Identification, spatial distribution, and associated factors of urban protected areas in China.

The increasing proximity between protected areas (PAs) and urban areas, which can lead to urban protected areas (UPAs), is now commonplace. Use of Euclidean distance to measure the distance between PAs and cities has not correctly portrayed the spatial relationship between PAs and cities. We devised an isochronous circle model to accurately measure the distance between 2706 national PAs in 5 categories and 2844 cities in China based on human accessibility to identify urban human activity-influenced protected areas (UHAIPAs) and to quantitatively analyze their distribution patterns and relationships with China's economy, population distribution patterns, and urban development indicators. Most of the PAs in China were established near cities. Of 2746 PAs in China, 18.35% (n = 504) became UPAs, and 58.27% (n = 1600), 16.72% (n = 459), and 3.31% (n = 91) of PAs were within 0-30, 30-60, and 60-90 min, respectively. Both UPAs and UHAIPAs in China in general exhibited obvious spatial aggregation characteristics (e.g., wetland parks and scenic areas), and there was a significant spatial dependence effect among characteristics. The degree of spatial distribution and aggregation of UPAs was correlated with 16 indicators across urban economic development, urban natural substrate, and urban policy support factors. Based on the results of our study, we call for various governments and scholars to focus on areas where wetland parks and PAs overlap with urban boundaries. It is important to emphasize the potential link between the development of agriculture, forestry, livestock and fisheries industries, and UPAs. Overall, we believe that examining the accessibility of PAs can more accurately measure the distance between PAs and cities, and more realistically reflect the possible impacts of urban human activities on PAs, which is helpful for strengthening the conservation and management of PAs.

Identificación, distribución espacial y factores asociados de las áreas urbanas protegidas en China Resumen La creciente proximidad entre las áreas protegidas (AP) y las áreas urbanas, que puede derivar en áreas urbanas protegidas (AUP), es muy común hoy en día. La distancia euclidiana no ha representado correctamente la distancia entre las AP y las ciudades. Por lo anterior, diseñamos un modelo de círculo isócrono para medir con certeza la distancia entre 2706 AP nacionales en cinco categorías y 2844 ciudades de China con base en la accesibilidad humana para identificar las áreas urbanas protegidas con influencia de actividad humana (AUPIAH). También lo usamos para analizar cuantitativamente los patrones de distribución y su relación con la economía china, los patrones de distribución poblacional y los indicadores de desarrollo urbano. La mayoría de las AP en China están establecidas cerca de las ciudades. De las 2746 AP, el 18.35% (n = 504) se convirtieron en AUP y el 58.27% (n = 1600), 16.72% (n = 459) y 3.31% (n = 91) se encontraban de 0­30 minutos, 30­60 y de 60­90 minutos de una ciudad, respectivamente. Tanto las AUP y las AUPIAH exhibieron características obvias de agregación espacial (p. ej.: parques de humedales y áreas escénicas) y hubo un efecto significativo de dependencia espacial entre dichas características. El nivel de distribución y agregación espacial de las AUP tuvo correlación con 16 indicadores de desarrollo económico urbano, sustrato natural urbano y factores de apoyo para las políticas urbanas. Con base en los resultados de nuestro estudio, hacemos un llamado para que diferentes gobiernos y académicos se enfoquen en las áreas en donde se traslapan las AP y los parques de humedales con los límites urbanos. Es importante resaltar la conexión potencial entre el desarrollo de la agricultura, silvicultura, ganadería y pesquería y las AUP. En general, consideramos que analizar la accesibilidad de las AP puede medir de forma más certera la distancia entre las AP y las ciudades, además de que refleja de forma más realista el posible impacto de las actividades humanas sobre las AP, lo cual es útil para fortalecer la conservación y gestión de las AP.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed changes in multiple signaling pathways involved in protein degradation in the digestive gland of Mytilus coruscus during high-temperatures.

