC cells. This comprehensive approach significantly enhanced tumor inhibition and promoted anticancer immune modulation.
Assuntos
Autofagia , Carcinoma de Células Renais , Neoplasias Renais , Lipossomos , Polietilenoglicóis , Sunitinibe , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Sunitinibe/farmacologia , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Lipossomos/química , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Humanos , Imunomodulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Distribuição Tecidual , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/efeitos dos fármacos , FemininoRESUMO
Nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane), which is a nanoparticle form of albumin-bound paclitaxel, is one of the standard chemotherapies for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This study determined the effect of Abraxane in combination with a fusion protein, hIL15-ABD, on subcutaneous Panc02 and orthotopic KPC C57BL/6 murine PDAC models. Abraxane combined with hIL15-ABD best suppressed tumour growth and produced a 40%-60% reduction in the tumour size for Panc02 and KPC, compared to the vehicle group. In the combination group, the active form of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-secreting CD8+ T cells and CD11b+ CD86+ M1 macrophages in tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were increased. In the tumour drainage lymph nodes (TDLNs) of the combination group, there was a 18% reduction in CD8+ IFN-γ+ T cells and a 0.47% reduction in CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells, as opposed to 5.0% and 5.1% reductions, respectively, for the control group. Superior suppression of CD11b+ GR-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and the induction of M1 macrophages in the spleen and bone marrow of mice were found in the combination group. Abraxane and hIL15-ABD effectively suppressed NF-κB-mediated immune suppressive markers, including indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), Foxp3 and VEGF. In conclusion, Abraxane combined with hIL15-ABD stimulates the anticancer activity of effector cells, inhibits immunosuppressive cells within the tumour microenvironment (TME) of PDAC, and produces a greater inhibitory effect than individual monotherapies.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Paclitaxel Ligado a Albumina/farmacologia , Paclitaxel Ligado a Albumina/uso terapêutico , Albuminas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Interleucina-15 , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Overexpression of HER2 is associated with cancer phenotypes, such as proliferation, survival, metastasis and angiogenesis, and has been validated as a therapeutic target. However, only a portion of patients benefited from anti-HER2 treatments, and many would develop resistance. A more effective HER2 targeted therapeutics is needed. Here, we adopted a prodrug system that uses 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and a HER2-targeting scaffold protein, ZHER2:2891, fused with yeast cytosine deaminase (Fcy) to target HER2-overexpressing cancer cells and to convert 5-FC to a significantly more toxic chemotherapeutic, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We cloned the coding gene of ZHER2:2891 and fused with those of ABD (albumin-binding domain) and Fcy. The purified ZHER2:2891-ABD-Fcy fusion protein specifically binds to HER2 with a Kd value of 1.6 nM ZHER2:2891-ABD-Fcy binds to MDA-MB-468, SKOV-3, BT474, and MC38-HER2 cells, which overexpress HER2, whereas with a lower affinity to HER2 non-expresser, MC38. Correspondingly, the viability of HER2-expressing cells was suppressed by relative low concentrations of ZHER2:2891-ABD-Fcy in the presence of 5-FC, and the IC50 values of ZHER2:2891-ABD-Fcy for HER2 high-expresser cells were approximately 10-1000 fold lower than those of non-HER2-targeting Fcy, and ABD-Fcy. This novel prodrug system, ZHER2:2891-ABD-Fcy/5-FC, might become a promising addition to the existing class of therapeutics specifically target HER2-expressing cancers.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Citosina Desaminase/genética , Pró-Fármacos/farmacologia , Receptor ErbB-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Antineoplásicos/química , Biotransformação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Citosina Desaminase/metabolismo , Flucitosina/metabolismo , Fluoruracila/metabolismo , Fluoruracila/farmacologia , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Pró-Fármacos/química , Ligação Proteica , Receptor ErbB-2/genética , Receptor ErbB-2/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismoRESUMO
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) specific therapeutics is of great importance in cancer treatment. Fcy-hEGF fusion protein, composed of yeast cytosine deaminase (Fcy) and human EGF (hEGF), is capable of binding to EGFR and enzymatically convert 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) to 1000-fold toxic 5-fluorocuracil (5-FU), thereby inhibiting the growth of EGFR-expressing tumor cells. To develop EGFR-specific therapy, 188Re-liposome-Fcy-hEGF was constructed by insertion of Fcy-hEGF fusion protein onto the surface of liposomes encapsulating of 188Re. Western blotting, MALDI-TOF, column size exclusion and flow cytometry were used to confirm the conjugation and bio-activity of 188Re-liposome-Fcy-hEGF. Cell lines with EGFR expression were subjected to treat with 188Re-liposome-Fcy-hEGF/5-FC in the presence of 5-FC. The 188Re-liposome-Fcy-hEGF/5-FC revealed a better cytotoxic effect for cancer cells than the treatment of liposome-Fcy-hEGF/5-FC or 188Re-liposome-Fcy-hEGF alone. The therapeutics has radio- and chemo-toxicity simultaneously and specifically target to EGFR-expression tumor cells, thereby achieving synergistic anticancer activity.
