Meaningful Symptomatic Change in Patients With Myelofibrosis From the SIMPLIFY Studies.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with myelofibrosis develop symptoms due to bone marrow fibrosis, systemic inflammation, and/or organomegaly. Alleviating symptoms improves overall quality of life. Clinical trials have historically defined symptom response as a reduction of at least 50% in Total Symptom Score at week 24 compared with baseline. Whether 50% constitutes a meaningful benefit has not been established. This study determined the meaningful change threshold (MCT) for 2 momelotinib phase III trials, SIMPLIFY-1 and SIMPLIFY-2. METHODS: The absolute and percentage MCT was determined using anchor-based methods applied to the modified Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Symptom Assessment Form v2.0 and Patient Global Impression of Change. MCTs were applied retrospectively to determine responder rates. Generalized estimating equations estimated the treatment-related difference in likelihood of improvement. RESULTS: In SIMPLIFY-1, a Janus kinase inhibitor-naive population, the MCT was 8 points. In SIMPLIFY-2, a previously Janus kinase inhibitor-treated population, the MCT was 6 points. A 32% MCT was determined in both studies, showing that the historic 50% reduction threshold may be a conservative choice. In SIMPLIFY-1, a similar proportion of patients achieved responder status with 24 weeks of momelotinib or ruxolitinib therapy based on the absolute MCT (39% vs 41%, respectively). In SIMPLIFY-2, a significantly greater proportion of patients treated with momelotinib achieved responder states compared with best available therapy based on absolute and percent change MCTs. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that momelotinib provided clinically meaningful symptom benefit for patients with myelofibrosis and provides insight into the appropriateness of the symptom change threshold used in historical studies.

PlateletSeq: A novel method for discovery of blood-based biomarkers.

Platelets are small circulating fragments of cells that play important roles in thrombosis, haemostasis, immune response, inflammation and cancer growth. Although anucleate, they contain a rich RNA repertoire which offers an opportunity to characterise changes in platelet gene expression in health and disease. Whilst this can be achieved with conventional RNA sequencing, a large input of high-quality RNA, and hence blood volume, is required (unless a pre-amplification step is added), along with specialist bioinformatic skills for data analysis and interpretation. We have developed a transcriptomics next-generation sequencing-based approach that overcomes these limitations. Termed PlateletSeq, this method requires very low levels of RNA input and does not require specialist bioinformatic analytical skills. Here we describe the methodology, from sample collection to processing and data analysis. Specifically, blood samples can be stored for up to 8 days at 4 °C prior to analysis. Platelets are isolated using multi-step centrifugation and a purity of ≤ 1 leucocyte per 0.26x106 platelets is optimal for gene expression analysis. We have applied PlateletSeq to normal adult blood samples and show there are no age-associated variations and only minor gender-associated differences. In contrast, platelets from patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms show differences in platelet transcript profiles from normal and between disease subtypes. This illustrates the potential applicability of PlateletSeq for biomarker discovery and studying platelet biology in patient samples. It also opens avenues for assessing platelet quality in other fields such as transfusion research.

Transcription factor 3 is dysregulated in megakaryocytes in myelofibrosis.

Transcription factor 3 (TCF3) is a DNA transcription factor that modulates megakaryocyte development. Although abnormal TCF3 expression has been identified in a range of hematological malignancies, to date, it has not been investigated in myelofibrosis (MF). MF is a Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) that can arise de novo or progress from essential thrombocythemia [ET] and polycythemia vera [PV] and where dysfunctional megakaryocytes have a role in driving the fibrotic progression. We aimed to examine whether TCF3 is dysregulated in megakaryocytes in MPN, and specifically in MF. We first assessed TCF3 protein expression in megakaryocytes using an immunohistochemical approach analyses and showed that TCF3 was reduced in MF compared with ET and PV. Further, the TCF3-negative megakaryocytes were primarily located near trabecular bone and had the typical "MF-like" morphology as described by the WHO. Genomic analysis of isolated megakaryocytes showed three mutations, all predicted to result in a loss of function, in patients with MF; none were seen in megakaryocytes isolated from ET or PV marrow samples. We then progressed to transcriptomic sequencing of platelets which showed loss of TCF3 in MF. These proteomic, genomic and transcriptomic analyses appear to indicate that TCF3 is downregulated in megakaryocytes in MF. This infers aberrations in megakaryopoiesis occur in this progressive phase of MPN. Further exploration of this pathway could provide insights into TCF3 and the evolution of fibrosis and potentially lead to new preventative therapeutic targets.

