Study of Rivaroxaban for Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial Comparing Anticoagulation With Rivaroxaban to Standard-of-Care in Symptomatic Cerebral Venous Thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: Emerging data suggest that direct oral anticoagulants may be a suitable choice for anticoagulation for cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). However, conducting high-quality trials in CVT is challenging as it is a rare disease with low rates of adverse outcomes such as major bleeding and functional dependence. To facilitate the design of future CVT trials, SECRET (Study of Rivaroxaban for Cerebral Venous Thrombosis) assessed (1) the feasibility of recruitment, (2) the safety of rivaroxaban compared with standard-of-care anticoagulation, and (3) patient-centered functional outcomes. METHODS: This was a phase II, prospective, open-label blinded-end point 1:1 randomized trial conducted at 12 Canadian centers. Participants were aged ≥18 years, within 14 days of a new diagnosis of symptomatic CVT, and suitable for oral anticoagulation; they were randomized to receive rivaroxaban 20 mg daily, or standard-of-care anticoagulation (warfarin, target international normalized ratio, 2.0-3.0, or low-molecular-weight heparin) for 180 days, with optional extension up to 365 days. Primary outcomes were annual rate of recruitment (feasibility); and a composite of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, major extracranial hemorrhage, or mortality at 180 days (safety). Secondary outcomes included recurrent venous thromboembolism, recanalization, clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding, and functional and patient-reported outcomes (modified Rankin Scale, quality of life, headache, mood, fatigue, and cognition) at days 180 and 365. RESULTS: Fifty-five participants were randomized. The rate of recruitment was 21.3 participants/year; 57% of eligible candidates consented. Median age was 48.0 years (interquartile range, 38.5-73.2); 66% were female. There was 1 primary event (symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage), 2 clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding events, and 1 recurrent CVT by day 180, all in the rivaroxaban group. All participants in both arms had at least partial recanalization by day 180. At enrollment, both groups on average reported reduced quality of life, low mood, fatigue, and headache with impaired cognitive performance. All metrics improved markedly by day 180. CONCLUSIONS: Recruitment targets were reached, but many eligible participants declined randomization. There were numerically more bleeding events in patients taking rivaroxaban compared with control, but rates of bleeding and recurrent venous thromboembolism were low overall and in keeping with previous studies. Participants had symptoms affecting their well-being at enrollment but improved over time. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT03178864.

Comparison of patients with biopsy positive and negative primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

OBJECTIVE: There is limited evidence on when to obtain a central nervous system (CNS) biopsy in suspected primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS). Our objective was to identify which clinical and radiological characteristics were associated with a positive biopsy in PACNS. METHODS: From the multicenter retrospective Cohort of Patients with Primary Vasculitis of the CNS (COVAC), we included adults with PACNS based on a positive CNS biopsy or otherwise unexplained intracranial stenoses with additional findings supportive of vasculitis. Baseline findings were compared between patients with a positive and negative biopsy using logistic regression models. RESULTS: 200 patients with PACNS were included, among which a biopsy was obtained in 100 (50%) and was positive in 61 (31%). Patients with a positive biopsy were more frequently female (OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.25-7.10, p = 0.01) and more often presented with seizures (OR 8.31, 95% CI 2.77-33.04, p < 0.001) or cognitive impairment (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.11-6.10, p = 0.03). On imaging, biopsy positive patients more often had non-ischemic parenchymal or leptomeningeal gadolinium enhancement (OR 52.80, 95% CI 15.72-233.06, p < 0.001) or ≥ 1 cerebral microbleed (OR 8.08, 95% CI 3.03-25.13, p < 0.001), and less often had ≥ 1 acute brain infarct (OR 0.02, 95% CI 0.004-0.08, p < 0.001). In the multivariable model, non-ischemic parenchymal or leptomeningeal gadolinium enhancement (aOR 8.27, 95% CI 1.78-38.46), p < 0.01) and absence of ≥ 1 acute brain infarct (aOR 0.13, 95% CI 0.03-0.65, p = 0.01) were significantly associated with a positive biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline clinical and radiological characteristics differed between biopsy positive and negative PACNS. These results may help physicians individualize the decision to obtain a CNS biopsy in suspected PACNS.