Assuntos
Citosina Desaminase/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/metabolismo , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Fluoruracila/farmacologia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/farmacologia , Antimetabólitos Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Antimetabólitos Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos da radiação , Citosina Desaminase/química , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/química , Flucitosina/metabolismo , Fluoruracila/metabolismo , Humanos , Lipossomos/química , Células MCF-7 , Neoplasias/patologia , Ligação Proteica , Radioisótopos/química , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/química , Rênio/químicaRESUMO
Background Cetuximab is a fully humanized IgG1 subclass monoclonal that binds specifically to the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Although EGFR is expressed in normal cells, the overexpression of EGFR is detected in many human cancers, such as colon, rectum and lung tumors. In this study, cetuximab with a combination of radiotherapy nuclear 188Re achieved better therapeutic effect on lung cancer. Methods188Re-cetuximab administered by the i.v. route in human NCI-H292 lung tumor-bearing mice was investigated. NanoSPECT/CT images were taken to evaluate the distribution and tumor targeting of 188Re-cetuximab in mice. The anti-tumor effect of 188Re-cetuximab was assessed by the tumor growth inhibition, survival ratio. Results For nanoSPECT/CT imaging, a significant uptake in tumor was observed at 24 and 48 h following the injection of 188Re-cetuximab. The anti-tumor effect of 188Re-cetuximab was assessed by tumor growth inhibition and the survival ratio. The tumor-bearing mice treated with 188Re-cetuximab showed a better mean tumor growth inhibition rate (MGI = 0.049) and longer median survival time and lifespan (62.50 d; 70.07%) than those treated with 188Re-perrhenate and cetuximab only by single injection. A synergistic effect of tumor growth inhibition was observed with the combination index exceeding one for 188Re-cetuximab (CI = 6.135 and 9.276). Conclusion The tumor targeting and localization of 188Re-cetuximab were confirmed in this study. Synergistic therapeutic efficacy was demonstrated for the radioimmunotherapy of 188Re-cetuximab. The results of this study reveal the potential advantage and benefit obtained from 188Re-cetuximab for diagnosis and therapy of oncology applications in the future.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Cetuximab/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Radioimunoterapia/métodos , Radioisótopos/uso terapêutico , Rênio/uso terapêutico , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacocinética , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/farmacocinética , Apoptose , Proliferação de Células , Cetuximab/farmacocinética , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Radioisótopos/farmacocinética , Rênio/farmacocinética , Distribuição Tecidual , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Despite standard treatment, about 70% of ovarian cancer will recur. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been implicated in the drug-resistance mechanism. Several drug resistance mechanisms have been proposed, and among these, autophagy plays a crucial role for the maintenance and tumorigenicity of CSCs. Compared to their differentiated counterparts, CSCs have been demonstrated to display a significantly higher level of autophagy flux. Moreover, mitophagy, a specific type of autophagy that selectively degrades excessive or damaged mitochondria, is shown to contribute to cancer progression and recurrence in several types of tumors. Nanomedicine has been shown to tackle the CSCs problem by overcoming drug resistance. In this work, we developed a nanomedicine, 188Re-liposome, which was demonstrated to target autophagy and mitophagy in the tumor microenvironment. Of note, the inhibition of autophagy and mitophagy could lead to significant tumor inhibition in two xenograft animal models. Lastly, we presented two cases of recurrent ovarian cancer, both in drug resistance status that received a level I dose from a phase I clinical trial. Both cases developing drug resistance showed drug sensitivity to 188Re-liposome. These results suggest that inhibition of autophagy and mitophagy by a nanomedicine may be a novel strategy to overcome drug resistance in ovarian cancer.
