Solibacillus palustris sp. nov., isolated from wetland soil of ecology park.

A Gram-staining-positive, motile, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain MA9T was isolated from wetland soil of ecology park, in Seoul, Republic of Korea. This bacterium was characterized to determine its taxonomic position by using the polyphasic approach. Strain MA9T grew at 10-37 °C and at pH 6.0-9.5 on TSB. Menaquinone MK-7 was the predominant respiratory quinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 1 ω7c alcohol were the major fatty acids. The main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The peptidoglycan type of the cell wall was A4α l-Lys-d-Glu. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, strain MA9T clustered with species of the genus Solibacillus and appeared closely related to S. silvestris DSM 12223T (97.8 % sequence similarity), S. cecembensis DSM 21993T (97.6 %), S. isronensis DSM 21046T (97.6 %) and S. kalamii DSM 101595T (96.6 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 37.0 mol%. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization between strain MA9T and type strains of S. silvestris, S. isronensis, S. cecembensis and S. kalamii resulted in values below 70 %. Strain MA9T could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from the recognized species of the genus Solibacillus. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Solibacillus palustris sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain MA9T (=KACC 22212T = LMG 32188T).

Characterization of four novel bacterial species of the genus Sphingomonas, Sphingomonas anseongensis, Sphingomonas alba, Sphingomonas brevis and Sphingomonas hankyongi sp.nov., isolated from wet land.

Four novel bacterial strains, designated as RG327T, SE158T, RB56-2T and SE220T, were isolated from wet soil in the Republic of Korea. To determine their taxonomic positions, the strains were fully characterized. On the basis of genomic information (16S rRNA gene and draft genome sequences), all four isolates represent members of the genus Sphingomonas. The draft genomes of RG327T, SE158T, RB56-2T and SE220T consisted of circular chromosomes of 2 226 119, 2 507 338, 2 593 639 and 2 548 888 base pairs with DNA G+C contents of 64.6, 63.6, 63.0 and 63.1 %, respectively. All the isolates contained ubiquinone Q-10 as the predominant quinone compound and a fatty acid profile with C16 : 0, C17 : 1ω6c, C18 : 1 2-OH, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c) and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c) as the major fatty acids, supporting the affiliation of strains RG327T, SE158T, RB56-2T and SE220T to the genus Sphingomonas. The major identified polar lipids in all four novel isolates were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingoglycolipid and phosphatidylcholine. Moreover, the physiological, biochemical results and low level of DNA-DNA relatedness and average nucleotide identity values allowed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of RG327T, SE158T, RB56-2T and SE220T from other species of the genus Sphingomonas with validly published names and indicated that they represented novel species of the genus Sphingomonas, for which the names Sphingomonas anseongensis sp. nov. (RG327T = KACC 22409T = LMG 32497T), Sphingomonas alba sp. nov. (SE158T = KACC 224408T = LMG 324498T), Sphingomonas brevis (RB56-2T = KACC 22410T = LMG 32496T) and Sphingomonas hankyongi sp. nov., (SE220T = KACC 22406T = LMG 32499T) are proposed.

Arthrobacter hankyongi sp. nov., Isolated From Wet Land.

A Gram-staining-positive, catalase positive and oxidase negative, non-motile, non-flagellated, and oval-shaped bacterium, was designated as I2-34 T, isolated from wetland in Soul South Korea. Colonies were round, entire, raised, and cream colored after two days of incubation on R2A agar plates at 25 °C. Based on genomes (both 16S rRNA gene and draft genome) sequence analysis, strain I2-34 T belongs to the genus Arthrobacter and was most closely related to Arthrobacter deserti YIM CS25T (98.0%). The strain I2-34 T had a circular genome with length of 5,186,447 base pairs (67 contigs) and 4830 total genes. Out of 4696 were protein-coding genes, 54 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes. The chemotaxonomic analysis indicates iso-C16:0, anteiso-C15:0, and anteiso-C17:0 as major fatty acids, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), and two unidentified glycolipids (GL1, GL2) as major polar lipids. The predominant quinone was MK-8(H2). The peptidoglycan type was A3α with an. L-Lys-L-Ala interpeptide bridge. Thus, the experimental data demonstrated here show that the novel isolate shares the similar major fatty acids, major polar lipid PG, DPG, and GLs, major and major quinone MK8-(H2) with the described members of the genus Arthrobacter. However, the low 16S rRNA gene sequence (98.0%), and some physiological and biochemical characteristics differentiate the I2-34 T from its closest phylogenetic neighbors. As a result, the isolate represents a novel species in within the genus Arthrobacter and family Micrococcaceae for which the name Arthrobacter hankyongi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is I2-34 T (= KACC 22217 T, LMG 32197 T).