As a result of global warming, the Mytilus coruscus living attached in the intertidal zone experience extreme and fluctuating changes in temperature, and extreme temperature changes are causing mass mortality of intertidal species. This study explores the transcriptional response of M. coruscus at different temperatures (18 °C, 26 °C, and 33 °C) and different times (0, 12, and 24 h) of action by analyzing the potential temperature of the intertidal zone. In response to high temperatures, several signaling pathways in M. coruscus, ribosome, endocytosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein degradation, and lysosomes, interact to counter the adverse effects of high temperatures on protein homeostasis. Increased expression of key genes, including heat shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp20, and Hsp110), Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein (LAMP), endoplasmic reticulum chaperone (BiP), and baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 7 (BIRC7), may further mitigate the effects of heat stress and delay mortality in M. coruscus. These results reveal changes in multiple signaling pathways involved in protein degradation during high-temperature stress, which will contribute to our overall understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of M. coruscus to high-temperature stress.

Identification of Biomolecular Information in Rotenone-Induced Cellular Model of Parkinson's Disease by Public Microarray Data Analysis.

To explore the expression changes of genes and the pathological processes-related genetic information in Parkinson's disease (PD) model induced by rotenone. The microarray data set "GSE37178" was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expression genes (DEGs) at different concentration and time points were examined and clustered using Mfuzz. Functional enrichment was analyzed with The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes was used to perform the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, and functional module analysis of PPI was constructed with Cytoscape. Moreover, transcription factors (TFs) and microRNA (miRNA) target were screened with TRRUST and WebGestalt GAST, respectively. In total, 680 DEGs were examined in the group with rotenone treatment. Clustering analysis revealed that 115 genes presented a consistent rising trend, and 138 genes presented a falling trend. Functional enrichment analysis uncovered that the upregulated genes associated with "type I interferon signaling pathway," and the downregulated genes were related to "proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process." The PPI network included 156 nodes and 298 interactions, and ISG15, RRM2, FBXW11, and FOXM1 were the hub genes. Meanwhile, 38 TF-target and 269 miRNA-target interactions were obtained; the mRNAs of the MIR-181 family have more target genes, such as TRIM13. Our study showed that aberrant expression of ISG15, RRM2, FBXW11, FOXM1, and MIR-181 family were associated with pathological processes in PD, and they could be the research focuses to further investigate the mechanism of PD.

[Rapid Start-up and Stability of Partial Denitrification Based on Different Waste Sludge Sources].

To explore the feasibility of the rapid start-up of partial denitrification and the stable accumulation of NO2--N in different waste sludge sources, three identical SBR reactors (S1, S2, and S3) were inoculated respectively with sludge discharged from a laboratory municipal wastewater denitrifying phosphorus removal system, surplus sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, and river sediment sludge. The characteristics of the partial denitrification start-up and NO2--N accumulation were compared, and the partial denitrification activity of the system or NO3--N→NO2--N transformation performance were investigated by analyzing the characteristics of the functional bacteria genera of the reactor from the perspective of microbiology. The results showed that all three SBR partial denitrification reactors could be launched successfully in a short time with sodium acetate as the sole carbon source, under a high alkalinity, and by using a suitable COD/NO3--N ratio. The average NO3--N→NO2--N transformation ratio of the system was ranked as:S1 > S2 > S3 (75.92% > 73.36% > 69.90%). It was found that S1 and S2 had different degrees of partial denitrification performance deterioration under a continuous low temperature, but that S3 could maintain a good NO2--N accumulation performance. High throughput sequencing showed that Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were dominant in the partial denitrification system, and that the abundance of Thauera was significantly different in the three PD reactors:S3 > S1 > S2 (25.09% > 4.71% > 3.60%), thus indicating that S3 had stable and efficient NO2--N accumulation performance and that a high abundance of Thauera might play a significant role in maintaining low temperature partial denitrification activity.

[Start-up of an Integrated Process of Denitrifying Phosphorus Removal Coupled with Partial Nitritation and Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation].