Assuntos
Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipossomos/química , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/toxicidade , Animais , Antígeno Ca-125/sangue , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p21/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/patologia , Nanomedicina , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/citologia , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/radioterapia , Radioisótopos/química , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/química , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/uso terapêutico , Rênio/química , Transplante HeterólogoRESUMO
The design, preparation, as well as structural and functional characterizations of the recombinant fusion protein hVEGF-EGF as a dual-functional agent that may target both EGFR (R: receptor) and angiogenesis are reported. hVEGF-EGF was found to bind to EGFR more strongly than did EGF, and to bind to VEGFR similarly to VEGF. Mass spectrometry measurements showed that the sites of DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) conjugated hVEGF-EGF (for radiolabeling) were the same as those of its parent hEGF and hVEGF proteins. All DTPA-conjugated proteins retained similar binding capacities to their respective receptors as compared to their respective parent proteins. In vitro cell binding studies using BAEC (a bovine aortic endothelial cell) and MDA-MB-231 (a human breast cancer) cells expressing both EGFR and VEGFR confirmed similar results. Treating BAEC cells with hVEGF-EGF induced remarkable phosphorylation of EGFR, VEGFR, and their downstream targets ERK1/2. Nevertheless, the radiolabeled (111)In-DTPA-hVEGF-EGF showed cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells. Pharmacokinetic studies using (111)In-DTPA-hVEGF-EGF in BALB/c nude mice showed that appreciable tracer activities were accumulated in liver and spleen. In all, this study demonstrated that the fusion protein hVEGF-EGF maintained the biological specificity toward both EGFR and VEGFR and may be a potential candidate as a dual-targeting moiety in developing anticancer drugs.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/química , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/química , Animais , Bovinos , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Portadores de Fármacos/metabolismo , Portadores de Fármacos/farmacocinética , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/farmacocinética , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Ácido Pentético/química , Ácido Pentético/metabolismo , Ácido Pentético/farmacocinética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/química , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/farmacocinética , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the major component of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes. TAMs are heterogeneous, with distinct phenotypes influenced by the microenvironment surrounding tumor tissues. Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), a member of the TNFR superfamily, is overexpressed in tumor cells and is capable of modulating host immunity as either a neutralizing decoy receptor or an effector molecule. Upregulation of DcR3 has been observed to correlate with a poor prognosis in various cancers. However, the mechanisms underlying the DcR3-mediated tumor-promoting effect remain unclear. We previously demonstrated that DcR3 modulates macrophage activation toward an M2-like phenotype in vitro and that DcR3 downregulates MHC class II expression in TAMs via epigenetic control. To investigate whether DcR3 promotes tumor growth, CT26-DcR3 stable transfectants were established. Compared with the vector control clone, DcR3-transfectants grew faster and resulted in TAM infiltration. We further generated CD68 promoter-driven DcR3 transgenic (Tg) mice to investigate tumor growth in vivo. Compared with wild-type mice, macrophages isolated from DcR3-Tg mice displayed higher levels of IL-10, IL-1ra, Ym1, and arginase activity, whereas the expression of IL-12, TNF-α, IL-6, NO, and MHC class II was downregulated. Significantly enhanced tumor growth and spreading were observed in DcR3-Tg mice, and the enhanced tumor growth was abolished by arginase inhibitor N-ω-hydroxy-l-norarginine and histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium valproate. These results indicated that induction of TAMs is an important mechanism for DcR3-mediated tumor progression. Our findings also suggest that targeting DcR3 might help in the development of novel treatment strategies for tumors with high DcR3 expression.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Progressão da Doença , Macrófagos Peritoneais/imunologia , Macrófagos Peritoneais/patologia , Membro 6b de Receptores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/fisiologia , Regulação para Cima/imunologia , Adenocarcinoma/imunologia , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Ativação de Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos Peritoneais/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos Nus , Camundongos SCID , Camundongos TransgênicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Limited literature exists on the feasibility and effectiveness of integrating stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) techniques with hyperfractionated regimens for patients with lung cancer. This study aims to assess whether the SABR technique with hyperfractionation can potentially reduce lung toxicity. METHODS: We utilized the linear-quadratic model to find the optimal fraction to maximize the tumor biological equivalent dose (BED) to normal-tissue BED ratio. Validation was performed by comparing the SABR plans with 50 Gy/5 fractions and hyperfractionationed plans with 88.8 Gy/74 fractions with the same tumor BED and planning criteria for 10 patients with early-stage lung cancer. Mean lung BED, Lyman-Kutcher-Burman (LKB) normal tissue complication probability (NTCP), critical volume (CV) criteria (volume below BED of 22.92 and 25.65 Gy, and mean BED for lowest 1000 and 1500 cc) and the percentage of the lung receiving 20Gy or more (V20) were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: The transition point occurs when the tumor-to-normal tissue ratio (TNR) of the physical dose equals the TNR of α/ß in the BED dose-volume histogram of the lung. Compared with the hypofractionated regimen, the hyperfractionated regimen is superior in the dose range above but inferior below the transition point. The hyperfractionated regimen showed a lower mean lung BED (6.40 Gy vs. 7.73 Gy) and NTCP (3.50% vs. 4.21%), with inferior results concerning CV criteria and higher V20 (7.37% vs. 7.03%) in comparison with the hypofractionated regimen (p < 0.01 for all). CONCLUSIONS: The hyperfractionated regimen has an advantage in the high-dose region of the lung but a disadvantage in the low-dose region. Further research is needed to determine the superiority between hypo- and hyperfractionation.