What is the context? We investigated TCF3 (transcription factor 3), a gene that regulates megakaryocyte development, for genomic and proteomic changes in myelofibrosis.Myelofibrosis is the aggressive phase of a group of blood cancers called myeloproliferative neoplasms, and abnormalities in development and maturation of megakaryocytes is thought to drive the development of myelofibrosis.What is new? We report detection of three novel TCF3 mutations in megakaryocytes and decreases in TCF3 protein and gene expression in primary megakaryocytes and platelets from patients with myelofibrosis.This is the first association between loss of TCF3 in megakaryocytes from patients and myelofibrosis.What is the impact? TCF3 dysregulation may be a novel mechanism that is responsible for the development of myelofibrosis and better understanding of this pathway could identify new drug targets.

Hospital-Acquired Infection, Length of Stay, and Readmission in Elective Surgery Patients Transfused 1 Unit of Red Blood Cells: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Most patients transfused red blood cells in elective surgery receive small volumes of blood, which is likely to be discretionary and avoidable. We investigated the outcomes of patients who received a single unit of packed red blood cells during their hospital admission for an elective surgical procedure when compared to those not transfused. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included elective surgical admissions to 4 hospitals in Western Australia over a 6-year period. Participants were included if they were at least 18 years of age and were admitted for elective surgery between July 2014 and June 2020. We compared outcomes of patients who had received 1 unit of red blood cells to patients who had not been transfused. To balance differences in patient characteristics, we weighted our multivariable regression models using the inverse probability of treatment. In addition to propensity score weighting, our multivariable regression models adjusted for hemoglobin level, surgical procedure, patient age, gender, comorbidities, and the transfusion of fresh-frozen plasma or platelets. Outcomes studied were hospital-acquired infection, hospital length of stay, and all-cause emergency readmissions within 28 days. RESULTS: Overall, 767 (3.2%) patients received a transfusion of 1 unit of red blood cells throughout their admission. In the propensity score weighted analysis, the transfusion of a single unit of red blood cells was associated with higher odds of hospital-acquired infection (odds ratio, 3.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.99-5.20; P < .001). Patients who received 1 unit of red blood cells throughout their admission were more likely to have a longer hospital stay (rate ratio, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.51-1.63; P < .001) and had 1.42 (95% CI, 1.20-1.69; P < .001) times higher odds of 28-day readmission. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that avoidance of even small volumes of packed red blood cells may prevent adverse clinical outcomes. This may encourage hospital administrators to implement strategies to avoid the transfusion of even small volumes of red blood cells by applying patient blood management practices.

Associations of a Preoperative Anemia and Suboptimal Iron Stores Screening and Management Clinic in Colorectal Surgery With Hospital Cost, Reimbursement, and Length of Stay: A Net Cost Analysis.