An integrated process uses an anaerobic baffled reactor combined with a fully mixed reactor (ABR-CSTR) as a test carrier for low-carbon, high-ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N ≥ 200 mg·L-1) wastewater under continuous flow operating conditions; the normal anaerobic sludge in different compartments is subjected to domestication and cultivation to realize denitrifying phosphorus removal, partial nitritation, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation, thereby achieving the coupling effect of the three. Partial nitritation was successfully achieved in the A4 (CSTR) section by the strategy of limited oxygen (dissolved oxygen DO=0.8 mg·L-1) and intermittent aeration (exposure ratio=30 min:30 min) after 30 days. Subsequently, a strategy of shortening the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was adopted to achieve a stable operation of partial nitritation, and a stable influent substrate of NO2--N/NH4+-N 1.0-1.1 was provided for anaerobic ammonium oxidation. The anaerobic ammonium oxidation function was achieved after 154 days in the A5 and A6 compartments. The removal rates of NH4+-N and NO2--N were 94% and 97%, respectively, and the NO3--N concentration in the effluent was stable at 22 mg·L-1. The denitrifying phosphorus removal function was successfully achieved in the A1-A3 compartments by using NOx--N in the reflux as an electron acceptor. The removal rate of PO43--P was 77%. The integrated process was successfully coupled through 175 days, achieving simultaneous removal of C, N, and P.

[Start-up and Stable Operation of CANON Coupled with Denitrifying Phosphorus Removal].

A process coupled completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON)with denitrifying phosphorus removal in a modified anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) coupled with a membrane bioreactor (MBR), inoculated with ordinary activated sludge, was proposed for treating artificial wastewater with ammonia 200 mg·L-1 and COD/TN=1. This experiment studied the start-up of the process and its nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency by controlling the recycle ratio and increasing it from 50% to 200% step by step, with a temperature of (25±1)℃ and pH of 7.5±0.2. The results showed that the anaerobic part in the ABR consumed 70% COD, and resulted in a quick start-up of partial-nitrification at 21 d under low DO and high ammonia nitrogen. Then, by controlling the intermittent aeration (exposure stop ratio:2 h:2 h, DO 0.3-0.4 mg·L-1), the start-up of the CANON part in the coupling process was successfully achieved at 132 d, such that the concentration of nitrates in the electron acceptor of the ABR anoxic section increased steadily, and finally the coupling process started successfully at 160 d. With stable operation, the TN removal load in the MBR reached 0.22 kg·(m3·d)-1, and the average removal efficiency of COD, TN, and PO43--P was 87.0%, 90.4%, and 81.8%, respectively. The batch experiment estimated that the denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms (DPAOs) using nitrates as electron acceptors in the ABR accounted for 68% of the phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs). The DPAOs, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) have been developed in the system and have good simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency.

[Efficiency and Mechanism of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal in Modified Zeolite Wetland].

To study the efficiency and mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus removal for decentralized rural sewage in modified zeolite wetland, the modified zeolite was applied as substrate into a combined process composed of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) and baffled flow constructed wetland (BFCW), providing a new way for rural sewage treatment in Suzhou City. The study was contrasted with zeolite wetland. The results showed that the modified zeolite wetland had high efficiency and stability of nitrogen and phosphorus removal, and the nitrogen and phosphorus removal quantities of modified zeolite wetland were 1.8% and 1 times higher than those of zeolite wetland during the trial. The modified zeolite wetland mainly removed nitrogen and phosphorus by substrate adsorption, and the main fractions of modified zeolite were Ca-P and Al-P. The oxygen-secretion and absorption of plants stabilized the water quality of the effluent. The substrate adsorption was the main nitrification removal pathway in front of the wetland, and nitrification and denitrification were the main nitrification removal pathways at the end of the wetland. The nitrogen and phosphorus adsorption capacities during the pilot test were much higher than those of the static test. The optimization of phosphorus adsorption capacity for modified zeolite was achieved under the synergy of multiple pathways. The effect of configuration and plant root was the main reason for the difference of nitrogen and phosphorus adsorption quantities. Nitrification intensity led to the seasonal fluctuation of nitrogen removal effect and stability in modified zeolite wetland, and the low nitrification intensity in the front of wetland was related to the strong adsorption of NH4+-N by the modified zeolite.

[Effect of Substrate Ratio on Nitrogen Removal Performance of ANAMMOX in ABR].