Paludibacterium denitrificans sp. nov., a Novel Denitrifying Bacterium Isolated from Activated Sludge.

A Gram-reaction-negative, facultatively aerobic, motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, and denitrifying bacterium, designated dN18-1T, was isolated from activated sludge, Republic of Korea. This bacterium was investigated via a polyphasic approach to reveal its taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain dN18-1T belongs to the genus Paludibacterium and is most closely related to P. purpuratum KCTC 42852T (96.2% sequence similarity), P. yongneupense KACC 11601T (96.1%), and P. paludis BCRC 80514T (95.2%). The average nucleotide identity values and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values calculated between strain dN18-1T and the closely related strains were 72.5-73.1% and 19.0-19.6%. The genome comprises of 3,347,996 bp with a G + C content of 57.3 mol%. Strain dN18-1T possesses ubiquinone Q-8 as a predominant respiratory quinone, and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c), summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω6c/C18:1 ω7c), C16:0 and C12:0, as its major fatty acids (>5%). The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids and four unidentified aminophospholipids. The results of ANI calculation, digital DNA-DNA hybridization, physiological and biochemical tests allowed phenotypic differentiation of strain dN18-1T from rephrase other genus Paludibacterium species with validly published names. Therefore, this isolate represents a novel species, for which the name Paludibacterium denitrificans sp. nov. (type strain dN18-1T = KACC 19537T = CGMCC 1.16961T) is proposed.

Chryseobacterium panacisoli sp. nov., isolated from ginseng-cultivation soil with ginsenoside-converting activity.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, aerobic, rod-shaped and yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain Gsoil 183T, was isolated from ginseng-cultivation soil sampled in Pocheon Province, Republic of Korea. This bacterium was characterized to determine its taxonomic position by using a polyphasic approach. Strain Gsoil 183T grew at 10-37 °C and at pH 5.0-9.0 on tryptic soy agar. Strain Gsoil 183T had ß-glucosidase activity, which was responsible for its ability to convert ginsenoside Rb1 (one of the dominant active components of ginseng) to F2. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, strain Gsoil 183T clustered with species of the genus Chryseobacterium and appeared to be closely related to Chryseobacterium sediminis LMG 28695T (99.1 % sequence similarity), Chryseobacterium lactis NCTC 11390T (98.6%), Chryseobacterium rhizoplanae LMG 28481T (98.6%), Chryseobacterium oncorhynchi CCUG 60105T (98.5%), Chryseobacterium viscerum CCUG 60103T (98.4%) and Chryseobacterium joostei DSM 16927T (98.3%). Menaquinone MK-6 was the predominant respiratory quinone and the major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0-3OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c). The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, six unidentified glycolipids, five unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 36.6 mol%. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization between strain Gsoil 183T and the type strains of C. sediminis, C. lactis, C. rhizoplanae, C. oncorhynchi, C. viscerum and C. joostei resulted in values below 70 %. Strain Gsoil 183T could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from the recognized species of the genus Chryseobacterium. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Chryseobacterium panacisoli sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain Gsoil 183T (=KACC 15033T=LMG 23397T).

Brevundimonas fluminis sp. nov., isolated from a river.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, motile, facultatively aerobic and ivory-pigmented bacterium (designated strain LA-55T) was isolated from a river in the Republic of Korea. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, strain LA-55T clustered with species of the genus Brevundimonas and was closely related to B revundimonas kwangchunensis KSL-102T (97.3 %), B revundimonas aurantiaca DSM 4731T (97.1 %), B revundimonas albigilva NHI-13T (97.0 %), B revundimonas balnearis FDRGB2bT (97.0 %) and Brevundimonas aveniformis DSM 17977T (97.0 %). The average nucleotide identity value between strain LA-55T and its closest-related strain was 74.1 %, indicating that strain LA-55T represents a novel species of the genus Brevundimonas. Growth occurred at 15-40 °C on Reasoner's 2A medium in the presence of 0-2 % NaCl (w/v) and at pH 6.0-8.0. The genomic DNA G+C content was 70.5 mol% and ubiquinone 10 (Q-10) was the major respiratory quinone. The major cellular fatty acids (>5 %) were C1 8 :1 ω6c and/or C1 8 :1 ω7c (summed feature 8), C16 : 0, C1 6 :1 ω6c and/or C1 6 :1 ω7c (summed feature 3) and C18 : 1 ω7c 11-methyl. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-glucopyranuronosyl]glycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-α-d-glucopyranuronosyl glycerol, unidentified aminolipid, unidentified phosphoglycolipid and unidentified lipids. Physiological and biochemical characteristics indicated that strain LA-55T represents a novel species of the genus Brevundimonas, for which the name Brevundimonas fluminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LA-55T (=KACC 19639T=LMG 30850T).