BACKGROUND: In 2016, a preoperative clinic was implemented to screen, evaluate, and manage anemia and suboptimal iron stores at a major tertiary care medical center in Western Australia. Few studies compare the costs and reimbursements associated with preoperative anemia and suboptimal iron stores management. The objective of our study was to conduct a net cost analysis associated with the implementation of this clinic. METHODS: We designed a retrospective cohort study involving elective colorectal surgical admissions over a 3-year period. The baseline year selected was the 2015-2016 financial year, with outcomes in the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 year compared to baseline. The study perspective was the Western Australian Health System. Hospital costs were extracted from the health service clinical costing system, which captures costs at the admission level. The primary outcome was net cost, defined as gross cost minus reimbursement (or funding) received. RESULTS: Our 3-year study included 544 admissions for elective colorectal surgery. After the implementation of the preoperative clinic, 73.4% (n = 257) of admissions were screened for anemia and suboptimal iron stores, and 31.4% (n = 110) received intravenous iron. In our adjusted analysis, when comparing the final year (2017-2018) with baseline (2015-2016), the units of red blood cells transfused per admission decreased 53% (142 vs 303 units per 1000 discharges; P = .006), and mean hospital length of stay decreased 15% (7.7 vs 9.1 days; P = .008). When comparing the final year with baseline, rectal resection admissions were associated with a mean decrease in the net cost of Australian dollar (A$) 7619 (95% confidence interval, 4230-11,008; P < .001) between 2015-2016 and 2017-2018. For small and large bowel procedures, there was a mean decrease of A$6744 (95% confidence interval, 2430-11,057; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a preoperative anemia and suboptimal iron stores screening and management clinic in elective colorectal surgery was associated with reductions in red cell transfusions, length of stay, and net costs.

Platelets in myeloproliferative neoplasms have a distinct transcript signature in the presence of marrow fibrosis.

Marrow fibrosis is a significant complication of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) that affects up to 20% of patients and is associated with a poor prognosis. The pathological processes that lead to fibrotic progression are not well understood, but megakaryocytes have been implicated in the process. The aim of this study was to determine whether platelets, derived from megakaryocytes, have transcriptomic alterations associated with fibrosis. Platelets from MPN patients with and without fibrosis and non-malignant control individuals were assessed using next generation sequencing. Results from the initial training cohort showed discrete changes in platelet transcripts in the presence of marrow fibrosis. We identified more than 1000 differentially expressed transcripts from which a putative 3-gene fibrotic platelet signature (CCND1, H2AX [previously termed H2AFX] and CEP55) could be identified. This fibrosis-associated signature was assessed blinded on platelets from an independent test MPN patient cohort. The 3-gene signature was able to discriminate between patients with and without marrow fibrosis with a positive predictive value of 71% (93% specificity, 71% sensitivity). This demonstrates that assessment of dysregulated transcripts in platelets may be a useful monitoring tool in MPN to identify progression to marrow fibrosis. Further, sequential monitoring could have clinical applications for early prediction of progression to fibrosis.

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses comparing mortality in restrictive and liberal haemoglobin thresholds for red cell transfusion: an overview of systematic reviews.

BACKGROUND: There are no overviews of systematic reviews investigating haemoglobin thresholds for transfusion. This is important as the literature on transfusion thresholds has grown considerably in recent years. Our aim was to synthesise evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the effects of restrictive and liberal transfusion strategies on mortality. METHODS: This was a systematic review of systematic reviews (overview). We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Joanna Briggs Institute EBP Database, from 2008 to 2018. We included systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials comparing mortality in patients assigned to red cell transfusion strategies based on haemoglobin thresholds. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed methodological quality. We assessed the methodological quality of included reviews using AMSTAR 2 and the quality of evidence pooled using an algorithm to assign GRADE levels. RESULTS: We included 19 systematic reviews reporting 33 meta-analyses of mortality outcomes from 53 unique randomised controlled trials. Of the 33 meta-analyses, one was graded as high quality, 15 were moderate, and 17 were low. Of the meta-analyses presenting high- to moderate-quality evidence, 12 (75.0%) reported no statistically significant difference in mortality between restrictive and liberal transfusion groups and four (25.0%) reported significantly lower mortality for patients assigned to a restrictive transfusion strategy. We found few systematic reviews addressed clinical differences between included studies: variation was observed in haemoglobin threshold concentrations, the absolute between group difference in haemoglobin threshold concentration, time to randomisation (resulting in transfusions administered prior to randomisation), and transfusion dosing regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Meta-analyses graded as high to moderate quality indicate that in most patient populations no difference in mortality exists between patients assigned to a restrictive or liberal transfusion strategy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42019120503.

Machine learning-based prediction of transfusion.