In order to solve the problem of low nitrogen removal caused by incomplete removal of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) substrate, The nitrogen removal performance of the ANAMMOX was investigated by controlling different influent substrate ratios in an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). The result showed the optimal influent NO2--N/NH4+-N was 1.34 with which the NH4+-N and NO2--N removal efficiencies were about 99.99% and the total nitrogen removal efficiency reached a peak of 87%. When the influent NO2--N/NH4+-N gradually reduced from 1 to 0.49 and increased from 1.34 to 1.62, the absolute removal of NH4+-N and NO2--N was stable in the reactor and no significant inhibition was observed in the system. Under the condition of different substrate ratios, the removal of NH4+-N and NO2--N was basically consumed in the first compartment of ABR, the change of substrate ratio did not have an obvious impact on the nitrogen removal performance of each compartment in the ABR, thus, the ABR ANAMMOX system had good stability to the change of substrate concentration.

[Quick Start-up Performance of Combined ANAMMOX Reactor Based on Different Inoculated Sludge Types].

In order to determine the optimal sludge source of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) and the rapid formation of ANAMMOX granular sludge, two CAMBRs (combined ABR and MBR) were compared for ANAMMOX enrichment with different inoculated sludge types, the anaerobic granular sludge (R1) and flocculent denitrifying sludge (R2). The results showed that ANAMMOX was successfully initiated after 45 d (R1) and 60 d (R2) in both reactors, respectively. The enrichment processes are divided into three different phases, lag phase, activity elevation phase, and stationary phase but the removal rules of nitrogen in each phase were different. In the steady phase, the average removal rates of NH4+-N and NO2--N were higher than 95%. In addition, the red ANAMMOX granular sludge with the main diameter of 0.8-1.6 mm was formed in R1 while the flocculent sludge and irregular block with a low degree of granulation were mainly developed in R2. The phenomenon of red granular sludge floating in the two reactors was also observed. The quantitative relationship analysis between NH4+-N, NO2-N, and NO3--N showed the occurrence of nitrate-dependent ANAMMOX, which resulted in the oxidation of excess ammonia and the typical nitrite-dependent ANAMMOX occurred in R2.

[Quick Start-up of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation Process].

In order to study the quick start-up process of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX), two types of reactors with different hydraclic flow state inoculated with aerobic nitrifying sludge were investigated, the membrane bioreactor (MBR) and anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), respectively. The result showed that both reactors successfully started up ANAMMOX process. The start-up period of the MBR (90 d) was 20% shorter than the ABR (111 d). During the stable operation, the average nitrogen (NH4+-N+NO2--N) removal capacity of 0.098 kg·(m3·d)-1 in the MBR was also higher than that of 0.089 kg·(m3·d)-1 in the ABR. In addition, the differences of sludge morphology were obvious in the two reactors; flocculent sludge was developed in the MBR while ANAMMOX granular sludge was mainly formed in the first compartment of the ABR. Moreover, the quantitative relationship analysis between NH4+-N, NO2--N and NO3--N showed that the MBR system contained more kinds of bacteria with nitrogen removal function, compared to the ABR, and it was therefore more conducive to the removal of nitrogen. MBR exhibited a more excellent performance for ANAMMOX start-up.

[Effect of varicocele on expression of apoptosis associated gene Bcl-2 and Bax in spermatogenic cells of adolescent rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of varicocel (VC) on expression of apoptosis associated gene Bcl-2 and Bax in spermatogenic cells of adolescent rats, and investigate the mechanism of the infertility resulting from varicocele. METHODS: The varicocele model was created by partial ligation of the left renal vein in the adolescent rats, two and four and eight weeks after creation of the varicocele model, the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax were detected by immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: With the duration of varicocele model, the Bcl-2 expression in experiment group was decreased as compared with that in control group. And in experiment group, the Bcl-2 expression level was lower in left testis than in right testis. But Bax expression in experiment group was increased as compared with that in control group, and in experiment group, the Bax expression level was higher in left testis than in right testis. CONCLUSION: Experimental varicocele could change obviously expression of apoptosis associated gene Bcl-2 and Bax in spermatogenic cells of adolescent rats.

[Establishment and Applications of Double-Fluorescent Protein Allo-Transplantation Mice Model].

