Broken Kramers Degeneracy in Altermagnetic MnTe.

Altermagnetism is a newly identified fundamental class of magnetism with vanishing net magnetization and time-reversal symmetry broken electronic structure. Probing the unusual electronic structure with nonrelativistic spin splitting would be a direct experimental verification of an altermagnetic phase. By combining high-quality film growth and in situ angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we report the electronic structure of an altermagnetic candidate, α-MnTe. Temperature-dependent study reveals the lifting of Kramers degeneracy accompanied by a magnetic phase transition at T_{N}=267 K with spin splitting of up to 370 meV, providing direct spectroscopic evidence for altermagnetism in MnTe.

Adhesion and Cohesion Differences between Catechol- and Pyrogallol-Functionalized Chitosan.

Marine-inspired phenolic compounds that exhibit underwater adhesion are used as biomedical adhesives under wet conditions. While these applications mainly use catechol and pyrogallol moieties that contain different numbers of hydroxyl groups on their benzene rings, how this difference affects adhesion and cohesion is not well understood. Herein, the chitosan backbone is functionalized with catechol and pyrogallol at similar modification rates (to give chitosan-catechol (CS-CA) and chitosan-pyrogallol (CS-GA), respectively) and their interaction energies are compared by using a surface forces apparatus (SFA). The phenolic moieties decrease the rigidity of the chitosan chain and increase solubility; consequently, CS-CA and CS-GA are more cohesive and adhesive than chitosan at pH 7.4. Moreover, the additional hydroxyl group of GA provides a further interacting chance; hence, CS-GA is more cohesive and adhesive than CS-CA. This study provides in-depth insight into interactions involving chitosan derivatives bearing introduced phenolic moieties that will help to develop biomedical adhesives.

Effect of dental caries management using 'CAMBRA-kids' mobile application for children under 5 years old.

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of dental caries management using 'CAMBRA-kids' mobile application for children under 5 years old for a period of a year. METHODS: This study was conducted on 119 preschoolers and parents. Parents downloaded 'CAMBRA-kids' mobile application and entered risk factors and protective factors for children. Clinician entered disease indicators after clinical examination of children. Based on the input, the caries risk group was automatically determined by the 'CAMBRA-kids' application. According to the caries risk level, caries management was conducted for 12 months according to guidelines. RESULTS: Children's caries risk level changed after conducting caries management for 1 year. In the change of CRA (Caries risk assessment) by factor, risk factors decreased in all risk groups, whereas protective factors increased in all risk groups. Disease indicators increased after 12 months in the extreme high-risk group and the high-risk group, but decreased in the low-risk group. CONCLUSION: This study evaluated the effect of systematic dental caries management using 'CAMBRA-kids' mobile application for preschool children. As a result, dental caries management had effects on children, especially for the extreme high-risk group and the high-risk group. Thus, it is expected to be used in a variety of areas for caries management of preschoolers.

SLPI in periodontal Ligament is not sleepy during biophysical force-induced tooth movement.

AIM: We aimed to identify a key molecule that maintains periodontal tissue homeostasis during biophysical force-induced tooth movement (BTM) by orchestrating alveolar bone (AB) remodelling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Differential display-PCR was performed to identify key molecules for BTM in rats. To investigate the localization and expression of the identified molecules, immunofluorescence, real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed in rats and human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Functional test and micro-CT analysis were performed to examine the in vivo effects of the identified molecules on BTM. RESULTS: Secretory leucocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI) in the PDL was revealed as a key molecule for BTM-induced AB remodelling. SLPI was enhanced in the PDL under both compression and tension, and downregulated by an adenyl cyclases inhibitor. SLPI induced osteoblastogenic genes including runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and synergistically augmented tension-induced Runx2 expression. SLPI augmented mineralization in PDL cells. SLPI induced osteoclastogenic genes including receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) and synergistically augmented the compression-induced RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) expression. Finally, the in vivo SLPI application into the AB significantly augmented BTM. CONCLUSIONS: SLPI or its inhibitors might serve as a biological target molecule for therapeutic interventions to modulate BTM.

Immune Modulatory Activities of Arginyl-Fructose (AF) and AF-Enriched Natural Products in In-Vitro and In-Vivo Animal Models.