Flexivirga caeni sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge.

A Gram-stain-positive, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and oval-shaped bacterium, designated strain BO-16T was isolated from activated sludge. In this study, we describe the taxonomic characterization and classification of this bacterium by using the polyphasic approach. Growth of BO-16T was observed at 10-40 °C (optimum, 25-37 °C) and at pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) on R2A agar. The major fatty acids it contained were iso-C16:0, anteiso-C17:0 and iso-C17 : 0 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine. This isoprenoid quinones included MK-8 (H4) and MK-8 (H6). The peptidoglycan contained lysine, serine, alanine, glycine and glutamic acid and represented the peptidoglycan type A4α. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, BO-16T was shown to represent a member of the genus Flexivirga and to be related to Flexivirga oryzae KACC 18597T (98.4 % sequence similarity), Flexivirga endophytica KCTC 39536T (97.5 %), Flexivirga alba DSM 24460T (97.4 %) and Flexivirga lutea KCTC 39625T (97.3 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68.0 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between BO-16T and its closest phylogenetic neighbours were much lower than 70 %. BO-16T could be differentiated phylogenetically and phenotypically from the species of the genus Flexivirga with validly published names. Therefore the isolate represents a novel species, for which the name Flexivirga caeni sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain BO-16T (=KACC 19647T=LMG 30859T).

Sinirhodobacter hankyongi sp. nov., a novel denitrifying bacterium isolated from sludge.

A novel Gram-reaction-negative, facultative-aerobic, motile, non-spore-forming, oval-shaped and denitrifying bacterium, designated BO-81T, was isolated from sludge sampled in the Republic of Korea. This bacterium was investigated via a polyphasic approach to reveal its taxonomic position. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain BO-81T belonged to the family Rhodobacteraceae and was related to the closest species Sinirhodobacter ferrireducens (98.8 % sequence similarity), 'Sinorhodobacter hungdaonensis' (98.4 %), Rhodobacter lacus (97.8 %), Sinorhodobacter populi (96.8 %) and Rhodobacter maris (96.2 %). The average nucleotide identity and DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain BO-81T and its closely related strains were 77.7-94.2 % and 20.1-55.9 %, respectively, indicating that BO-81T represents a novel species of the genus Sinirhodobacter. Growth occurred at 18-40 °C on Reasoner's 2A medium in the presence of 0-7 % NaCl (w/v) and at pH 6.0-9.0. Strain BO-81T was characterized chemotaxonomically as having ubiquinone 10 as its predominant respiratory quinone, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω6c and/or C18 : 1 ω7c) as its major fatty acid and phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine as its predominant polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68.3 mol%. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed phenotypic differentiation of strain BO-81T from other Sinirhodobacter species with validly published names. Therefore, the isolate represented a novel species, for which the name Sinirhodobacter hankyongi sp. nov. (type strain BO-81T=KACC 19677T=LMG 30808T) is proposed.

Hydrogenophaga borbori sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, yellowish-pigmented bacterial strain, designated LA-38T, was isolated from activated sludge of wastewater treatment plants in Hanam city, South Korea. Cell of LA-38T were rod-shaped, aerobic, motile and non-spore-forming. In phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes, LA-38T clustered with species of the genus Hydrogenophaga and appeared closely related to Hydrogenophaga intermedia DSM 5680T (99.2 % similarity), Hydrogenophaga palleronii DSM 63T (98.2 %), Hydrogrenophaga laconesensis KCTC 42478T (98.1 %), Hydrogenophaga. atypica DSM 15342T (98.1 %), Hydrogenophaga defluvii DSM 15341T (98.0 %) and Hydrogenophaga taeniospiralis DSM 2082T (97.2 %). The average nucleotide identities between LA-38T and the closely related strains were 79.3-88.5 %, indicating that LA-38T represents a novel species of the genus Hydrogenophaga. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 69.9 mol% and ubiquinone Q-8 was the predominant respiratory quinone. The major cellular fatty acids (>5 %) were C16 : 0, cyclo-C19 : 0, C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c (summed feature 3), and C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c (summed feature 8). The major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine, the major polyamines were 2-hydroxyputrescine and putrescine. ANI calculation, physiological and biochemical characteristics indicated that LA-38T represents a novel species of the genus Hydrogenophaga, for which the name Hydrogenophaga borbori sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LA-38T (=KACC 19730T=LMG 30805T).