BACKGROUND: The ability to predict transfusions arising during hospital admission might enable economized blood supply management and might furthermore increase patient safety by ensuring a sufficient stock of red blood cells (RBCs) for a specific patient. We therefore investigated the precision of four different machine learning-based prediction algorithms to predict transfusion, massive transfusion, and the number of transfusions in patients admitted to a hospital. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational study in three adult tertiary care hospitals in Western Australia between January 2008 and June 2017. Primary outcome measures for the classification tasks were the area under the curve for the receiver operating characteristics curve, the F1 score, and the average precision of the four machine learning algorithms used: neural networks (NNs), logistic regression (LR), random forests (RFs), and gradient boosting (GB) trees. RESULTS: Using our four predictive models, transfusion of at least 1 unit of RBCs could be predicted rather accurately (sensitivity for NN, LR, RF, and GB: 0.898, 0.894, 0.584, and 0.872, respectively; specificity: 0.958, 0.966, 0.964, 0.965). Using the four methods for prediction of massive transfusion was less successful (sensitivity for NN, LR, RF, and GB: 0.780, 0.721, 0.002, and 0.797, respectively; specificity: 0.994, 0.995, 0.993, 0.995). As a consequence, prediction of the total number of packed RBCs transfused was also rather inaccurate. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the necessity for intrahospital transfusion can be forecasted reliably, however the amount of RBC units transfused during a hospital stay is more difficult to predict.

Essential Role of Patient Blood Management in a Pandemic: A Call for Action.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a pandemic. Global health care now faces unprecedented challenges with widespread and rapid human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and high morbidity and mortality with COVID-19 worldwide. Across the world, medical care is hampered by a critical shortage of not only hand sanitizers, personal protective equipment, ventilators, and hospital beds, but also impediments to the blood supply. Blood donation centers in many areas around the globe have mostly closed. Donors, practicing social distancing, some either with illness or undergoing self-quarantine, are quickly diminishing. Drastic public health initiatives have focused on containment and "flattening the curve" while invaluable resources are being depleted. In some countries, the point has been reached at which the demand for such resources, including donor blood, outstrips the supply. Questions as to the safety of blood persist. Although it does not appear very likely that the virus can be transmitted through allogeneic blood transfusion, this still remains to be fully determined. As options dwindle, we must enact regional and national shortage plans worldwide and more vitally disseminate the knowledge of and immediately implement patient blood management (PBM). PBM is an evidence-based bundle of care to optimize medical and surgical patient outcomes by clinically managing and preserving a patient's own blood. This multinational and diverse group of authors issue this "Call to Action" underscoring "The Essential Role of Patient Blood Management in the Management of Pandemics" and urging all stakeholders and providers to implement the practical and commonsense principles of PBM and its multiprofessional and multimodality approaches.

Multimodal Patient Blood Management Program Based on a Three-pillar Strategy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether a multidisciplinary, multimodal Patient Blood Management (PBM) program for patients undergoing surgery is effective in reducing perioperative complication rate, and thereby is effective in improving clinical outcome. BACKGROUND: PBM is a medical concept with the focus on a comprehensive anemia management, to minimize iatrogenic (unnecessary) blood loss, and to harness and optimize patient-specific physiological tolerance of anemia. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. Eligible studies had to address each of the 3 PBM pillars with at least 1 measure per pillar, for example, preoperative anemia management plus cell salvage plus rational transfusion strategy. The study protocol has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42017079217). RESULTS: Seventeen studies comprising 235,779 surgical patients were included in this meta-analysis (100,886 pre-PBM group and 134,893 PBM group). Implementation of PBM significantly reduced transfusion rates by 39% [risk ratio (RR) 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55-0.68, P < 0.00001], 0.43 red blood cell units per patient (mean difference -0.43, 95% CI -0.54 to -0.31, P < 0.00001), hospital length of stay (mean difference -0.45, 95% CI -0.65 to -0.25, P < 0,00001), total number of complications (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.74-0.88, P <0.00001), and mortality rate (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80-0.98, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, a comprehensive PBM program addressing all 3 PBM pillars is associated with reduced transfusion need of red blood cell units, lower complication and mortality rate, and thereby improving clinical outcome. Thus, this first meta-analysis investigating a multimodal approach should motivate all executives and health care providers to support further PBM activities.