The immune system plays an important role in maintaining body homeostasis. Recent studies on the immune-enhancing effects of ginseng saponins have revealed more diverse mechanisms of action. Maillard reaction that occurs during the manufacturing processes of red ginseng produces a large amount of Amadori rearrangement compounds (ARCs), such as arginyl-fructose (AF). The antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic effects of AF have been reported. However, the possible immune enhancing effects of non-saponin ginseng compounds, such as AF, have not been investigated. In this study the effects of AF and AF-enriched natural product (Ginofos, GF) on proliferation of normal mouse splenocytes were evaluated in vitro and male BALB/c mice models. The proliferation of splenocytes treated with mitogens (concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharide) were further increased by addition of AF (p < 0.01) or GF (p < 0.01), in a dose dependent manner. After the 10 days of oral administration of compounds, changes in weights of spleen and thymus, serum immunoglobulin, and expression of cytokines were measured as biomarkers of immune-enhancing potential in male BALB/c mice model. The AF or GF treated groups had higher weights of the thymus (0.94 ± 0.25 and 0.86 ± 0.18, p < 0.05, respectively) than that of cyclophosphamide treated group (0.59 ± 0.18). This result indicates that AF or AF-enriched extract (GF) increased humoral immunity against CY-induced immunosuppression. In addition, immunoglobulin contents and expression of cytokines including IgM (p < 0.01), IgG (p < 0.05), IL-2 (p < 0.01), IL-4 (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.01), and IFN-γ (p < 0.05) were also significantly increased by supplementation of AF or GF. These results indicate that AF has immune enhancing effects by activation of adaptive immunity via increase of expression of immunoglobulins and cytokines such as IgM, IgG, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and thereby proliferating the weight of thymus. Our findings provide a pharmacological rationale for AF-enriched natural products such as ginseng and red ginseng that can possibly have immune-enhancement potential and should be further evaluated.

Analysis of incombustibles in the feedstock to incineration facilities in South Korea for optimum sorting and management.

Korea's Ministry of Environment has implemented the Framework Act on Resource Recirculation to activate waste resource recovery. However, industrial waste treatment facilities have some problems related to diversity of waste received for proper management of wastes. Waste incineration facilities are required to receive and process combustible waste and are forbidden to re-consign waste to other waste treatment facilities without any processing. In reality, a large amount of incombustibles is injected into the incinerator because it is impossible to completely separate the incombustible materials. Therefore, it is necessary to develop additional management criteria for optimal operation of the incineration facility. This study was conducted to improve institutional management of incineration facilities in Korea. Through a literature review and statistics study, incombustible waste management trends were investigated. The characteristics of waste entering incineration facilities were surveyed. Physical composition and proximate analysis of incoming waste were conducted, and properties of the incombustibles mixed in feedstocks to waste incineration facilities were examined. As a result of this study, incombustibles mainly consisting of the construction and demolition waste, such as soil, glass, and metals, should be separated from feed sent to incinerators. A mechanical screening technique that sorts particles of 30-40 mm in size can be used to separate the incombustibles. Also, management criteria could be proposed to sort and re-consign the incombustibles.

Analysis of incombustibles in the feedstock to incineration facilities in Republic of Korea for optimum sorting and management.

The Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea has implemented the "Framework Act on Resource Recirculation" to activate waste resource recovery. However, industrial waste treatment facilities have some problems related to diversity of waste received for proper management of wastes. Waste incineration facilities are required to receive and process combustible waste and are forbidden to re-consign waste to other waste treatment facilities without any processing. In reality, a large quantity of incombustibles is injected into the incinerator because it is impossible to completely separate the incombustible materials. Therefore, it is necessary to develop additional management criteria for optimal operation of the incineration facility. This study was conducted to improve institutional management of incineration facilities in Korea. Through a literature review and statistics study, incombustible waste management trends were investigated. The characteristics of waste entering incineration facilities were surveyed. Physical composition and proximate analysis of incoming waste were conducted, and properties of the incombustibles mixed in feedstock to waste incineration facilities were examined. As a result of this study, incombustibles mainly consisting of the construction and demolition waste, such as soil, glass, and metals should be separated from feed sent to incinerators. A mechanical screening technique that sorts particles of 30-40 mm in size can be used to separate the incombustibles. Also, management criteria could be proposed to sort and re-consign the incombustibles.

Stabilizing Coacervate by Microfluidic Engulfment Induced by Controlled Interfacial Energy.