Ischemic stroke is a potential complication of uncontrolled inflammation in mevalonate kinase deficiency - A case report.

OBJECTIVES: Mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) is an autosomal recessive autoinflammatory disease characterized by recurrent systemic inflammation attacks. Despite interconnections with inflammation, thrombosis is rare or underreported in MKD. Our goal is to report evidence of uncontrolled inflammation as the cause of ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 39-year-old French-Canadian patient consulted for stroke. He reported a previous diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever and hospitalizations nearly monthly since birth for recurrent inflammatory attacks despite colchicine prophylaxis. Attacks were triggered by infections or stress, lasted 3-7 days, and included fever up to 41°C, painful lymphadenopathies, abdominal pain, polyarthralgia and maculopapular rash. Stroke culminated his most recent inflammatory attack. Brain MRI confirmed an acute infarct, without chronic ischemic damage. Blood tests documented increased C-reactive protein, amyloid A and immunoglobulin-D. Prothrombotic and autoantibody tests, cervicocephalic CT-angiography, echocardiography, cardiac monitoring, and toxic screen were unremarkable. Infections were excluded. His only sister had similar attacks. In both cases, sequencing of 32 autoinflammatory-associated genes identified two pathogenic mevalonate kinase mutations. Their non-consanguineous parents, half-brother and four children were asymptomatic. Following treatment with anti-interleukin-1beta monoclonal antibodies, he no longer had inflammatory attacks or stroke in >4 years. CONCLUSION: This MKD patient experienced an ischemic stroke during an attack, attributed to uncontrolled inflammation. Investigations excluded other stroke etiologies. Recurrent febrile attacks starting before age 1 and lasting >3 days, gastrointestinal symptoms, painful lymphadenopathies, maculopapular rash, triggers, aphthous stomatitis, non-Mediterranean ancestry, and ineffectiveness of colchicine prophylaxis are consistent with MKD. Anti-interleukin-1 therapy prevents recurrent autoinflammatory attacks.

Hyperacute multi-organ thromboembolic storm in COVID-19: a case report.

Acute viral pneumonia, hypoxemic respiratory failure and severe inflammatory response are hallmarks of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19-associated inflammatory state may further lead to symptomatic thromboembolic complications despite prophylaxis. We report a 66-year-old female patient with post-mortem diagnosis of COVID-19 who presented progressive livedo racemosa, acute renal failure and myocardial injury, as well as an absence of respiratory symptoms. Transthoracic echocardiography showed severe spontaneous echo contrast in the right cardiac chambers and right-sided cardiac overload presumed to result from pulmonary microvascular thrombosis or embolism. D-dimer levels were increased. The patient developed an acute ischemic stroke and died 2 days following presentation despite therapeutic anticoagulation. Her predominantly thromboembolic presentation supports the concept of coronavirus infection of endothelial cells and hypercoagulability, or COVID-19 endotheliitis. The case we report highlights that COVID-19-associated hyperacute multi-organ thromboembolic storm may precede or present disproportionately to respiratory involvement.

Carotid Plaque Vulnerability Assessment Using Ultrasound Elastography and Echogenicity Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate ultrasound elastography and echogenicity analysis to discriminate between carotid plaques in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis versus patients with asymptomatic stenosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic ICA stenosis of more than 50% were recruited for the study. After both carotid arteries were scanned, plaque translation and elastography and echogenicity features were assessed. Parameters of index stenosis (i.e., symptomatic or more severe stenosis) were compared between populations. For further validation, parameters of index stenosis were also compared with those of the contralateral artery for segments with plaque. Segments without plaque on the index side were also evaluated between populations. ROC curve analyses were performed using a cross-validation method with bootstrapping to calculate sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients with symptomatic (n = 26) or asymptomatic (n = 40) carotid stenoses were included. The maximum axial strain (p < 0.001), maximum axial shear strain magnitude (p = 0.03), and percentage of low-intensity of gray level (p = 0.01) of the index ICA were lower for patients with symptoms than for those without symptoms. In both groups, the contralateral ICA had translation and elastography and echogenicity parameters similar to those of the index ICA in patients with asymptomatic stenosis. The ROC curve for the detection of vulnerable plaques in patients with symptomatic stenosis was higher when ultrasound elastography and ultrasound echogenicity were used in combination than when each method was used alone (p < 0.001); a sensitivity of 71.6% and a specificity of 79.3% were obtained. CONCLUSION: This pilot study establishes the usefulness of combining elastography with echogenicity analysis to discriminate plaques in patients with symptomatic ICA stenosis versus asymptomatic stenosis.