Anemia in hospitalized patients: an overlooked risk in medical care.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the association between nadir anemia and mortality and length of stay (LOS) in a general population of hospitalized patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of tertiary hospital admissions in Western Australia between July 2010 and June 2015. Outcome measures were in-hospital mortality and LOS. RESULTS: Of 80,765 inpatients, 45,675 (56.55%) had anemia during admission. Mild and moderate/severe anemia were independently associated with increased in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-1.86, p = 0.001; OR 2.77, 95% CI 2.32-3.30, p < 0.001, respectively). Anemia was also associated with increased LOS, demonstrating a larger effect in emergency (mild anemia-incident rate ratio [IRR] 1.52, 95% CI 1.48-1.56, p < 0.001; moderate/severe anemia-IRR 2.18, 95% CI 2.11-2.26, p < 0.001) compared to elective admissions (mild anemia-IRR 1.30, 95% CI 1.21-1.41, p < 0.001; moderate/severe anemia-IRR 1.69, 95% CI 1.55-1.83, p < 0.001). LOS was longer in patients who developed anemia during admission compared to those who had anemia on admission (IRR 1.13, 95% CI 1.10-1.17, p < 0.001). Red cell transfusion was independently associated with 2.23 times higher odds of in-hospital mortality (95% CI 1.89-2.64, p < 0.001) and 1.31 times longer LOS (95% CI 1.25-1.37, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: More than one-third of patients not anemic on admission developed anemia during admission. Even mild anemia is independently associated with increased mortality and LOS; however, transfusion to treat anemia is an independent and additive risk factor.

Blood use in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy for acute leukemia or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: the impact of a health system-wide patient blood management program.

BACKGROUND: Little is published on patient blood management (PBM) programs in hematology. In 2008 Western Australia announced a health system-wide PBM program with PBM staff appointments commencing in November 2009. Our aim was to assess the impact this program had on blood utilization and patient outcomes in intensive chemotherapy for acute leukemia or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 695 admissions at two tertiary hospitals receiving intensive chemotherapy for acute leukemia or undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation between July 2010 and December 2014 was conducted. Main outcomes included pre-red blood cell (RBC) transfusion hemoglobin (Hb) levels, single-unit RBC transfusions, number of RBC and platelet (PLT) units transfused per admission, subsequent day case transfusions, length of stay, serious bleeding, and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Over the study period, the mean RBC units transfused per admission decreased 39% from 6.1 to 3.7 (p < 0.001), and the mean PLT units transfused decreased 35% from 6.3 to 4.1 (p < 0.001), with mean RBC and PLT units transfused for follow-up day cases decreasing from 0.6 to 0.4 units (p < 0.001). Mean pre-RBC transfusion Hb level decreased from 8.0 to 6.8 g/dL (p < 0.001), and single-unit RBC transfusions increased 39% to 67% (p < 0.001). This reduction represents blood product cost savings of AU$694,886 (US$654,007). There were no significant changes in unadjusted or adjusted length of stay, serious bleeding events, or in-hospital mortality over the study. CONCLUSION: The health system-wide PBM program had a significant impact, reducing blood product use and costs without increased morbidity or mortality in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy for acute leukemia or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Improved outcomes and reduced costs associated with a health-system-wide patient blood management program: a retrospective observational study in four major adult tertiary-care hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Patient blood management (PBM) programs are associated with improved patient outcomes, reduced transfusions and costs. In 2008, the Western Australia Department of Health initiated a comprehensive health-system-wide PBM program. This study assesses program outcomes. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 605,046 patients admitted to four major adult tertiary-care hospitals between July 2008 and June 2014. Outcome measures were red blood cell (RBC), fresh-frozen plasma (FFP), and platelet units transfused; single-unit RBC transfusions; pretransfusion hemoglobin levels; elective surgery patients anemic at admission; product and activity-based costs of transfusion; in-hospital mortality; length of stay; 28-day all-cause emergency readmissions; and hospital-acquired complications. RESULTS: Comparing final year with baseline, units of RBCs, FFP, and platelets transfused per admission decreased 41% (p < 0.001), representing a saving of AU$18,507,092 (US$18,078,258) and between AU$80 million and AU$100 million (US$78 million and US$97 million) estimated activity-based savings. Mean pretransfusion hemoglobin levels decreased 7.9 g/dL to 7.3 g/dL (p < 0.001), and anemic elective surgery admissions decreased 20.8% to 14.4% (p = 0.001). Single-unit RBC transfusions increased from 33.3% to 63.7% (p < 0.001). There were risk-adjusted reductions in hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67-0.77; p < 0.001), length of stay (incidence rate ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.84-0.87; p < 0.001), hospital-acquired infections (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.73-0.86; p < 0.001), and acute myocardial infarction-stroke (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.58-0.82; p < 0.001). All-cause emergency readmissions increased (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02-1.10; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Implementation of a unique, jurisdiction-wide PBM program was associated with improved patient outcomes, reduced blood product utilization, and product-related cost savings.

