The actin regulator coronin 1A is mutant in a thymic egress-deficient mouse strain and in a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency.

Mice carrying the recessive locus for peripheral T cell deficiency (Ptcd) have a block in thymic egress, but the mechanism responsible is undefined. Here we found that Ptcd T cells had an intrinsic migration defect, impaired lymphoid tissue trafficking and irregularly shaped protrusions. Characterization of the Ptcd locus showed a point substitution of lysine for glutamic acid at position 26 in the actin regulator coronin 1A that enhanced its inhibition of the actin regulator Arp2/3 and resulted in its mislocalization from the leading edge of migrating T cells. The discovery of another coronin 1A mutant during an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-mutagenesis screen for T cell-lymphopenic mice prompted us to evaluate a T cell-deficient, B cell-sufficient and natural killer cell-sufficient patient with severe combined immunodeficiency, whom we found had mutations in both CORO1A alleles. Our findings establish a function for coronin 1A in T cell egress, identify a surface of coronin involved in Arp2/3 regulation and demonstrate that actin regulation is a biological process defective in human and mouse severe combined immunodeficiency.

Mutations causing severe combined immunodeficiency: detection with a custom resequencing microarray.

PURPOSE: Mutation diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency is challenging because of the multiplicity of disease genes and large number of disease-causing mutations, including unique ones that continue to be found. A resequencing microarray could facilitate mutation detection, increasing the chance of diagnosing infants early for optimal rescue by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. METHODS: After analyzing cumulative mutations, we developed a custom Affymetrix GeneChip microarray including probes representing exons and flanking regions of severe combined immunodeficiency disease genes. DNA samples were analyzed by array versus standard dideoxy genomic sequencing. We tested males and their mothers with X-linked IL2RG variants and patients and carriers with autosomal variants in IL7R, JAK3, and DCLRE1C. RESULTS: New, unique severe combined immunodeficiency mutations are frequent. Resequencing array call rates of 95-98% exceeded GeneChip product specifications, and all of 47 point mutations in known samples were detected, as were the sites of 12 of 22 disease-causing insertions and deletions. Each gene had particular nucleotides that were often not called correctly and had to be excluded from analysis; exclusion rates ranged from 0.4% (hemizygous IL2RG) to 9.2% (heterozygous JAK3). CONCLUSION: Microarray resequencing is a promising technology for severe combined immunodeficiency mutation diagnosis that can detect both known and new mutations. Future customization of probe sequences and analysis algorithms could increase the number of accurately called nucleotides.