Assuntos
Fracionamento da Dose de Radiação , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Radiocirurgia , Humanos , Radiocirurgia/métodos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/radioterapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is often not diagnosed until an advanced stage, and so most patients are not eligible for resection. For patients who are inoperable, definitive radiotherapy is crucial for local disease control. However, the pancreas is located close to other vulnerable gastrointestinal organs, making it challenging to deliver an adequate radiation dose. The surgical insertion of spacers or injection of fluids such as hydrogel before radiotherapy has been proposed, however, no study has discussed which patients are suitable for the procedure. METHODS: In this study, we reviewed 50 consecutive patients who received definitive radiotherapy at our institute to determine how many could have benefitted from hydrodissection to separate the pancreatic tumor from the adjacent gastrointestinal tract. By hypothetically injecting a substance using either computed tomography (CT)-guided or endoscopic methods, we aimed to increase the distance between the pancreatic tumor and surrounding hollow organs, as this would reduce the radiation dose delivered to the organs at risk. RESULTS: An interventional radiologist considered that hydrodissection was feasible in 23 (46%) patients with a CT-guided injection, while a gastroenterologist considered that hydrodissection was feasible in 31 (62%) patients with an endoscopic injection. Overall, we found 14 (28%) discrepancies among the 50 patients reviewed. Except for 1 patient who had no available trajectory with a CT-guided approach but in whom hydrodissection was considered feasible with an endoscopic injection, the other 13 patients had different interpretations of whether direct invasion was present in the CT images. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that about half of the patients could have benefited from hydrodissection before radiotherapy. This finding could allow for a higher radiation dose and potentially better disease control.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma , Estudos de Viabilidade , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Humanos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/radioterapia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Adenocarcinoma/radioterapia , Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Adulto , InjeçõesRESUMO
Co-stimulatory signaling pathway triggered by the binding of B7.1/B7.2 (CD80/86) of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to CD28 of T cells is required for optimal T-cell activation. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a negative regulator of T cell activation, which competes with CD28 for B7.1/B7.2 binding with a greater affinity. Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody against CTLA-4, has shown positive efficacy in a pivotal clinical trial for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and was approved by FDA. However, the cost of monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics might limit the number of patients treated. To develop a novel therapeutics specifically targeting CTLA-4, we constructed a DNA vaccine by cloning the sequence of CTLA-4 fused with a transmembrane domain sequence of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) into a mammalian expression plasmid, pVAC-1. Immunization with the resulting construct, pVAC-1-hCTLA-4, elicited antibody specific to human CTLA-4 with cross reactivity to murine CTLA-4, which was sufficient for inhibiting B16F10 tumor growth in c57BL/6 mice in the absence of measurable toxicity. Coupling liposome with pVAC-1-mCTLA-4 could break tolerance to self-antigen in BALB/c mice and induce potent immunity against murine CTLA-4, and suppress growth of subcutaneous renal cell carcinoma (Renca).