Red blood cell transfusion is associated with further bleeding and fresh-frozen plasma with mortality in nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

BACKGROUND: Blood products are commonly transfused for patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB). While concerns exist about further bleeding and mortality in subsets of patients receiving red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, the impact of non-RBC blood products has not previously been systematically investigated. The aim of the study was to investigate the associations between blood products transfusion, further bleeding, and mortality after acute NVUGIB. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study examined further bleeding and 30-day and 1-year mortality in adult patients who underwent gastroscopy for suspected acute NVUGIB between 2008 and 2010 in three tertiary hospitals in Western Australia. Survival analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of 2228 adults (63% male) with 2360 hospital admissions for NVUGIB met the inclusion criteria. Median age at presentation was 70 years (range, 19-99 years). Thirty-day mortality was 4.9% and 1-year mortality was 13.9%. Transfusion of 4 or more units of RBCs was associated with greater than 10 times the odds of further bleeding in patients with a hemoglobin level of more than 90 g/L (odds ratio, 11.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1-45.7; p ≤ 0.001), but was not associated with mortality. Administration of 5 or more units of fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) was associated with increased 30-day (hazard ratio, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3-5.9; p = 0.008) and 1-year (hazard ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3-5.0; p = 0.005) mortality after adjusting for coagulopathy, comorbidity, Rockall score, and other covariates. CONCLUSION: In this large, multicenter study of NVUGIB, RBC transfusion was associated with further bleeding but not mortality, while FFP transfusion was associated with increased mortality in a subset of patients.

Increased hospital costs associated with red blood cell transfusion.

BACKGROUND: Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is independently associated in a dose-dependent manner with increased intensive care unit stay, total hospital length of stay, and hospital-acquired complications. Since little is known of the cost of these transfusion-associated adverse outcomes our aim was to determine the total hospital cost associated with RBC transfusion and to assess any dose-dependent relationship. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of all multiday acute care inpatients discharged from a five hospital health service in Western Australia between July 2011 and June 2012 was conducted. Main outcome measures were incidence of RBC transfusion and mean inpatient hospital costs. RESULTS: Of 89,996 multiday, acute care inpatient discharges, 4805 (5.3%) were transfused at least 1 unit of RBCs. After potential confounders were adjusted for, the mean inpatient cost was 1.83 times higher in the transfused group compared with the nontransfused group (95% confidence interval, 1.78-1.89; p < 0.001). The estimated total hospital-associated cost of RBC transfusion in this study was AUD $77 million (US $72 million), representing 7.8% of total hospital expenditure on acute care inpatients. There was a significant dose-dependent association between the number of RBC units transfused and increased costs after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSION: RBC transfusions were independently associated with significantly higher hospital costs. The financial implication to hospital budgets will assist in prioritizing areas to reduce the rate of RBC transfusions and in implementing patient blood management programs.

A pragmatic approach to embedding patient blood management in a tertiary hospital.