Prevalence of Fabry Disease and Outcomes in Young Canadian Patients With Cryptogenic Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies reported Fabry disease in 0% to 4% of young patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke (IS). We sought to determine the prevalence of Fabry and outcomes among young Canadians with cryptogenic IS or transient ischemic attack (TIA). METHODS: We prospectively enrolled individuals aged 18 to 55 with IS or speech or motor TIA, and no cause identified despite predetermined investigation. α-galactosidase-A gene was sequenced for Fabry diagnosis. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was measured at presentation to quantify stroke severity. Modified Rankin Scale determined functional outcomes ≤7 days after presentation and 6 months later. RESULTS: We enrolled 365 patients with IS and 32 with TIA. α-galactosidase-A sequencing identified a single carrier of a genetic variant of unknown significance (p.R118C) and no well-recognized pathogenic variants. Mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 3.1. Proportion of patients with modified Rankin Scale of 0 to 2 was 70.7% at ≤7 days and 87.4% at 6 months. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at presentation and diabetes mellitus predicted 6-month modified Rankin Scale. Thirteen patients experienced 5 recurrent IS and 9 TIA during follow-up. No patient died. Most patients (98.7%) returned home. Among previous workers, 43% had residual working limitations. CONCLUSIONS: In this Canadian cohort of patients with cryptogenic IS or TIA, the prevalence of Fabry was 0.3% if p.R118C variant is considered as pathogenic. This suggests that more cost-effective methods should be applied for diagnosis of Fabry rather than systematic genetic screening in this population. Overall, cryptogenic IS in young adults is associated with favorable outcomes.

Endovascular thrombectomy and medical therapy versus medical therapy alone in acute stroke: A randomized care trial.

BACKGROUND: Until recently, the benefits of endovascular treatment in stroke were not proven. Care trials have been designed to simultaneously offer yet-to-be validated interventions and verify treatment outcomes. Our aim was to implement a care trial for patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: The study was offered to all patients considered for endovascular management of acute ischemic stroke in one Canadian hospital. Inclusion criteria were broad: onset of symptoms≤5h or at any time in the presence of clinical-imaging mismatch and suspected or demonstrated proximal large vessel occlusion. Exclusion criteria were few: established infarction or hemorrhagic transformation of the target symptomatic territory and poor 3-month prognosis. The primary outcome was mRS≤2 at 3 months. Patients were randomly allocated to standard care or standard care plus endovascular treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov: Identifier NCT02157532. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients were recruited in 19 months (March 2013-October 2014) at a single center. Randomized allocation was interrupted when other trials showed the benefits of endovascular therapy. At 3 months, 20 of 40 patients (50.0%; 95% CI: 35%-65%) in the intervention group had reached the primary outcome, compared to 14 of 37 patients (37.8%; 95% CI: 24%-54%) in the control group (P=0.36). Eleven patients in the intervention group died within 3 months compared to 9 patients in the standard care group. CONCLUSION: A care trial was implemented to offer verifiable care to acute stroke patients. This approach offers a promising means to manage clinical dilemmas and guide uncertain practices.

Proper name anomia in poststroke aphasics: evidence from a multiple-case study.

We aimed to characterize difficulties in famous face naming in three poststroke aphasic patients with a lesion limited to the left mid-posterior temporal language regions, sparing the anterior temporal lobe. The patients did not present semantic deficits specific to known people. Nonetheless, they showed difficulties naming famous buildings in addition to famous faces, but they were comparable to healthy controls in generating proper names. Our results support the critical role of the mid-posterior temporal language regions in the lexical retrieval of proper names, namely from pictorial stimuli, in absence of semantic impairments.

Non-invasive repeated therapeutic stimulation for aphasia recovery: a multilingual, multicenter aphasia trial.