OBJECTIVE: To establish allo-transplantation model by using mRFP⁺ to eGFP⁺ transgenic mice and to observe the distribution of donor cells and donor-recipient cellular interaction in the bone marrow after semi-solid decalcification (SSD). METHODS: After myeloablative irradiation, C57BL/6 female eGFP⁺ transgenic mice were infused with (5 × 106) bone marrow cells from FVB male donor mice through tail vein. The control group was infused with PBS. Then the general conditions, engraftment level, hematopoietic recovery, incidence of GVHD and survival of recipients were evaluated after transplantation. In the recovery process, SSD was used to treat the femora before observing the cells distribution, morphology and interaction by confocal microscopy directly or after making frozen section. RESULTS: WBC of recipient eGFP⁺ mice was recovered on (20 ± 3.07) d, (93.94 ± 1.59)% in peripheral cells were RFP⁺ cells (n = 10), GVHD happened in 4 of 10 mice within 1 month. During SSD, the hard components were replaced gradually and RFP⁺ cells could be seen mainly in the bone trabecula and surrounded by eGFP⁺ cells under confocal microscope, their interactions could be further observed clearly in bone marrow microenvironment in three-dimensional reconstruction. CONCLUSION: The double fluorescent allo-transplantation mouse model successfully established, by means of our novel protocol named SSD, the donor and recipient cell location and their interaction can be visually observed, which provides the basis for clinical studies on the distribution and homing of donor cells, and some related explorations after transplantation.

[In vitro meniscal culture of juvenile porcine].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the histological changes of juvenile porcine menisci in an in vitro organ culture system. It was hoped that the experiment can provide evidence for the study of menisci in an in vitro organ culture model. METHODS: Eight juvenile swines of one month old were involves in the study. Thirty-two meniscal specimens with 8 mm in width were obtained from each meniscus in the two posterior extremities. The specimens were incubated in an in vitro organ culture model. At 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks after culture, 8 specimens were observed. Hematoxylin eosin staining: the cell density of the inner 1/3 zone was measured. Safranin-O staining:the degree of staining in the inner zone was measured and semi-quantitative scores were obtained. RESULTS: At 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks, the cell density were (285.3 +/- 12.0)/HPF, (182.8 +/- 11.2)/HPF, (129.7+/- 9.9)/HPF, (92.3 +/- 9.3)/HPF respectively. Statistically significant differences were found between different time points (P < 0.05), Paired comparison showed statistical differences (P < 0.05). At 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks, the semi-quantitative scores of Safranin-O staining were 2.0 +/- 0.0,1.5 +/- 0.5, 1.0 +/- 0.0, 0.5 +/- 0.5, statistically differences were found between different time points (P < 0.05). Paired comparison showed statistical differences (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In the juvenile meniscus in vitro organ culture model, the cell density and viability diminished along with the cultural time. In vitro organ culture model is suitable for the study of menisci in short-term.

[Surgical treatment for Tile C type pelvis fracture through posterior approach].

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical results of surgical treatment for Tile C type pelvis fractures with internal fixation by posterior approach. METHODS: From January 2005 to June 2009, 12 patients with Tile C type pelvis fracture were treated by open reduction through posterior approach. There were 8 males and 4 females, with an average age of 39.5 years ranging from 25 to 58 years. The time from injury to operation was ranged from 7 to 10 days with an average of 9.5 days. All the patients were given X-ray, 3-D CT examinations before operation. The fracture were classified by Tile classification: Type C1 in 5 cases, Type C2 in 2 cases, Type C1 and Type C2 in 4 cases, Type C3 in 1 case. All the posterior rings were fixed by re-establishing steel board without anterior ring fixation after stabilization of body condition. All the patients were treated with skin traction for 3 weeks after operation. RESULTS: All 12 patients were followed up for 6 months to 24 months with an average of 12.6 months. All the incisions healed well, and the fractures got union. No pelvic malunion, low back pain or leg length discrepancy was found. According to Majeed criteria for the evaluation of therapeutic effect, 10 patients were excellent, and 2 were good. CONCLUSION: In the management of the Tile C type pelvis fractures, a stable pelvis can be reconstructed by fixing posterior ring simply through the posterior approach, so that further sequelae can be reduced.