Low interfacial energy, an intrinsic property of complex coacervate, enables the complex coacervate to easily encapsulate desired cargo substances, making it widely used in encapsulation applications. Despite this advantage, the low interfacial energy of the complex coacervate makes it unstable against mechanical mixing, and changes in pH and salt concentration. Hence, a chemical cross-linker is usually added to enhance the stability of the complex coacervate at the expense of sacrificing all intrinsic properties of the coacervate, including phase transition of the coacervate from liquid to solid. In this study, we observed an abrupt increase in the interfacial energy of the coacervate phase in mineral oil. By controlling the interfacial energy of the coacervate phase using a microfluidic device, we successfully created double engulfed PEG-diacrylate (PEGDA) coacervate microparticles, named DEPOT, in which the coacervate is engulfed in a cross-linked PEGDA shell. The engulfed coacervate remained as a liquid phase, retained its original low interfacial energy property to encapsulate the desired cargo substances, and infiltrated into the target site by a simple solvent exchange from oil to water.

Relationship between oral health behaviour and handgrip strength: a cross-sectional study with 7589 Korean adults.

Objective: This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between handgrip strength and oral health behaviours among Koreans.Methods: The data of 7589 individuals (3384 men and 4205 women) aged ≥19 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014-2015 were analyzed. Oral health behaviour was assessed based on the number of daily toothbrushing sessions and the use of secondary oral-care products. The association between oral-health behaviour and handgrip strength was investigated adjusting for confounders. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed (α = 0.05).Results: The proportion of participants diagnosed with sarcopenia was significantly higher in the group with poor oral-health behaviours. After adjusting for confounders including age, the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of female participants with low handgrip strength in groups toothbrushing thrice or more per day, twice per day, and once or less per day were 1 (reference), 1.18 (0.99-1.4), and 1.24 (0.89-1.71), respectively. There were significantly more participants with low handgrip strength in the group that did not use secondary oral products for both sexes.Conclusions: Oral health behaviour is associated with handgrip strength among adults. Poor oral self-care habits may constitute a risk indicator for low muscle strength.

Volatile Organic Compounds from Orchids: From Synthesis and Function to Gene Regulation.

Orchids are one of the most significant plants that have ecologically adapted to every habitat on earth. Orchids show a high level of variation in their floral morphologies, which makes them popular as ornamental plants in the global market. Floral scent and color are key traits for many floricultural crops. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play vital roles in pollinator attraction, defense, and interaction with the environment. Recent progress in omics technology has led to the isolation of genes encoding candidate enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis and regulatory circuits of plant VOCs. Uncovering the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms underlying the production of floral scents is necessary not only for a better understanding of the function of relevant genes but also for the generation of new cultivars with desirable traits through molecular breeding approaches. However, little is known about the pathways responsible for floral scents in orchids because of their long life cycle as well as the complex and large genome; only partial terpenoid pathways have been reported in orchids. Here, we review the biosynthesis and regulation of floral volatile compounds in orchids. In particular, we focused on the genes responsible for volatile compounds in various tissues and developmental stages in Cymbidium orchids. We also described the emission of orchid floral volatiles and their function in pollination ecology. Taken together, this review will provide a broad scope for the study of orchid floral scents.

Influence of Luting Materials and Methods and the Restoration Surface on the Amount of Cement Remnants in Implant Restorations.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the luting methods on the amount of cement remnants in implant restorations and to determine the restoration surface with the maximum amount of residual cement. Forty abutments and crowns were divided into 4 groups as follows: TB group, luting with zinc oxide-eugenol cement; TBV group, luting with zinc oxide-eugenol cement after application of a separating agent over the transmucosal area of the abutment; PI group, luting with methacrylate cement; and PIV group, luting with methacrylate cement after application of a separating agent. After cementation, all the quadrants of the specimens were photographed, and the amount and location of the cement remnants were statistically analyzed (P ≤ .05). The amount of cement remnants was significantly smaller in the groups with a separating agent. The type of luting material did not significantly affect the results. Cement remnants were more abundant on the mesial and distal sides than on the buccal and lingual sides of the restoration.

