Stellate ganglion block improves refractory post-traumatic stress disorder and associated memory dysfunction: a case report and systematic literature review.

The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has reached epidemic proportions among U.S. veterans, many of whom also have concurrent alcohol use disorder. This case report describes improvements in PTSD symptom severity and memory dysfunction in a combat-exposed veteran with persistent PTSD and alcohol use disorder following two treatments of stellate ganglion block (SGB). PTSD severity was measured using the PTSD Checklist, Military Version. Memory function was evaluated using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. One month after the first SGB, a 43.6% reduction in PTSD severity was observed along with increases in immediate memory (50%), recent memory (28%), and recognition memory (25%). Following a second SGB, PTSD severity decreased by 57.7% and memory function substantially improved, with pronounced changes in immediate memory (50%), recent memory (58%), and recognition memory (36%). One year after SGB treatments, the patient has stopped drinking alcohol, continues to have sustained relief from PTSD, has improved memory function, and has become gainfully employed. Future studies that employ robust epidemiologic methodologies are needed to generate confirmatory evidence that would substantiate SGB's clinical utility as an adjunctive treatment option for PTSD.

Impact of a Multidisciplinary Long-Term Opioid Therapy Safety Program at a Military Tertiary Academic Medical Center.

OBJECTIVE: In light of the ongoing opioid crisis, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth (NMCP) created the Long-Term Opioid Therapy Safety (LOTS) program to reduce risks and improve long-term opioid therapy outcomes. Our primary outcome was change in compliance with the recommended safety metrics. DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study performed at NMCP, a large military academic medical center providing comprehensive medical care to DoD beneficiaries. The NMCP LOTS program provides both patient and provider narcotic education as well as medical record auditing. The NMCP LOTS program promotes adherence to published CDC, the DVA, and DoD guidelines. METHODS: Anonymized data were compiled each fiscal quarter and were analyzed retrospectively. Adult patients prescribed opioids for at least 90 days without a gap of 30 days between prescriptions were included in this study. The investigators recorded and reported provider compliance with LOTS metrics over the same period. RESULTS: Compliance with the recommended safety metrics improved. We noted a decrease in the number of long-term opioid patients, concurrent benzodiazepine prescriptions, and patients prescribed greater than 90 morphine equivalents per day during the observation period. The number of naloxone prescriptions for LOTS patients also increased, reflecting improved guideline adherence. CONCLUSION: Systematic education and feedback to providers are effective in creating a system and culture of opioid reduction, safe opioid prescribing, and system accountability. This article presents a comprehensive approach to modifying prescribing patterns of long-term opioids in a large healthcare system.

Interval-specific congenic lines reveal quantitative trait Loci with penetrant lyme arthritis phenotypes on chromosomes 5, 11, and 12.

The observation that Borrelia burgdorferi-induced arthritis is severe in C3H mice and milder in C57BL/6 (B6) mice has allowed a forward genetics approach for the identification of genetic elements that regulate the arthritis response. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) on five chromosomes (Chr) were identified previously in segregating crosses between C3H and B6 mice and collectively designated B. burgdorferi arthritis-associated (Bbaa) QTL. Reciprocal interval-specific congenic lines (ISCL) that encompass Bbaa1, Bbaa2-Bbaa3, Bbaa4, Bbaa6, and Bbaa12 on Chr 4, 5, 11, 12, and 1, respectively, have now been generated. Bidirectional transfer of the arthritis severity phenotype in association with Bbaa2-Bbaa3 and Bbaa4 was observed, and unidirectional transfer with the B6 allele of Bbaa6 was noted. These findings confirm the existence of polymorphic loci within Bbaa2-Bbaa3, Bbaa4, and Bbaa6 that regulate the severity of B. burgdorferi-induced arthritis. ISCL were used to assess the regulation of a previously identified interferon transcriptional profile associated with severe disease in C3H mice. The regulation of this transcriptional signature was found to be independent of penetrant Bbaa QTL, both in joint tissues and in isolated macrophages. These results clearly demonstrate the utility of forward genetics for the discovery of novel genes and pathways involved in the regulation of the severity of Lyme arthritis and predict the involvement of regulatory elements not evident from other experimental approaches.

Glenohumeral chondrolysis after arthroscopy: a systematic review of potential contributors and causal pathways.