[Treatment of Sanders type III and IV calcaneal fractures with open reduction and internal fixation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the surgical techniques and results of open reduction and internal fixation for the treatment of Sanders type III, IV calcaneal fractures. METHODS: From January 2004 to January 2010, 58 feet of Sanders type III, IV in 51 patients were treated with open reduction and plate fixation through L incision. There were 29 males and 22 females,the age ranged from 17 to 58 years with an average of 29.5 years old. The time between injury and operation ranged from 7 to 14 days (mean, 10 days). All the patients underwent systematic CT scan with coronal and horizontal images and sagittal reconstruction. The classification of the fractures by the Sanders scale showed that there were 26 feet of type III, 32 feet of type IV. The Böhler angle and Gissane angle were compared before and after operation. The clinical results were evaluated with the Maryland foot score: pain (45 scores), function (55 scores: distance walked 10 scores, stability 4, support 4, limp 4, shoes 10, stairs 4, terrain 4, cosmesis 10, motion 5). RESULTS: All 58 feet in 51 patients were followed up,and the duration ranged from 6 to 24 months,with an average of 13 months. The incidence of complications was 13.8% (8/58). Incision superficial necrosis in 2 feet,choronicity pain in 4 feet,subtalar joint arthrositis of advanced stage in 2 feet. According to Maryland foot score, the results were excellent in 23 feet, good in 27, fair in 5, poor in 3. CONCLUSION: The surgical techniques and results of internal fixation to fractures are related to anatomic features of calcaneus and their injury mechanism. It is an effective method for the treatment of calcaneal fractures with Sanders type III, IV.

Establishment and Applications of Double-Fluorescent Protein Allo-Transplantation Mice Model / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish allo-transplantation model by using mRFP⁺ to eGFP⁺ transgenic mice and to observe the distribution of donor cells and donor-recipient cellular interaction in the bone marrow after semi-solid decalcification (SSD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>After myeloablative irradiation, C57BL/6 female eGFP⁺ transgenic mice were infused with (5 × 10⁶) bone marrow cells from FVB male donor mice through tail vein. The control group was infused with PBS. Then the general conditions, engraftment level, hematopoietic recovery, incidence of GVHD and survival of recipients were evaluated after transplantation. In the recovery process, SSD was used to treat the femora before observing the cells distribution, morphology and interaction by confocal microscopy directly or after making frozen section.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>WBC of recipient eGFP⁺ mice was recovered on (20 ± 3.07) d, (93.94 ± 1.59)% in peripheral cells were RFP⁺ cells (n = 10), GVHD happened in 4 of 10 mice within 1 month. During SSD, the hard components were replaced gradually and RFP⁺ cells could be seen mainly in the bone trabecula and surrounded by eGFP⁺ cells under confocal microscope, their interactions could be further observed clearly in bone marrow microenvironment in three-dimensional reconstruction.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The double fluorescent allo-transplantation mouse model successfully established, by means of our novel protocol named SSD, the donor and recipient cell location and their interaction can be visually observed, which provides the basis for clinical studies on the distribution and homing of donor cells, and some related explorations after transplantation.</p>

Comorbidities and functional impairments in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess comorbidities and functional impairments in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to investigate their relationship with the core symptoms (attention deficit and hyperactivity) of ADHD.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 319 children with suspected ADHD were included in the study. The Vanderbilt ADHD Parent Rating Scale (VADPRS) was completed by their parents. Diagnosis and classification were performed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition. Comorbidities and functional impairments were evaluated according to the VADPRS. Children with various types of ADHD were compared in terms of comorbidities and functional impairments, and their relationship with the core symptoms of ADHD was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 319 children, 196 were diagnosed with ADHD, including 84 cases of predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I), 35 cases of predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-HI) and 77 cases of combined type (ADHD-C); 123 did not meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD. At least one other psychiatric disorder (oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder or emotional disorder) was seen in 63.8% (125/196) of the children with ADHD, versus 37.4 % (46/123) of the children without ADHD (P<0.05). The incidence of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in the ADHD-C subgroup was significantly higher than in the ADHD-I subgroup (P<0.05). The sums of oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and emotional disorder symptoms were weakly correlated with the sums of hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive symptoms (P<0.01). Up to 89.8% of children with ADHD and 74.8% of children without ADHD showed functional impairments (P<0.05). The ADHD-C subgroup had a significantly higher overall incidence of functional impairments than the ADHD-I and ADHD-HI subgroups (P<0.05). The sum of inattentive symptoms was weakly correlated with the scores of learning ability, sibling relationship and participation in organized activities (P<0.01), and the sum of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms was weakly correlated with the score of sibling relationship (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The incidence of comorbidities and functional impairments among children with ADHD is high, especially in those with ADHD-C. The severity of core symptoms in children with ADHD can influence the occurrence of comorbidities and functional impairments. The incidence of psychiatric disorders and functional impairments is also high in children with suspected ADHD who do not meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD, so attention also needs to be paid to interventions among these children.</p>