Assuntos
Antígeno CTLA-4/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/uso terapêutico , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Células Apresentadoras de Antígenos/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/imunologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Ipilimumab , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologiaRESUMO
Nanoliposomes are good drug delivery systems that allow the encapsulation of drugs into vesicles for their delivery. The objective of this study is to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of a new radio-therapeutics of (188)Re-labeled pegylated liposome in a C26 murine colon carcinoma solid tumor model. The safety of (188)Re-liposome was evaluated before radiotherapy treatment. The anti-tumor effect of (188)Re-liposome was assessed by tumor growth inhibition, survival ratio and ultrasound imaging. Apoptotic marker in tumor was also evaluated by the TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick-end labeling) method after injection of (188)Re-liposome. The group treated with (188)Re-liposome displayed slight loss in body weight and decrease in white blood cell (WBC) count 7 to 14 days post-injection. With respect to therapeutic efficacy, the tumor-bearing mice treated with (188)Re-liposome showed better mean tumor growth inhibition rate (MGI) and longer median survival time (MGI = 0.140; 80 day) than those treated with anti-cancer drug 5-FU (MGI = 0.195; 69 day) and untreated control mice (MGI = 0.413; 48 day). The ultrasound imaging showed a decrease in both tumor volume and number of blood vessels. There were significantly more apoptotic nuclei (TUNEL-positive) in (188)Re-liposome-treated mice at 8 h after treatment than in control mice. These results evidenced the potential benefits achieved by oncological application of the radio-therapeutics (188)Re-liposome for adjuvant cancer treatment.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Etilenodiaminas/uso terapêutico , Lipossomos/uso terapêutico , Compostos Organometálicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias do Colo/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Etilenodiaminas/administração & dosagem , Etilenodiaminas/toxicidade , Fluoruracila/administração & dosagem , Fluoruracila/farmacologia , Fluoruracila/uso terapêutico , Injeções Intravenosas , Marcação por Isótopo , Lipossomos/administração & dosagem , Lipossomos/toxicidade , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Compostos Organometálicos/administração & dosagem , Compostos Organometálicos/toxicidade , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) is now the standard of care for patients with inoperable early-stage lung cancer. Many of these patients are elderly. EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) mutation is also common in the Asian population. METHODS: To evaluate the effects of old age and EGFR mutation on treatment outcomes and toxicity, we reviewed the medical records of 71 consecutive patients with inoperable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received SABR at Taipei Veterans General Hospital between 2015 and 2021. RESULTS: The study revealed that median age, follow-up, Charlson comorbidity index, and ECOG score were 80 years, 2.48 years, 3, and 1, respectively. Of these patients, 37 (52.1%) were 80 years or older, and 50 (70.4%) and 21 (29.6%) had T1 and T2 diseases, respectively. EGFR mutation status was available for 33 (46.5%) patients, of whom 16 (51.5%) had a mutation. The overall survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 97.2, 74.9, and 58.3%, respectively. The local control rate at 1, 3, and 5 years was 97.1, 92.5, and 92.5%, respectively. Using Cox proportional hazards regression we found that male sex was a risk factor for overall survival (p = 0.036, 95% CI: 1.118-26.188). Two patients had grade 2 pneumonitis, but no other grade 2 or higher toxicity was observed. We did not find any significant differences in treatment outcomes or toxicity between patients aged 80 or older and those with EGFR mutations in this cohort. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that age and EGFR mutation status do not significantly affect the effectiveness or toxicity of SABR for patients with inoperable early-stage NSCLC.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Radiocirurgia , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , Masculino , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/radioterapia , Receptores ErbB/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/radioterapia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Radiocirurgia/efeitos adversos , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão/etiologia , Taiwan , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Human epithelial cancers account for approximately 50% of all cancer deaths. This type of cancer is characterized by excessive activation and expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The EGFR pathway is critical for cancer cell proliferation, survival, metastasis and angiogenesis. The EGF-EGFR signaling pathway has been validated as an important anticancer drug target. Increasing numbers of targeted therapies against this pathway have been either approved or are currently under development. Here, we adopted a prodrug system that uses 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and human EGF (hEGF) fused with yeast cytosine deaminase (Fcy) to target EGFR-overexpressing cancer cells and to convert 5-FC to a significantly more toxic chemotherapeutic, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We cloned and purified the Fcy-hEGF fusion protein from Pichia pastoris yeast. This fusion protein specifically binds to EGFR with a similar affinity as hEGF, approximately 10 nM. Fcy-hEGF binds tightly to A431 and MDA-MB-468 cells, which overexpress EGFR, but it binds with a lower affinity to MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, which express lower levels of EGFR. Similarly, the viability of EGFR-expressing cells was suppressed by Fcy-hEGF in the presence of increasing concentrations of 5-FC, and the IC(50) values for A431 and MDA-MB-468 were approximately 10-fold lower than those of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. This novel prodrug system, Fcy-hEGF/5-FC, might represent a promising addition to the available class of inhibitors that specifically target EGFR-expressing cancers.