BACKGROUND: We describe the implementation and impact of a patient blood management program (PBMP) in an Australian teaching hospital. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A PBMP was introduced at a single tertiary care hospital in 2009 as a pilot for the Western Australian Health Department statewide PBMP. The first 3 years of interventions aimed to make effective use of preoperative clinics, manage perioperative anemia, improve perioperative hemostasis, reduce blood sample volumes, and implement restrictive transfusion triggers and a single-unit transfusion policy. RESULTS: Between 2008 and 2011, admissions to Fremantle Hospital and Health Services increased by 22%. Using 2008 as a reference year, the mean number of red blood cell (RBC) units per admission declined 26% by 2011. Use of fresh-frozen plasma and platelets showed 38 and 16% declines, respectively. Cryoprecipitate increased 7% over the 4-year period. For elective admissions between 2008 and 2011, the leading decline in RBC transfusion rate was seen in cardiothoracic surgery (27.5% to 12.8%). The proportion of single RBC unit use increased from 13% to 28% (p < 0.001), and the proportion of double units decreased from 48% to 37% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This is the first tertiary hospital in Australia to establish a multidisciplinary multimodal PBMP. Interventions across disciplines resulted in decreased use of RBC units especially in orthopedic and cardiothoracic surgery. Continuing education and feedback to specialties will maintain the program, improve patient outcomes, and decrease the transfusion rate.

Radioimmunotherapy of relapsed indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma with 131I-rituximab in routine clinical practice: 10-year single-institution experience of 142 consecutive patients.

Radioimmunotherapy of indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has achieved objective response rates in clinical trials comparable with standard rituximab with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy, but is relatively underused in routine practice. In this article, we report our clinical experience in 142 consecutive patients who received iodine-131 rituximab radioimmunotherapy for low-grade, predominantly follicular, relapsed NHL. Objective response rates of 67%, with complete response (CR) in 50% and median overall survival of 32 months, matched the response rates in a phase 2 clinical trial of (131)I-rituximab radioimmunotherapy and compares favorably with those reported for (131)I-tositumomab or (90)Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan. Progression-free survival was 18 months overall and 32 months in CR or CR-unconfirmed patients. Our patients comprised 107 (75%) follicular lymphoma, 21 (15%) small lymphocytic lymphoma, 6 (4%) mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue/marginal zone lymphoma, and 8 (6%) mantle-cell lymphoma, with median follow-up of 32 months and 8-year overall survival of 48%. Toxicity was limited to hematologic grade 4 neutropenia, occurring in 10% and thrombocytopenia in 6%. There were no episodes of bleeding or infection requiring hospital admission. Radioimmunotherapy with (131)I-rituximab in routine clinical outpatient practice provides cost-effective, safe treatment of relapsed/refractory indolent NHL, with half of patients achieving durable, complete remission with potential for repeat radioimmunotherapy on relapse.

Multivariable statistical models to predict red cell transfusion in elective surgery.

BACKGROUND: Predicting red cell transfusion may assist in identifying those most likely to benefit from patient blood management strategies. Our objective was to identify a simple statistical model to predict transfusion in elective surgery from routinely available data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our final multicentre cohort consisted of 42,546 patients and contained the following potential predictors of red cell transfusion known prior to admission: patient age, sex, pre-admission hemoglobin, surgical procedure, and comorbidities. Missing data were handled by multiple imputation methods. The outcome measure of interest was administration of a red cell transfusion. We used multivariable logistic regression models to predict transfusion, and evaluated the performance by applying a 10-fold cross-validation. Model accuracy was assessed by comparing the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve. After applying an optimal probability cut-off we measured model accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. RESULTS: 7.0% (n=2,993) of the study population received a red cell transfusion. Our most simple model predicted red cell transfusion based on admission hemoglobin and surgical procedure with a multiply imputed estimated area under the curve of 0.862 (0.856, 0.864). The estimated accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive, and negative predictive values at the probability cut-off of 0.4 were 0.934, 0.257, 0.986, 0.573, and 0.946 respectively. DISCUSSION: A small number of variables available prior to admission can predict red cell transfusion with very good accuracy. Our model can be used to flag high-risk patients most likely to benefit from pre-operative patient blood management measures.