Ochrobactrum soli sp. nov., Isolated from a Korean Cattle Farm.

A Gram stain negative, motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic, beige-pigmented bacterium, designated strain BO-7T, was isolated from soil of cattle farm, in Seosan, Republic of Korea. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, strain BO-7T clustered with species of the genus Ochrobactrum and appeared closely related to O. haematophilum CCUG 38531T (98.9%), O. daejeonense KCTC 22458T (98.1%), O. rhizosphaerae DSM 19824T (98.1%), O. pituitosum DSM 22207T (98.0%), and O. pecoris DSM 23868T (98.0%). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity between strain BO-7T and the closely related strains were 21.9-39.1%, 78.5-89.5%, respectively, indicating that BO-7T is a novel species of the genus Ochrobactrum. The DNA G + C content of the genomic DNA was 57.1 mol%, and ubiquinone Q-10 was the predominant respiratory quinone. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylmonomethyl-ethanolamine, di-phosphatidylglycerol, the major polyamines were spermidine, putrescine, and sym-homospermidine. The major cellular fatty acids (> 5%) were C16:0, C19:0 cycle ω7c, and C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c (summed feature 8). ANI calculation, digital DNA-DNA hybridization, physiological and biochemical characteristics indicated that strain BO-7T represents a novel species of the genus Ochrobactrum, for which the name Ochrobactrum soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BO-7T (= KACC 19676T = LMG 30809T).

Phenylobacterium hankyongense sp. nov., isolated from ginseng field soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated HKS-05T, was isolated from ginseng field soil. This bacterium was characterized to determine its taxonomic position by using the polyphasic approach. HKS-05T grew at 10-37 °C and at pH 6.0-8.0 on R2A agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, HKS-05T was shown to represent a member of the family Caulobacteraceaeand to be related to Phenylobacterium lituiforme FaiI3T (98.1 % sequence similarity), 'Phenylobacterium zucineum' HLK1 (97.9 %), Phenylobacterium muchangponense A8T (97.7 %), Phenylobacteriumcomposti 4T-6T (97.2 %) and Phenylobacterium immobile ET (97.1 %). The major respiratory quinone was Q-10 and the major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0, and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, unidentified glycolipids and unidentified polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 70.4 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness values between HKS-05T and its closest phylogenetically neighbours were low. HKS-05T could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from the species of the genus Phenylobacterium with validly published names. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Phenylobacteriumhankyongense sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain HKS-05T (=KACC 18628T=LMG 30081T).

Olivibacter ginsenosidimutans sp nov., with ginsenoside converting activity isolated from compost, and reclassification of Pseudosphingobacterium domesticum as Olivibacter domesticus comb. nov.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped, bacterium designated as strain BS18T, was isolated from compost and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic analysis. On the basis of the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, BS18T represents a member of the genus Olivibacter of the family Sphingobacteriaceaeand is most closely related to Olivibacter oleidegradansTBF2/20.2T (93.7 %), Olivibacter jilunii 14-2AT (93.6 %), Olivibacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 060T (93.6 %), Pseudosphingobacterium domesticumDC186T (93.0 %) and shared ≤93.1 % sequence similarity with the other members of the genus Olivibacter. BS18T contained MK-7 as the predominant quinone, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 4 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c), as the major fatty acids and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as main polar lipid. BS18T could be distinguished from the other members of the genus Olivibacter by a number of chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characteristics. On the basis of the results of polyphasic taxonomic analysis, BS18T represents a novel species within the genus, for which the name Olivibacter ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Olivibacter ginsenosidimutans is BS18T (=KACC 16612T=JCM 18200T). It is also proposed to transfer Pseudosphingobacterium domesticumto the genus Olivibacter, as Olivibacter domesticus comb. nov. (type strain DC186T=CCUG 54353T=LMG 23837T).

Mucilaginibacter panaciglaebae sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field.