Noninvasive brain stimulation such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used in case series and small randomized controlled trials to improve recovery from poststroke aphasia in combination with speech and language therapy. Results of these studies suggest possible clinical efficacy and an excellent safety profile. Therefore, a larger international multicenter proof-of-concept trial was launched, to directly compare the safety and efficacy of rTMS, tDCS, and sham stimulation as adjuvant therapy to speech and language therapy in subacute poststroke aphasia. In the 4 participating centers, subacute stroke patients with aphasia are randomized between 5 and 30 days after ischemic stroke to either receive rTMS, tDCS, or sham stimulation in combination with a daily 45 minutes speech and language therapy session for 10 days. Efficacy is evaluated at 1 and 30 days after the last of the 10 treatment sessions using 3 outcome measures, validated in all participating languages: Boston naming test, Token test, and verbal fluency test. Additionally, adverse events are recorded to prove safety. In this study, a total of 90 patients will be recruited, and data analysis will be completed in 2016. This is the first multilingual and multinational randomized and controlled trial in poststroke aphasia and if positive, will add an effective new strategy for early stage poststroke aphasia rehabilitation.

Cervical spondylosis: a rare and curable cause of vertebrobasilar insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: Spondylotic vertebral artery (VA) compression is a rare cause of vertebrobasilar insufficiency and stroke. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 53-year-old man experienced multiple brief vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and strokes, not apparently triggered by neck movements. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) documented consecutive infarcts, first in the left then right medial posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) territories. Angiography showed two extracranial right vertebral artery (VA) stenoses, left VA hypoplasia, absence of left PICA and a dominant right PICA. Computed tomography angiography revealed right VA compression by osteophytes at C5-C6 and C6-C7 levels. No further vertebrobasilar insufficiency symptoms occurred in the 65 months following VA surgical decompression. Our literature review found 49 published surgical cases with vertebrobasilar symptoms caused by cervical spondylosis. Forty cases had one or more brief TIAs frequently triggered by neck movements. Three cases presented with stroke without prior TIA, with symptoms suggesting a top of the basilar artery embolic infarcts (one combined with a PICA infarct). Six cases had both TIAs and minor stroke. VA compression by uncovertebral osteophytes at the C5-C6 level was common. Dynamic angiography done in 38 cases systematically revealed worsening of VA stenosis or complete occlusion with either neck extension or rotation (ipsilateral when specified). Contralateral VA incompetence was found in 14 patients. CONCLUSION: Spondylotic VA stenosis can cause hemodynamic TIAs and watershed strokes, especially when contralateral VA insufficiency is combined to specific neck movements. Low-amplitude neck movement may suffice in severe cases. Embolic vertebrobasilar events are less frequent. VA decompression from spondylosis may prevent recurrent ischemic episodes.

Prevalence of Fabry disease in stroke patients--a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Fabry disease is an uncommon but treatable cause of stroke. Enzyme replacement therapy helps improve neurologic symptoms. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the prevalence of Fabry disease in stroke patients. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for relevant articles published in English up to February 2013. Studies that reported incidence or prevalence of Fabry disease in stroke patients were included. Two reviewers independently assessed studies to determine eligibility, validity, and quality. Meta-analysis was performed to calculate the prevalence of Fabry disease by etiology and gender. RESULTS: Nine studies (n = 8302 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Eight studies (n = 8148) examined the prevalence of Fabry disease in young stroke patients. Overall qualities of included studies were moderate to high. The prevalence of Fabry disease ranged from .4% to 2.6% on strokes of any etiologies. In cryptogenic stroke, the prevalence ranged from .6% to 11.1%, 4.5% in men (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.2%-6.3%) and 3.4% in women (95% CI = 1.0%-10.7%). The prevalence of Fabry disease in patients with all etiologies was similar in men (.9% [95% CI = .3%-2.3%]) and (1.4% [95% CI = .7%-2.7%]) in women. CONCLUSIONS: Fabry disease may explain approximately 1% of all strokes in the young, including 3%-5% of cryptogenic strokes. The confirmation of Fabry disease may be challenging as there are different criteria for men and women. Early recognition of Fabry disease may help initiate the appropriate treatment to decrease the risk of subsequent complications.

Determinants of adverse outcomes following patent foramen ovale closure in elderly patients.