Diagnostic value of Vanderbilt ADHD Parent Rating Scale in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the value of the Vanderbilt ADHD Parent Rating Scale (VADPRS) in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>VADPRS were completed by parents of 319 children with suspected ADHD. The children were then evaluated by a specialist based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) and 196 of them were diagnosed with ADHD. The value of VADPRS in the diagnosis of attention deficit and hyperactivity was evaluated using ROC curves. Diagnostic evaluation indexes at best operating point were calculated. Kappa values were calculated to explore the consistency of items in VADPRS and corresponding items in the DSM-IV criteria.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The area under the ROC curve for the diagnosis of attention deficit by VADPRS was 0.791. At the best operating point, its sensitivity was 0.83, specificity was 0.63, positive predictive value was 0.69 and negative predictive value was 0.79. The area under the ROC curve for the diagnosis of hyperactivity by VADPRS was 0.855. At the best operating point, its sensitivity was 0.82, specificity was 0.76, positive predictive value was 0.65, and negative predictive value was 0.88. The negative predictive value of VADPRS in general population screen was 0.99, based on the results of this study. The consistency of items in the VADPRS and corresponding items in DSM-Ⅳ criteria was poor, with the Kappa value of most items being less than 0.40.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>VADPRS is suitable for a general population screen for ADHD and it is helpful in the clinical diagnosis of ADHD, but its results can be influenced by parents' awareness and perception of children's behavior, and cannot replace the interview and judgment of professionals.</p>

In vitro meniscal culture of juvenile porcine / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the histological changes of juvenile porcine menisci in an in vitro organ culture system. It was hoped that the experiment can provide evidence for the study of menisci in an in vitro organ culture model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eight juvenile swines of one month old were involves in the study. Thirty-two meniscal specimens with 8 mm in width were obtained from each meniscus in the two posterior extremities. The specimens were incubated in an in vitro organ culture model. At 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks after culture, 8 specimens were observed. Hematoxylin eosin staining: the cell density of the inner 1/3 zone was measured. Safranin-O staining:the degree of staining in the inner zone was measured and semi-quantitative scores were obtained.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks, the cell density were (285.3 +/- 12.0)/HPF, (182.8 +/- 11.2)/HPF, (129.7+/- 9.9)/HPF, (92.3 +/- 9.3)/HPF respectively. Statistically significant differences were found between different time points (P < 0.05), Paired comparison showed statistical differences (P < 0.05). At 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks, the semi-quantitative scores of Safranin-O staining were 2.0 +/- 0.0,1.5 +/- 0.5, 1.0 +/- 0.0, 0.5 +/- 0.5, statistically differences were found between different time points (P < 0.05). Paired comparison showed statistical differences (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In the juvenile meniscus in vitro organ culture model, the cell density and viability diminished along with the cultural time. In vitro organ culture model is suitable for the study of menisci in short-term.</p>

[Clinical analysis of 60 thyroglossal tract cyst cases].

OBJECTIVE: To study the characteristics of thyroglossal tract cyst epidemiology and summarize how to improve the operation therapeutic effect. METHODS: The clinic appearance, the pathological characteristics and the therapeutic effect of the 60 thyroglossal tract cyst cases were analyzed. RESULTS: Thyroglossal tract cyst mostly occurred in children and teenagers. The incidence of female patients was more than that of male patients. Most of thyroglossal tract cyst located in the middle line of the neck and were explored tubular-objects and fibroropes. The histopathological feature was variform. CONCLUSION: The clinical appearance and pathology characteristic of thyroglossal tract cyst are variform. Thyroglossal tract cyst may be recurred easily if it is not operated well.