Comparison of Supraclavicular and Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block: A Systemic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Supraclavicular (SC) and infraclavicular (IC) brachial plexus block (BPB) are commonly used for upper extremity surgery. Recent clinical studies have compared the effect of SC- and IC-BPB, but there have been controversies over spread of sensory blockade in each of the 4 peripheral nerve branches of brachial plexus. METHODS: This study included a systemic review, using the Medline and EMBASE database from their inceptions through March 2016. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing SC- and IC-BPB were included. The prespecified primary outcome was the incidences of incomplete sensory blockade in each of the 4 terminal nerve branches of brachial plexus. Secondary outcome included the incidence of successful blockade, performance time, onset of sensory block, duration of analgesia, and complication rates. RESULTS: Ten RCTs involving 676 patients were included. Pooled analyses showed the incidence of incomplete block at 30 minutes in radial nerve territory was significantly higher in IC-BPB, favoring SC-BPB (risk ratio 0.39; 95% confidence interval [0.17-0.88], P = .02, I = 0%). However, subgroup analysis according to the number of injections of IC-BPB showed that double or triple injections IC-BPB yielded no difference in the incomplete radial block. Furthermore, the incidence of incomplete ulnar block at 30 minutes was significantly lower in IC-BPB when using double or triple injection IC-BPB. There was no difference in the secondary outcomes between SC- and IC-BPB groups, with the exception of complication rates. The incidence of paresthesia/pain on local anesthetic injection, phrenic nerve palsy, and Horner syndrome was significantly higher in the SC group, favoring IC-BPB. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis demonstrated that IC-BPB showed a significantly high incidence of incomplete radial nerve sensory block at 30 minutes, which may be avoided by double or triple injection. Furthermore, IC-BPB with multiple injection technique showed significantly lower incidence of incomplete ulnar block than SC-BPB. There were no differences in the incidence of successful blockade, block onset, and duration of analgesia between SC- and IC-BPB. Procedure-related paresthesia/pain and adjacent nerve-related complications were more frequent in SC-BPB. However, because of the small sample size, publication bias remains a concern when interpreting our results. Further studies with sufficient sample size and reporting large number of outcomes are required.

Expression of amelogenin and effects of cyclosporin A in developing hair follicles in rats.

Amelogenin, an enamel matrix protein has been considered to be exclusively expressed by ameloblasts during odontogenesis. However, burgeoning evidence indicates that amelogenin is also expressed in non-mineralizing tissues. Under the hypothesis that amelogenin may be a functional molecule in developing hair follicles which share developmental features with odontogenesis, this study for the first time elucidated the presence and functional changes of amelogenin and its receptors during rat hair follicle development. Amelogenin was specifically localized in the outer epithelial root sheath of hair follicles. Its expression appeared in the deeper portion of hair follicles, i.e. the bulbar and suprabulbar regions rather than the superficial region. Lamp-1, an amelogenin receptor, was localized in either follicular cells or outer epithelial sheath cells, reflecting functional changes during development. The expression of amelogenin splicing variants increased in a time-dependent manner during postnatal development of hair follicles. Amelogenin expression was increased by treatment with cyclosporin A, which is an inducer of anagen in the hair follicle, whereas the level of Lamp-1 and -2 was decreased by cyclosporin A treatment. These results suggest that amelogenin may be a functional molecule involved in the development of the hair follicle rather than an inert hair shaft matrix protein.

Binary mask designs with single- and double-layer absorber stacks for extreme ultraviolet lithography and actinic inspection.

In this study, we propose binary mask (BIM) designs with single- and double-layer absorber stacks with high optical contrast at a wavelength of 13.5 nm for use in extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) and actinic defect inspection. The optimum thickness of the absorber stack was estimated using a method based on the transfer matrix. In the double-layer designs, [Ag/SnTe] has a minimum thickness of ∼32 nm with almost 100% optical contrast compared to the TaN layer. In addition, a SnTe absorber layer was deposited using radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The optical constant of the SnTe layer at 13.5 nm wavelength was determined using the density of the layer, which was obtained from x-ray reflectivity measurements. The reflectance of the SnTe single-layer absorber stack was measured in the EUV region and compared with the simulated reflectance by using the calculated optical constants. The results show that the new BIM designs for EUVL and actinic inspection can be helpful in reducing the geometric shadow effect compared to the TaN absorber layer with a thickness of ∼70 nm.

Hydrogel-Gated FETs in Neuromorphic Computing to Mimic Biological Signal: A Review.