PURPOSE: This systematic review provides (1) a synthesis of existing clinical evidence that helps identify factors associated with the development of glenohumeral chondrolysis after arthroscopy (PAGCL), (2) a consolidated conceptualization of potential causal pathways that elucidate proposed mechanisms leading to PAGCL, and (3) a summary of implications for practice, policy, and future research. METHODS: A computerized literature review using an iterative search process identified 245 publications in English between January 1960 and April 2009. After we applied inclusion and exclusion criteria, 35 articles were stratified into 4 categories of factors related to PAGCL: (1) patient factors, (2) surgical factors (preoperative and intraoperative), (3) postoperative factors, and (4) causal pathways. RESULTS: The majority of studies (61%) focused on surgical factors correlated with PAGCL, and most were laboratory based (n = 21). Publications involving human subjects were descriptive case reports (n = 15), not epidemiologic studies. A total of 88 patients (91 shoulder surgeries) with PAGCL were identified in case reports. The majority of patients (55%) was male, and the mean age was 27.9 years (range, 13.1 to 64 years). Among patients, 68% (n = 53) had implants/anchors, 67% (n = 59) received local anesthetics through a pain pump, and 45% (n = 41) had surgeries involving radiofrequency devices. The causal pathways to PAGCL likely involve initiating and secondary cartilage injury due to mechanical, thermal, or chemical events. The result is a cascade of interactive cellular responses that may include inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis causing disturbance of cellular metabolism with subsequent loss of the gliding surface, congruity, and synovial fluid, leading to increased friction and accelerated wear that ultimately yield PAGCL. CONCLUSIONS: The literature is limited to correlates, rather than true risk factors, for PAGCL. Well-designed epidemiologic studies that examine various exposures in relation to health outcomes, while controlling for potential confounders, are needed to determine relative risks that allow causal inference, thereby facilitating sound practice and policy decision making. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, systematic review.

Profound pain reduction after induction of memantine treatment in two patients with severe phantom limb pain.

We present the cases of two patients who suffered severe lower extremity injuries and subsequently developed phantom limb pain (PLP) that was refractory to high dose opioids and adjunctive pain medications. Both patients were receiving large doses of oral methadone, IV hydromorphone via a patient-controlled analgesia delivery system, and adjunctive medications including tricyclic antidepressants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, and anti-epileptics. Despite these treatments, the patients had severe PLP. Upon induction of the oral N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist memantine, both patients had a profound reduction in their PLP without any apparent side effects from the medication.

Ten consecutive cases of complex regional pain syndrome of less than 12 months duration in active duty United States military personnel treated with spinal cord stimulation.

Complex regional pain syndrome describes a constellation of symptoms that may involve the sympathetic nervous system. Emerging consensus recommends early intervention with spinal cord stimulation to facilitate physical therapy. Isolated case reports suggest this may be an effective treatment. Ten consecutive active duty United States military personnel with newly diagnosed complex regional pain syndrome underwent early intervention with spinal cord stimulation with favorable results, including decreased pain scores and decreased opioid intake. Six received injuries directly as a result of service in Iraq or Afghanistan. These patients also had posttraumatic stress disorder, but it did not interfere with successful pain control. Additionally, 6 of 10 patients continued on active duty.

Predictors of mortality in close proximity blast injuries during Operation Iraqi Freedom.

BACKGROUND: Blast injury is an increasingly common problem faced by military surgeons in the field. Because of urban terrorism worldwide, blast injury is becoming more common in the civilian sector as well. Blast injuries are often devastating and can overwhelm medical resources. We sought to determine whether simple factors easily obtained from the clinical history and primary survey could be used to triage patients more effectively. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of 18 consecutive close-proximity blast injury patients presenting to a forward deployed surgical unit in Iraq was performed. Patients' injuries and outcomes were recorded. We compared the presence of sustained hypotension, penetrating head injury, multiple (three or more) long-bone fractures, and associated fatalities (whether another patient involved in the same explosion died) between nonsurvivors and survivors using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: All patients who presented alive but exhibited sustained hypotension (n = 5) died, versus 0% who did not exhibit sustained hypotension (n = 9, p < 0.01). There was no marked increase in mortality with presence of multiple long-bone fractures, penetrating head injury, or associated fatalities individually. Having two or more of these factors was associated with a mortality of 86% (6 of 7) versus 20% (2 of 10, p = 0.015) in those who had less than two factors. CONCLUSIONS: Blast injury can overwhelm military and civilian trauma systems alike. Sustained hypotension and presence of two or more easily determined factors, including three or more long-bone fractures, penetrating head injury, and associated fatalities, are associated with increased mortality and can potentially help triage patients and allocate scarce resources more efficiently.

Association of socio-economic status with diabetes prevalence and utilization of diabetes care services.

BACKGROUND: Low income appears to be associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes and diabetes related complications, however, little is known about how income influences access to diabetes care. The objective of the present study was to determine whether income is associated with referral to a diabetes centre within a universal health care system. METHODS: Data on referral for diabetes care, diabetes prevalence and median household income were obtained from a regional Diabetes Education Centre (DEC) database, the Canadian National Diabetes Surveillance System (NDSS) and the 2001 Canadian Census respectively. Diabetes rate per capita, referral rate per capita and proportion with diabetes referred was determined for census dissemination areas. We used Chi square analyses to determine if diabetes prevalence or population rates of referral differed across income quintiles, and Poisson regression to model diabetes rate and referral rate in relation to income while controlling for education and age. RESULTS: There was a significant gradient in both diabetes prevalence (chi2 = 743.72, p < 0.0005) and population rates of referral (chi2 = 168.435, p < 0.0005) across income quintiles, with the lowest income quintiles having the highest rates of diabetes and referral to the DEC. Referral rate among those with diabetes, however, was uniform across income quintiles. Controlling for age and education, Poisson regression models confirmed a significant socio-economic gradient in diabetes prevalence and population rates of referral. CONCLUSION: Low income is associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes and a higher population rate of referral to this regional DEC. After accounting for diabetes prevalence, however, the equal proportions referred to the DEC across income groups suggest that there is no access bias based on income.