Food handlers' lack of knowledge, and misunderstanding of safe food temperatures: An analysis using the theory of social representations.

Comprehension is the ability to understand and be familiar with situations and facts. A critical factor causing foodborne diseases is the inadequate temperature during food storage and handling; food handlers often fail to understand this. Therefore, in this study, we investigated how technical language and everyday knowledge operate in the comprehension of safe food temperatures among food handlers in food services. To achieve this, data collection was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, a survey was conducted to 206 food handlers from 14 food service working in the city of São Paulo. Through this survey, we gathered information to characterize the socio-demographic profile of the sample, details about participation in training, and knowledge of technical terms related to safe food temperatures. In the second stage, individuais interviews were conducted on the same day following the questionnaire administration in each food service. A total of 29 interviews were carried out An interview script was developed containing two storylines based on the Fourth Key: "Keep food at safe temperatures," which is part of the WHO's "Five Keys to Safer Food" manual. Further, the collective subject discourse technique, which is based on the theory of social representations, was employed to analyze each interview and construct a representative collective discourse. Analysis of the results indicated that lack of knowledge about safe food temperatures is mainly a result of the misunderstanding of technical terms. The collective discourses obtained results reinforced that food handlers had diverse and erroneous information about food defrosting, and they exhibited low confidence and clarity about safe food temperatures. Overall, psychological, social, and cultural factors affect the formation of social representations that guide food handlers' decision-making.

Health as science and the biological body as an artifact: the case of Brazil's national TV news program Jornal Nacional. / A saúde como ciência e o corpo biológico como artefato: o caso do Jornal Nacional.

This article presents the findings of a study of the coverage of health, science and technology during 2012 by the Jornal Nacional, a national television news program in Brazil produced by the Rede Globo de Televisão. A total of 246 news stories addressing health-related topics were analyzed, half of which addressed scientific research, technological innovation and hospital care, and were shown to represent a doctor-centered discourse. The findings also show that 82% of the news stories concerning science and technology advertise products that are about to be introduced onto the market, illustrating the commercial nature of this research. The article discusses two aspects portrayed by these news stories that characterize the biological body as an artifact: the construction of a virtual and fragmented body through the diffusion of images of the inside of the body; and the importance of biotechnological issues, which leaves life processes open to molecular manipulation and alteration. The study also questions the nature-culture hybridization present in biotechnological objects.

Comunicação e saúde: reflexões sobre o Sistema Único de Saúde em Palmas ­ TO e a saúde digital durante a pandemia de covid-19 / Communication and health: reflections on the Unified Health System in Palmas ­ TO and digital health during the covid-19 pandemic / Comunicación y salud: reflexiones sobre el Sistema Único de Salud en Palmas ­ TO y la salud digital durante la pandemia de covid-19

O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre o papel da saúde digital no acesso à saúde pública no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde durante a pandemia de covid-19 em Palmas ­ TO. Para tanto, adotou-se como referencial teórico os pressupostos do campo Comunicação & Saúde e, como forma de análise, o método denominado Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, que busca compreender os modos de pensar de um grupo social sobre dado tema. Neste caso, trata-se de moradores do condomínio Residencial Parque da Praia, situado em Palmas. Também se procurou entender em que medida essas pessoas estão inseridas no mundo tecnológico ou são excluídas dele, e qual a percepção delas sobre saúde digital, Sistema Único de Saúde, direito à saúde e à comunicação. O grupo se considera relativamente informado sobre esses temas e a maioria faz uso, no cotidiano, das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação e da internet. Entretanto, observou-se que a saúde digital é uma realidade ainda distante para essa comunidade

The purpose of this article is to reflect on the role of digital health in the access to public health in the context of the Unified Health System during the covid-19 pandemic in Palmas ­ TO. In order to do this, the assumptions of the Communication & Health field were adopted as a theoretical framework and the method called Collective Subject Discourse was used as a form of analysis. This method seeks to understand the ways of thinking of a social group on a given topic. In the case examined here, the group is constituted by residents of the Residencial Parque da Praia condominium, situated in Palmas. We also sought to understand to what extent these people are included in or excluded from the technological world and their perception of digital health, the Unified Health System, the right to health and communication. The group considers itself relatively informed about these topics and the majority of those residents use Information and Communication Technologies as well as the internet in their daily live. However, it was observed that digital health is still a distant reality for this community