Hydrogel-gated synaptic transistors offer unique advantages, including biocompatibility, tunable electrical properties, being biodegradable, and having an ability to mimic biological synaptic plasticity. For processing massive data with ultralow power consumption due to high parallelism and human brain-like processing abilities, synaptic transistors have been widely considered for replacing von Neumann architecture-based traditional computers due to the parting of memory and control units. The crucial components mimic the complex biological signal, synaptic, and sensing systems. Hydrogel, as a gate dielectric, is the key factor for ionotropic devices owing to the excellent stability, ultra-high linearity, and extremely low operating voltage of the biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. Moreover, hydrogel exhibits ionotronic functions through a hybrid circuit of mobile ions and mobile electrons that can easily interface between machines and humans. To determine the high-efficiency neuromorphic chips, the development of synaptic devices based on organic field effect transistors (OFETs) with ultra-low power dissipation and very large-scale integration, including bio-friendly devices, is needed. This review highlights the latest advancements in neuromorphic computing by exploring synaptic transistor developments. Here, we focus on hydrogel-based ionic-gated three-terminal (3T) synaptic devices, their essential components, and their working principle, and summarize the essential neurodegenerative applications published recently. In addition, because hydrogel-gated FETs are the crucial members of neuromorphic devices in terms of cutting-edge synaptic progress and performances, the review will also summarize the biodegradable and biocompatible polymers with which such devices can be implemented. It is expected that neuromorphic devices might provide potential solutions for the future generation of interactive sensation, memory, and computation to facilitate the development of multimodal, large-scale, ultralow-power intelligent systems.

CD8 T-cell subsets: heterogeneity, functions, and therapeutic potential.

CD8 T cells play crucial roles in immune surveillance and defense against infections and cancer. After encountering antigenic stimulation, naïve CD8 T cells differentiate and acquire effector functions, enabling them to eliminate infected or malignant cells. Traditionally, cytotoxic T cells, characterized by their ability to produce effector cytokines and release cytotoxic granules to directly kill target cells, have been recognized as the constituents of the predominant effector T-cell subset. However, emerging evidence suggests distinct subsets of effector CD8 T cells that each exhibit unique effector functions and therapeutic potential. This review highlights recent advancements in our understanding of CD8 T-cell subsets and the contributions of these cells to various disease pathologies. Understanding the diverse roles and functions of effector CD8 T-cell subsets is crucial to discern the complex dynamics of immune responses in different disease settings. Furthermore, the development of immunotherapeutic approaches that specifically target and regulate the function of distinct CD8 T-cell subsets holds great promise for precision medicine.

Nanochitin and Nanochitosan: Chitin Nanostructure Engineering with Multiscale Properties for Biomedical and Environmental Applications.

Nanochitin and nanochitosan (with random-copolymer-based multiscale architectures of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine units) have recently attracted immense attention for the development of green, sustainable, and advanced functional materials. Nanochitin and nanochitosan are multiscale materials from small oligomers, rod-shaped nanocrystals, longer nanofibers, to hierarchical assemblies of nanofibers. Various physical properties of chitin and chitosan depend on their molecular- and nanostructures; translational research has utilized them for a wide range of applications (biomedical, industrial, environmental, and so on). Instead of reviewing the entire extensive literature on chitin and chitosan, here, recent developments in multiscale-dependent material properties and their applications are highlighted; immune, medical, reinforcing, adhesive, green electrochemical materials, biological scaffolds, and sustainable food packaging are discussed considering the size, shape, and assembly of chitin nanostructures. In summary, new perspectives for the development of sustainable advanced functional materials based on nanochitin and nanochitosan by understanding and engineering their multiscale properties are described.

Type 2 Diabetes and Its Association With Psychiatric Disorders in Young Adults in South Korea.