Assuntos
Carcinoma/enzimologia , Citosina Desaminase/farmacologia , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/farmacologia , Receptores ErbB/antagonistas & inibidores , Flucitosina/farmacologia , Pró-Fármacos/farmacologia , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Clonagem Molecular , Citosina Desaminase/genética , Citosina Desaminase/isolamento & purificação , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/genética , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Mitógenos/farmacologia , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Honokiol, a small active molecular compound extracted from magnolia, has recently been shown to inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in vitro. AIMS: This study further characterized aspects of the HCV lifecycle affected by the antiviral functions of honokiol. METHODS: The influence of honokiol on HCV infection, entry, translation and replication was assessed in Huh-7.5.1 cells using cell culture-derived HCV (HCVcc), HCV pseudo-type (HCVpp) and sub-genomic replicons. RESULTS: Honokiol had strong antiviral effect against HCVcc infection at non-toxic concentrations. Combined with interferon-α, its inhibitory effect on HCVcc was more profound than that of ribavirin. Honokiol inhibited the cell entry of lentiviral particles pseudo-typed with glycoproteins from HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, and 2a, but not of the vesicular stomatitis virus. It had inefficient activity on HCV internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-translation at concentrations with significant anti-HCVcc effects. The expression levels of components of replication complex, NS3, NS5A and NS5B, were down-regulated by honokiol in a dose-dependent manner. It also inhibited HCV replication dose dependently in both genotypes 1b and 2a sub-genomic replicons. CONCLUSIONS: Honokiol inhibits HCV infection by targeting cell entry and replication and, only at a concentration >30 µM, IRES-mediated translation of HCV life cycle. Based on its high therapeutic index (LD(50) /EC(90) = 5.4), honokiol may be a promising drug for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Antivirais/farmacologia , Compostos de Bifenilo/farmacologia , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Lignanas/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Quimioterapia Combinada , Regulação Viral da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Genes Reporter , Genótipo , Células HEK293 , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepacivirus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hepacivirus/metabolismo , Humanos , Interferon-alfa/farmacologia , Magnolia , Fenótipo , Plantas Medicinais , Biossíntese de Proteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Transfecção , Proteínas Virais/biossíntese , Proteínas Virais/genética , Internalização do Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Intracranial germinoma (IG) rarely occurs in adults. Its optimal treatment strategy is unclear. We evaluated the outcomes of radiotherapy in adults with intracranial germinoma. Data of 29 adult patients (age, 18-52 years; median age, 24.3 years) with IG treated with radiotherapy at Taipei Veterans General Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. They were followed up for a median time of 5.9 years (range, 1.0-12.8 years). We used the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models to identify the factors affecting PFS. PFS and OS were compared between adult and pediatric patients with IG. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year PFS rates were 96.6%, 85.8%, and 77.8%, respectively, in the adult patients, and the OS rate were all 100%. Seven patients (24.1%) experienced recurrence, and in six of them, salvage therapy successfully controlled the disease. Two patients (6.9%) died after 5 years of follow-up due to disease progression and central pontine myelinolysis. In the univariate and multivariate Cox analysis, bifocal lesions had a significantly lower PFS than those with single lesions (p = 0.008). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that adult patients had a poorer PFS (p = 0.06) and OS (p = 0.025) than pediatric patients. Our study showed bifocal lesions were associated with lower PFS than a single lesion among adult IG patients, and adult IG patients tended to have poorer PFS and OS compared to pediatric IG patients. For adult patients with bifocal IG, we recommend treatment with craniospinal irradiation, whole ventricle irradiation (WVI) with chemotherapy, or frequent spine images follow-up for patients who received only WVI.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas , Germinoma , Adolescente , Adulto , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/radioterapia , Criança , Irradiação Craniana/efeitos adversos , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Germinoma/radioterapia , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a pathophysiologic vasculopathic process with obscure mechanisms and limited effective therapeutic strategies. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an important regulator of xenobiotic metabolism and an environmental sensor. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of AhR in the development of DR and elucidate the molecular mechanism of its downregulation. DR was evaluated in diabetes-induced retinal injury in wild type and AhR knockout (AhR-/-) mice. Retinal expression of AhR was determined in human donor and mice eyes by immunofluorescence since AhR activity was examined in diabetes. AhR knockout (AhRKO) mice were used to induce diabetes with streptozotocin, high-fat diet, or genetic double knockout with diabetes spontaneous mutation (Leprdb) (DKO; AhR-/-×Leprdb/db) for investigating structural, functional, and metabolic abnormalities in vascular and epithelial retina. Structural molecular docking simulation was used to survey the pharmacologic AhR agonists targeting phosphorylated AhR (Tyr245). Compared to diabetic control mice, diabetic AhRKO mice had aggravated alterations in retinal vasculature that amplified hallmark features of DR like vasopermeability, vascular leakage, inflammation, blood-retinal barrier breakdown, capillary degeneration, and neovascularization. AhR agonists effectively inhibited inflammasome formation and promoted AhR activity in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells and pigment epithelial cells. AhR activity and protein expression was downregulated, resulting in a decrease in DNA promoter binding site of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) by gene regulation in transcriptional cascade. This was reversed by AhR agonists. Our study identified a novel of DR model that target the protective AhR/PEDF axis can potentially maintain retinal vascular homeostasis, providing opportunities to delay the development of DR.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Retinopatia Diabética , Camundongos , Humanos , Animais , Retinopatia Diabética/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/genética , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/metabolismo , Estreptozocina/farmacologia , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Xenobióticos/metabolismo , Retina , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Diabetes Mellitus/metabolismoRESUMO
Anti-PD-L1 antibody monotherapy shows limited efficacy in a significant proportion of the patients. A common explanation for the inefficacy is a lack of anti-tumor effector cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recombinant human interleukin-15 (hIL15), a potent immune stimulant, has been investigated in clinical trial with encouraging results. However, hIL15 is constrained by the short half-life of hIL15 and a relatively unfavorable pharmacokinetics profile. We developed a recombinant fusion IL15 protein composed of human IL15 (hIL15) and albumin binding domain (hIL15-ABD) and explored the therapeutic efficacy and immune regulation of hIL-15, hIL15-ABD and/or combination with anti-PD-L1 on CT26 murine colon cancer (CC) and B16-F10 murine melanoma models. We demonstrated that hIL15-ABD has significant inhibitory effect on the CT26 and B16-F10 tumor growths as compared to hIL-15. hIL-15-ABD not only showed superior half-life and pharmacokinetics data than hIL-15, but also enhance anti-tumor efficacy of antibody against PD-L1 via suppressive effect on accumulation of Tregs and MDSCs and activation of NK and CD8+T cells. Immune suppressive factors including VEGF and IDO were also decreased by combination treatment. hIL15-ABD combined with anti-PD-L1 antibody increased the activity of anti-tumor effector cells involved in both innate and adaptive immunities, decreased the TME's immunosuppressive cells, and showed greater anti-tumor effect than that of either monotherapy.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Anti-depressants have been reported to own anti-tumor potential types of cancers; however, the role of imipramine in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been elucidated. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was known to be one of the key regulators that control NSCLC progression. Whether EGFR would be the target of imipramine for suppressing tumor signaling transduction and results in anti-tumor potential is remaining unclear. METHODS: We used CL-1-5-F4 cells and animal models to identify the underlying mechanism and therapeutic efficacy of imipramine. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, invasion/migration, DNA damage, nuclear translocation of NF-κB, activation of NF-κB, phosphorylation of EGFR/PKC-δ/NF-κB was assayed by MTT, flow cytometry, transwell, wound healing assay, comet assay, immunofluorescence staining, NF-κB reporter gene assay and Western blotting, respectively. Tumor growth was validated by CL-1-5-F4/NF-κB-luc2 bearing animal model. RESULTS: Imipramine effectively induces apoptosis of NSCLC cells via both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis signaling. DNA damage was increased, while, invasion and migration potential of NSCLC cells was suppressed by imipramine. The phosphorylation of EGFR/PKC-δ/NF-κB and their downstream proteins were all decreased by imipramine. Similar tumor growth inhibition was found in imipramine with standard therapy erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor). Non-obvious body weight loss and liver pathology change were found in imipramine treatment mice. CONCLUSION: Imipramine-triggered anti-NSCLC effects in both in vitro and in vivo model are at least partially attributed to its suppression of EGFR/PKC-δ/NF-κB pathway.