BACKGROUND: Limited data are available on transcatheter patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure outcomes in the elderly. AIMS: Through this study, we aimed to determine the incidence and predictors of adverse events (recurrent cerebrovascular events [CVE] and atrial fibrillation [AF]) post-PFO closure in older patients with cryptogenic events. METHODS: This multicentre international study included patients over 60 years undergoing PFO closure for cryptogenic thromboembolic events. A dedicated database compiled baseline, procedural, and follow-up data. Competing risk and adjusted outcome predictor analyses were conducted. RESULTS: A total of 689 patients were included (median age 65 years, 41.2% female, mean Risk of Paradoxical Embolism [RoPE] score 4.5). The procedural success rate was 99.4%. After a median follow-up of 2 (interquartile range 1-5) years, 66 patients (9.6%) had died. CVE and stroke rates were 1.21 and 0.55 per 100 patient-years, respectively. Diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] 3.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.67-9.07; p=0.002) and atrial septal aneurysm (ASA; HR 5.25, 95% CI: 1.56-17.62; p=0.007) increased the CVE risk. New-onset AF occurred at a rate of 3.30 per 100 patient-years, with 51.3% within one month post-procedure. Older age (HR 1.05 per year, 95% CI: 1.00-1.09; p=0.023) and the absence of hypertension (HR 2.04, 95% CI: 1.19-3.57; p=0.010) were associated with an increased risk of AF. CONCLUSIONS: Older patients undergoing PFO closure had a relatively low rate of CVE and new-onset AF after a median follow-up of 2 years. The presence of diabetes, ASA, and a more advanced age determined an increased risk of adverse clinical events. These factors may be considered in the clinical decision-making process regarding PFO closure in this challenging population.

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-Related Inflammation and Biopsy-Positive Primary Angiitis of the CNS: A Comparative Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation (CAA-RI) and biopsy-positive primary angiitis of the CNS (BP-PACNS) have overlapping clinicoradiologic presentations. It is unknown whether clinical and radiologic features can differentiate CAA-RI from BP-PACNS and whether both diseases have different relapse rates. The objectives of this study were to compare clinicoradiologic presentations and relapse rates in patients with CAA-RI vs BP-PACNS. METHODS: Patients with CAA-RI and BP-PACNS were enrolled from 2 retrospective multicenter cohorts. Patients with CAA-RI were biopsy-positive or met probable clinicoradiologic criteria. Patients with BP-PACNS had histopathologic confirmation of CNS angiitis, with no secondary etiology. A neuroradiologist read brain MRIs, blinded to the diagnosis of CAA-RI or BP-PACNS. Clinicoradiologic features were compared using univariable logistic regression models. Relapse rates were compared using a univariable Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard model, with death as a competing risk. RESULTS: This study enrolled 104 patients with CAA-RI (mean age 73 years, 48% female sex) and 52 patients with BP-PACNS (mean age 45 years, 48% female sex). Patients with CAA-RI more often had white matter hyperintense lesions meeting the probable CAA-RI criteria (93% vs 51%, p < 0.001), acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (15% vs 2%, p = 0.02), cortical superficial siderosis (27% vs 4%, p < 0.001), ≥1 lobar microbleed (94% vs 26%, p < 0.001), past intracerebral hemorrhage (17% vs 4%, p = 0.04), ≥21 visible centrum semiovale perivascular spaces (34% vs 4%, p < 0.01), and leptomeningeal enhancement (70% vs 27%, p < 0.001). Patients with BP-PACNS more often had headaches (56% vs 31%, p < 0.01), motor deficits (56% vs 36%, p = 0.02), and nonischemic parenchymal gadolinium enhancement (82% vs 16%, p < 0.001). The prevalence of acute ischemic lesions was 18% in CAA-RI and 22% in BP-PACNS (p = 0.57). The features with the highest specificity for CAA-RI were acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (98%), cortical superficial siderosis (96%), past intracerebral hemorrhage (96%), and ≥21 visible centrum semiovale perivascular spaces (96%). The probable CAA-RI criteria had a 71% sensitivity (95% CI 44%-90%) and 91% specificity (95% CI 79%-98%) in differentiating biopsy-positive CAA-RI from BP-PACNS. The rate of relapse in the first 2 years after remission was lower in CAA-RI than in BP-PACNS (hazard ratio 0.46, 95% CI 0.22-0.96, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Clinicoradiologic features differed between patients with CAA-RI and those with BP-PACNS. Specific markers for CAA-RI were hemorrhagic signs of subarachnoid involvement, past intracerebral hemorrhage, ≥21 visible centrum semiovale perivascular spaces, and the probable CAA-RI criteria. A biopsy remains necessary for diagnosis in some cases of CAA-RI. The rate of relapse in the first 2 years after disease remission was lower in CAA-RI than in BP-PACNS.