A Gram-reaction-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain BXN5-31T, was isolated from soil of a ginseng field, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Strain BXN5-31T grew at 18-37 °C and at pH 6.0-8.0 on R2A medium. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain BXN5-31T was shown to belong to the genus Mucilaginibacter and was closely related to Mucilaginibactersoyangensis HME6664T, Mucilaginibacterximonensis XM-003T and Mucilaginibacterpuniceus WS71T. The DNA G+C content was 43.6 %. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7) and the major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain BXN5-31T and three reference strains (M. soyangensis HME6664T, M. ximonensis XM-003T and M. puniceus WS71T) were 9.4±1.9, 8.2±1.3 and 5.7±0.7 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain BXN5-31T to the genus Mucilaginibacter. Moreover, the physiological and biochemical results and low level of DNA-DNA relatedness allowed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strain BXN5-31T from recognized species of the genus Mucilaginibacter. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Mucilaginibacter panaciglaebae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BXN5-31T (=KACC 14957T=JCM 17085T).

Polaromonas ginsengisoli sp. nov., isolated from ginseng field soil.

A Gram-reaction-negative, strictly aerobic, milky-white and rod-shaped bacterium (designated Gsoil 115T) isolated from ginseng field soil was characterized by a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. Strain Gsoil 115T grew optimally at 30 °C and at pH 7.0 on Reasoner's 2A agar medium. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain Gsoil 115T belongs to the genus Polaromonas and was most closely related to Polaromonaseurypsychrophila B717-2T (98.6 %), Polaromonasvacuolata 34-PT (98.3 %), Polaromonasjejuensis NBRC 106434T (98.1 %), Polaromonas aquatic CCUG 39402T (97.7 %) and Polaromonascryoconiti Cr4-35T (97.5 %). The DNA G+C content was 60.9 mol%. The DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness between strain Gsoil 115T and P. eurypsychrophila B717-2T, P. vacuolata 34-PT, P. jejuensis NBRC 106434T, P. aquatic CCUG 39402T and P. cryoconiti Cr4-35T were 31.2, 21.6, 16.9, 8.7 and 10.1 %, respectively. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The sole respiratory quinone was Q-8. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), which supported the affiliation of strain Gsoil 115T to the genus Polaromonas. Moreover, the physiological, biochemical and low level of DNA-DNA relatedness value allowed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strain Gsoil 115T from the recognized species of the genus Polaromonas. Therefore, strain Gsoil 115T represents a novel species of the genus Polaromonas, for which the name Polaromonas ginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain Gsoil 115T (LMG 23393T=KCTC 12577T).

Aeromicrobium panacisoli sp. nov. Isolated from Soil of Ginseng Cultivating Field.

A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, and aerobic bacterium (Gsoil 137T) was isolated from soil of a ginseng field of Pocheon province in South Korea and subjected to a polyphasic approach in order to determine its taxonomic position. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain Gsoil 137T was shown to belong to the family Nocardioidaceae and was closely related to Aeromicrobium ginsengisoli Gsoil 098T (96.7%), Aeromicrobium panaciterrae (96.7%), and Aeromicrobium halocynthiae JCM 15749T (96.6%). Being phylogenetic, it was most closely related to Aeromicrobium halocynthiae JCM 15749T. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 70.3 mol%. The diagnostic diamino acid of the cell wall peptidoglycan was LL-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinone was menaquinone MK-8 (H4) and MK-7 (H4) was a minor compound. The major cellular fatty acids were C14:0, C16:0, C18:1 ω9c and summed feature 4 (C16:1 ω7c/C15:0 iso 2-OH). All these data supported the affiliation of strain Gsoil 137T to the genus Aeromicrobium. The results of physiological and biochemical tests enabled strain Gsoil 137T to be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from currently known Aeromicrobium species. Therefore, strain Gsoil 137T represents a novel species of the genus Aeromicrobium, for which the name Aeromicrobium panacisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Gsoil 137T (= KCTC 19130T = DSM 17940T = CCUG 52475T).

Mesorhizobium hankyongi sp. nov. Isolated from Soil of Ginseng Cultivating Field.

