Fractal dimension of bone texture in radiographs correlates to ultrasound broadband attenuation T-score.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to measure the fractal dimension on x-ray images and ultrasonographic parameters of the os calcis of bone from 4 districts in osteoporotic patients and in control subjects, in order to test the hypothesis that ultrasonographic parameters correlate to the fractal dimension obtained on x-ray images. METHODS: Fractal analysis on radiological images from 4 bone districts (proximal femur, calcaneus, metacarpus and 3rd phalanx) was performed in a study comparing ultrasonographic evaluation of the os calcis in severe osteoporotic patients and in control cases. We studied 86 x-ray-views from patients with severe reduction of ultrasound Stiffness Index and in healthy women. Ultrasound measurements of left os calcis were performed using the Lunar Achilles-Plus instrument. Fractal analysis was performed using the box-counting method. RESULTS: In healthy subjects, fractal dimension, D, measure of structural complexity, resulted close to the topological dimension (no fractal structure), TD, in femur (1.99±0.03)and phalanx (1.96±0.03), D differed significantly from TD in calcaneus (D=1.90±0.02; p<0.001) and metacarpus (D=1.89±0.03, p<0.001). In osteoporotic subjects, in calcaneus and metacarpus, D was higher (1.94±0.03, 1.93±0.03, respectively) than in healthy subjects (1.90±0.02, 1.89±0.02, respectively, p<0.01). In all the subjects, fractal dimension and ultrasound broadband attenuation T-score correlated significantly in calcaneus and metacarpus (p<0.03 and p<0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Parameters based on a combination of ultrasonic examination and fractal analysis on radiographic images may add useful structural information regarding the patients' skeleton using non invasive procedures.

BL-MOL-AR Project, Preliminary Results about Liquid Biopsy: Molecular Approach Experience and Research Activity in Oncological Settings.

Background Liquid biopsy is mainly used to identify tumor cells in pulmonary neoplasms. It is more often used in research than in clinical practice. The BL-MOL-AR study aims to investigate the efficacy of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and clinical interpretation of the circulating free DNA (cfDNA) levels. This study reports the preliminary results from the first samples analyzed from patients affected by various neoplasms: lung, intestinal, mammary, gastric, biliary, and cutaneous. Methods The Biopsia Liquida-Molecolare-Arezzo study aims to enroll cancer patients affected by various malignancies, including pulmonary, intestinal, advanced urothelial, biliary, breast, cutaneous, and gastric malignancies. Thirty-nine patients were included in this preliminary report. At time zero, a liquid biopsy is executed, and two types of NGS panels are performed, comprising 17 genes in panel 1, which is already used in the routine tissue setting, and 52 genes in panel 2. From the 7th month after enrollment, 10 sequential liquid biopsies are performed up to the 17th month. The variant allele frequency (%) and cfDNA levels (ng/mL) are measured in every plasmatic sample. Results The NGS results obtained by different panels are similar even though the number of mutations is more concordant for lung pathologies. There are no significant differences in the actionability levels of the identified variants. Most of the molecular profiles of liquid biopsies reflect tissue data. Conclusions Preliminary data from this study confirm the need to clarify the limitations and potential of liquid biopsy beyond the lung setting. Overall, parameters related to cfDNA levels and variant allele frequency could provide important indications for prognosis and disease monitoring.

In situ detection of telomeres by fluorescence in situ hybridization and telomerase activity in glioblastoma multiforme: correlation with p53 status, EGFR, c-myc, MIB1, and Topoisomerase IIalpha protein expression.

Aberrations of genes/proteins regulating cell cycle and growth, increased proliferation and telomerase activity (TA) are documentable in glioblastoma multiforme. TA is more frequently detectable in secondary glioblastoma, which is also characterized by p53 mutation/overexpression. Discordant telomere (Te) length values have been reported in glioblastomas with and without TA. In 31 glioblastomas, in which pre-existing astrocytoma was not documented, we compared cases with and without TA for the expression of p53, EGFR, c-Myc, MIB-1 and Topoisomerase IIalpha; p53 mutations were also investigated by SSCP-PCR. Correlations were made with Te parameters [TePs: number (TeNo), length and area] as evaluated by image analysis in interphase nuclei of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-processed sections. We found no differences in the expression of the proteins evaluated and in TePs, except Te/nuclear area %, which was significantly lower in TA+ cases (p=0.02). TePs were, instead, inversely correlated with TA (p=0.0001). TA was positively correlated with MIB1 staining index in the TA+ cases (p=0.033), which also showed a positive correlation between TeNo and EGFR expression (p=0.042), and a trend towards a negative correlation between TeNo and p53 expression (p=0.05). Tumors overexpressing EGFR had a significantly shorter lifetime (p=0.0001). TeNo seems to be inversely correlated to tumor proliferation and lifetime in glioblastoma multiforme.