Characterisation of carotid plaques with ultrasound elastography: feasibility and correlation with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the ability of ultrasound non-invasive vascular elastography (NIVE) strain analysis to characterise carotid plaque composition and vulnerability as determined by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Thirty-one subjects with 50 % or greater carotid stenosis underwent NIVE and high-resolution MRI of internal carotid arteries. Time-varying strain images (elastograms) of segmented plaques were generated from ultrasonic raw radiofrequency sequences. On MRI, corresponding plaques and components were segmented and quantified. Associations between strain parameters, plaque composition and symptomatology were estimated with curve-fitting regressions and Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS: Mean stenosis and age were 72.7 % and 69.3 years, respectively. Of 31 plaques, 9 were symptomatic, 17 contained lipid and 7 were vulnerable on MRI. Strains were significantly lower in plaques containing a lipid core compared with those without lipid, with 77-100 % sensitivity and 57-79 % specificity (P < 0.032). A statistically significant quadratic fit was found between strain and lipid content (P < 0.03). Strains did not discriminate symptomatic patients or vulnerable plaques. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound NIVE is feasible in patients with significant carotid stenosis and can detect the presence of a lipid core with high sensitivity and moderate specificity. Studies of plaque progression with NIVE are required to identify vulnerable plaques. KEY POINTS: • Non-invasive vascular elastography (NIVE) provides additional information in vascular ultrasound • Ultrasound NIVE is feasible in patients with significant carotid stenosis • Ultrasound NIVE detects a lipid core with high sensitivity and moderate specificity • Studies on plaque progression with NIVE are required to identify vulnerable plaques.

Prevalence of Fabry disease in young patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: A German study diagnosed 4% of young cryptogenic ischemic stroke patients with Fabry disease, an X-linked lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the alpha-galactosidase A (α-GAL-A) gene resulting in an accumulation of glycosphingolipids. A lower prevalence was found in other geographic regions. AIM: To determine the prevalence of Fabry disease in a Canadian population of young cryptogenic ischemic stroke patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke at age 16-55 were retrospectively identified in our institutional stroke database and underwent a focused clinical evaluation. We sequenced the α-GAL-A gene and measured the levels of blood globotriaosylsphingosine in subjects with mutations of undetermined pathogenicity. Fabry disease was diagnosed in patients with pathogenic mutations or increased levels of blood globotriaosylsphingosine. RESULTS: Ninety-three of 100 study subjects had normal α-GAL-A gene polymorphisms. Seven had mutations of undetermined pathogenicity, including one with increased globotriaosylsphingosine (prevalence, 1%; 95% confidence interval, <.01%-6%). No subjects had angiokeratomas or other clinical manifestations of Fabry disease. Investigation results suggestive of Fabry disease (idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, proteinuria, vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia, and the pulvinar sign) were found only in subjects with normal α-GAL-A genes. Apart from the 100 study subjects, our database included another patient with a family history of Fabry disease and a pathogenic mutation identified before her ischemic stroke presentation as the first clinical manifestation of Fabry disease. Both Fabry patients experienced recurrent ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Fabry disease accounts for a small proportion of young Canadians with cryptogenic ischemic stroke. Identification of Fabry biomarkers remains a research priority to delineate stroke patients disserving routine screening.

Cerebrovascular Events in Older Patients With Patent Foramen Ovale: Current Status and Future Perspectives.