Importance: Because type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become increasingly prevalent among young adults, the study of the association of T2D with psychiatric disorders in young adults is important for early detection and timely intervention. Objective: To determine whether a diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder is associated with increased risk of developing T2D in young adults. Design, Setting, and Participants: This large-scale prospective cohort study used data collected by the South Korean National Health Insurance Service between 2009 and 2012, representing 97% of the South Korean population. Young adults aged 20 to 39 years with and without diagnoses of psychiatric disorders were included in the study. Young adults with missing data and those with a history of T2D were excluded from the study. The cohort was followed up to monitor development of T2D until December 2018. Data were analyzed from March 2021 to February 2022. Exposure: Diagnosis of 1 of 5 psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and sleep disorder. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was newly diagnosed T2D during a follow-up period of 7.59 years. The incidence rate of T2D was calculated as the number of new cases per 1000 person-years during the follow-up period. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for T2D incidence. Exploratory analyses were performed for subgroups stratified by age and sex. Results: In total, 6 457 991 young adults (mean [SD] age, 30.74 [4.98] years; 3 821 858 men [59.18%]) were followed up, including 658 430 individuals with psychiatric disorders. The cumulative incidence of T2D differed significantly between individuals with and without psychiatric disorders (log-rank test, P < .001). Incidence rates of T2D for individuals with and without psychiatric disorders were 2.89 and 2.56 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Individuals with a diagnosis of any psychiatric disorder showed a higher risk of developing T2D than those without a diagnosis (adjusted HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.17-1.22). The adjusted HRs for T2D were 2.04 (95% CI, 1.83-2.28) for individuals with schizophrenia, 1.91 (95% CI, 1.73-2.12) for individuals with bipolar disorder, 1.24 (95% CI, 1.20-1.28) for individuals with depressive disorder, 1.13 (95% CI, 1.11-1.16) for individuals with anxiety disorder, and 1.31 (95% CI, 1.27-1.35) for individuals with sleep disorder. Conclusions and Relevance: In this large-scale prospective cohort study of young adults, 5 psychiatric disorders were significantly associated with an increased risk of developing T2D. Young adults with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in particular were at a higher risk of T2D. These results have important implications for early detection of and timely intervention in T2D for young adults with psychiatric disorders.

Recent Advances in Multiplexed Wearable Sensor Platforms for Real-Time Monitoring Lifetime Stress: A Review.

Researchers are interested in measuring mental stress because it is linked to a variety of diseases. Real-time stress monitoring via wearable sensor systems can aid in the prevention of stress-related diseases by allowing stressors to be controlled immediately. Physical tests, such as heart rate or skin conductance, have recently been used to assess stress; however, these methods are easily influenced by daily life activities. As a result, for more accurate stress monitoring, validations requiring two or more stress-related biomarkers are demanded. In this review, the combinations of various types of sensors (hereafter referred to as multiplexed sensor systems) that can be applied to monitor stress are discussed, referring to physical and chemical biomarkers. Multiplexed sensor systems are classified as multiplexed physical sensors, multiplexed physical-chemical sensors, and multiplexed chemical sensors, with the effect of measuring multiple biomarkers and the ability to measure stress being the most important. The working principles of multiplexed sensor systems are subdivided, with advantages in measuring multiple biomarkers. Furthermore, stress-related chemical biomarkers are still limited to cortisol; however, we believe that by developing multiplexed sensor systems, it will be possible to explore new stress-related chemical biomarkers by confirming their correlations to cortisol. As a result, the potential for further development of multiplexed sensor systems, such as the development of wearable electronics for mental health management, is highlighted in this review.

A Personalized Cancer Nanovaccine that Enhances T-Cell Responses and Efficacy Through Dual Interactions with Dendritic Cells and T Cells.

Conventional approaches to developing therapeutic cancer vaccines that primarily activate tumor-specific T cells via dendritic cells (DCs) often demonstrate limited efficacy due to the suboptimal activation of these T cells. To address this limitation, here a therapeutic cancer nanovaccine is developed that enhances T cell responses by interacting with both DCs and T cells. The nanovaccine is based on a cancer cell membrane nanoparticle (CCM-MPLA) that utilizes monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as an adjuvant. To allow direct interaction between the nanovaccine and tumor-specific T cells, anti-CD28 antibodies (aCD28) are conjugated onto CCM-MPLA, resulting in CCM-MPLA-aCD28. This nanovaccine activates tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in both the presence and absence of DCs. Compared with nanovaccines that interact with either DCs (CCM-MPLA) or T cells (CCM-aCD28), CCM-MPLA-aCD28 induces more potent responses of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells and exhibits a higher antitumor efficacy in tumor-bearing mice. No differences in T cell activation efficiency and therapeutic efficacy are observed between CCM-MPLA and CCM-aCD28. This approach may lead to the development of effective personalized therapeutic cancer vaccines prepared from autologous cancer cells.