A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped, bacterium (designated Gsoil 531T) was isolated from soil of a ginseng field. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence, strain Gsoil 531T clustered with species of the genus Mesorhizobium and was closely related to M. camelthorni CCNWXJ 40-4T (98.9%) and M. alhagi CCNWXJ12-2T (98.7%). The DNA G + C content was 62.9 mol% and the predominant quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). The major cellular fatty acids were C16:0, C19:0 cyclo ω8c and summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/C18:1 ω6c). The DNA-DNA hybridization values were less than 35.0% between novel isolate and its closest reference strains M. camelthorni HAMBI 3020T, M. alhagi HAMBI 3019T and M tamadayense LMG 26736T. Physiological, biochemical and low values of DNA-DNA hybridization results enabled strain Gsoil 531T to be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from all known species of the genus Mesorhizobium. Therefore, strain Gsoil 531T signifies a novel species of the genus Mesorhizobium, for which the name Mesorhizobium hankyongi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain Gsoil 531T (= KACC 19443T = LMG 30463T).

Actinomadura hankyongense sp. nov. Isolated From Soil of Ginseng Cultivating Field.

A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, and aerobic bacterium (Gsoil 556T) was isolated from soil of a ginseng field and subjected to its taxonomic position. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain Gsoil 556T was shown to belong to the genus Actinomadura of the family Thermomonosporaceae and was closely related to A. montaniterrae CYP1-1BT (99.3%), A. nitritigenes DSM 44137T (98.7%), and A. rudentiformis HMC1T (98.5%), while it showed less than 98.4% sequence similarity to the other species of this genus. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that it is most closely related to A. rudentiformis HMC1T and A. nitritigenes DSM 44137T. The DNA G+C content was 73.1 mol%. The peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell sugar contained fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and ribose. The predominant menaquinone (KK) was MK-9(H8) [55%] and MK-9(H6) [45%]. The major cellular fatty acids were C14:0, C16:0, C18:1 ω9c and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c). All these data supported the affiliation of strain Gsoil 556T to the genus Actinomadura. The DNA-DNA hybridization between strain Gsoil 556T and its phylogenetically closest relatives were less than 40%. Furthermore, the results of physiological and biochemical tests enabled strain Gsoil 556T to be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from currently known Actinomadura species. Therefore, strain Gsoil 556T represents a novel species of the genus Actinomadura, for which the name Actinomadura hankyongense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain Gsoil 556T (=KACC 19438T=LMG 30327T).

Sphingomonas aquatica sp. nov., isolated from tap water.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated W1-2-1T, was isolated from tap water in South Korea. The strain was characterized by a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. Strain W1-2-1T grew at 18-42 °C and at pH 6.0-10.0 on R2A medium. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate belongs to the genus Sphingomonas and is most closely related to the Sphingomonas oligophenolica JCM 12082T (97.2 % similarity), Sphingomonas asaccharolyticaNBRC 15499T (96.8 %), Sphingomonas desiccabilis CP1DT (96.8 %), Sphingomonas pruniNBRC 15498T (96.8 %), Sphingomonas hankookensis ODN7T (96.4 %) and Sphingomonas yabuuchiae DSM 14562T (95.8 %). Chemotaxonomic data [major ubiquinone - Q10, major polyamine - homospermidine, major fatty acids - summed feature 8 (C18  : 1ω7c/ω6c), C16 : 0 and C14 : 0 2-OH and presence of sphingoglycolipid] supported the affiliation of the strain to the genus Sphingomonas. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 67.1 mol%. However, low level of DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain W1-2-1T and S. oligophenolica JCM 12082T and the results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain W1-2-1T from other Sphingomonas species with validly published names. Therefore, the isolate represents a novel species, for which the name Sphingomonas aquatica sp. nov. (type strain W1-2-1T=KACC 18309T=LMG 28596T) is proposed.

Sphingomonas hankyongensis sp. nov. isolated from tap water.

A Gram reaction-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, translucent and rod-shaped bacterium (designated W1-2-4(T)) isolated from tap water was characterized by a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. Strain W1-2-4(T) was observed to grow optimally at 25-30 °C and at pH 6.5 on nutrient agar. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain W1-2-4(T) belongs to the genus Sphingomonas and is most closely related to the Sphingomonas fennica K101(T) (95.3 % similarity). The G+C content of genomic DNA was 67.1 mol%. Chemotaxonomic data [major ubiquinone-Q-10, major polyamine-homospermidine, major fatty acids-summed feature 8 (comprising C18:1 ω7c/ω6c), C16:0 and C14:0 2OH] supported the affiliation of strain W1-2-4(T) to the genus Sphingomonas. Strain W1-2-4(T) could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from the recognized species of the genus Sphingomonas. The novel isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Sphingomonas hankyongensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain W1-2-4(T) (=KACC 18308(T) = LMG 28595(T)).