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure, along with medical therapy, has emerged as the therapeutic gold standard in younger (<60-year-old) patients with a PFO-related stroke for preventing recurrent events. However, PFO management guidelines lack definite recommendations for older (>60 years) patients with a PFO-related cerebrovascular event, a complex group of patients who were mostly excluded from PFO closure clinical trials. Nevertheless, several studies have shown a higher prevalence of PFO among older patients with cryptogenic stroke, and its presence has been associated with an increased risk of recurrent events. Furthermore, older patients exhibit a higher prevalence of high-risk PFO anatomical features, present inherent age-related risk factors that might increase the risk of paradoxical embolism through a PFO, and have a higher incidence of ischemic events after a PFO-related event. Additionally, observational studies have shown the safety and preliminary efficacy of PFO closure in older PFO-related stroke patients. Yet, higher rates of recurrent cerebrovascular events and new-onset atrial fibrillation were observed in some studies among older patients compared to their younger counterparts. After careful case-by-case evaluation, including the assessment of hidden potential cardioembolic sources of a cryptogenic stroke other than PFO, transcatheter PFO closure might be a safe and effective therapeutic option for preventing recurrent thromboembolic events in patients >60 years with a high-risk PFO-associated stroke. Ongoing trials will provide important insights into the role of PFO closure in the elderly population.

Diagnosis and management of adult primary angiitis of the central nervous system: an international survey on current practices.

BACKGROUND: Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a rare disease, for which no validated guidelines exist. We report the findings of a survey on the clinical practice of physicians who manage adults with PACNS. METHODS: An online survey was distributed through neurology, internal medicine, and rheumatology societies in Canada and Europe. Participants who were directly involved as treating physicians for at least two adult patients with PACNS were eligible for the survey. RESULTS: Ninety-six physicians completed the survey. Most participants were neurologists (n = 38, 40%), internists (n = 34, 35%) or rheumatologists (n = 22, 23%). Participants obtained a CNS biopsy in a median of 25% (IQR: 5-50%) of suspected PACNS cases. When determining the degree to which eight scenarios justified a CNS biopsy, participants achieved fair inter-rater agreement (Gwet's AC2 0.30, 95% CI 0.23-0.41). For induction therapy, 81 (84%) participants reported using glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide in > 50% of patients. After obtaining remission, 85 (89%) participants systematically introduced or maintained immunosuppressive therapy. Glucocorticoids were prescribed for a median of 12 months. Maintenance therapy with another immunosuppressant was continued for a median of 24 months. In patients who achieved remission, we explored how eight scenarios with different imaging and CSF results supported an increase in treatment. Inter-rater agreement was substantial if the patient was symptomatic (0.66, 95% CI 0.58-0.80) and moderate (0.50, 95% CI 0.45-0.60) if asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: This survey illustrates current real-world management of PACNS and emphasizes several areas for which physicians still lack study-based evidence and/or clinical practice guidelines.

Differential Effects of Speech and Language Therapy and rTMS in Chronic Versus Subacute Post-stroke Aphasia: Results of the NORTHSTAR-CA Trial.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Contralesional 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the right pars triangularis combined with speech-language therapy (SLT) has shown positive results on the recovery of naming in subacute (5-45 days) post-stroke aphasia. NORTHSTAR-CA is an extension of the previously reported NORTHSTAR trial to chronic aphasia (>6 months post-stroke) designed to compare the effectiveness of the same rTMS protocol in both phases. METHODS: Sixty-seven patients with left middle cerebral artery infarcts (28 chronic, 39 subacute) were recruited (01-2014 to 07-2019) and randomized to receive rTMS (N = 34) or sham stimulation (N = 33) with SLT for 10 days. Primary outcome variables were Z-score changes in naming, semantic fluency and comprehension tests and adverse event frequency. Intention-to-treat analyses tested between-group effects at days 1 and 30 post-treatment. Chronic and subacute results were compared. RESULTS: Adverse events were rare, mild, and did not differ between groups. Language outcomes improved significantly in all groups irrespective of treatment and recovery phase. At 30-day follow-up, there was a significant interaction of stimulation and recovery phase on naming recovery (P <.001). Naming recovery with rTMS was larger in subacute (Mdn = 1.91/IQR = .77) than chronic patients (Mdn = .15/IQR = 1.68/P = .015). There was no significant rTMS effect in the chronic aphasia group. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of rTMS to SLT led to significant supplemental gains in naming recovery in the subacute phase only. While this needs confirmation in larger studies, our results clarify neuromodulatory vs training-induced effects and indicate a possible window of opportunity for contralesional inhibitory stimulation interventions in post-stroke aphasia. NORTHSTAR TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02020421.