El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre el papel de la salud digital en el acceso a la salud pública en el contexto del Sistema Único de Salud durante la pandemia de covid-19 en Palmas ­ TO. Para hacer eso, se adoptó como marco teórico los presupuestos del campo de Comunicación y Salud y, como forma de análisis, el método denominado Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo, que busca comprender las formas de pensar de un grupo social acerca de un tema determinado. En el caso abordado en este artículo, el grupo es constituido por residentes del condominio Residencial Parque da Praia, situado en Palmas. También buscamos comprender en qué medida estas personas están incluidas en el mundo tecnológico o son excluidas de él, y su percepción sobre la salud digital, el SUS, el derecho a la salud y a la comunicación. El grupo se considera relativamente informado sobre esos temas y su mayoría utiliza las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones y la internet en su vida diaria. Sin embargo, se observó que la salud digital es aún una realidad lejana para esta comunidad

[Social representations concerning dengue, dengue vectors, and control activities among residents of São Sebastião on the northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil]. / Representações sobre dengue, seu vetor e ações de controle por moradores do município de São Sebastião, litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil.

This study sought to identify people's knowledge on dengue and its vector biology, aimed at promoting a communications channel between technical and lay reasoning in order to foster community involvement in dengue and dengue vector control activities. A survey was conducted in an Aedes aegypti-infested area with dengue transmission in São Sebastião on the northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. One hundred interviews were held, with five open questions on topics related to dengue and vector control. Collective Subject Discourse methodology was used in the analysis. People were not able to properly identify the kinds of accumulated water sources that serve as breeding places for mosquitoes and were unaware of the egg phase in vector development. There was inadequate awareness of vector biology and a need for greater government-community integration. Educational activities should incorporate the study results as insight for improving the social efficiency and efficacy of joint actions to fight dengue and control the mosquito vector.

[Knowledge and practices by adolescents in preventing occupational injuries: a qualitative study]. / Conhecimentos e práticas de adolescentes na prevenção de acidentes de trabalho: estudo qualitativo.

OBJECTIVE: To describe knowledge and practices adopted by high school students to prevent occupational injuries. STUDY DESIGN: The study was carried out in a public school located in São Paulo, in 2003. Fifty-three evening students aged 14 to 21 years old participated the study, they were divided into two groups with and without job experience (32 and 21 students, respectively). The students answered two questions: "Why do occupational injuries occur?" and "How do you avoid occupational injuries?" Analyses were performed using the software "Quali-quanti" to structure collective discourses. ANALYSIS OF DISCOURSES: Adolescents with work experience reported that occupational injuries occur due to carelessness of the employee, bad luck of the employee, employer's negligence, lack of training, and unsafe workplace. Adolescents without work experience reported that the main causes of work injuries were carelessness of the employee and employer's negligence. Regarding the ways to protect themselves against occupational injuries, both groups reported that: they pay attention (would pay attention) and wear safety equipment (would wear) safety equipment. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents from both groups showed limited knowledge about occupational injuries and prevention methods. Students "blamed the victim" to explain the injuries and considered "paying attention to work" as the best way to protect themselves. These facts showed that the culture of blaming the victim is present since adolescence and probably it is an outcome of a learning process of the society.

In the final analysis, are we a consumer society or not? Implications for health.

In this paper, the question of Brazil's insertion today as a country with the characteristics of modern consumer societies is discussed, focusing on the commercialization of the health sector, the segmentation of the health system and the contradictions of the rights to health care in the social context in question. Some research data on these issues broadcast in the National News Bulletins of Globo TV during the year of 2012 are presented, in which the high technology private hospital as a consumer icon, the underfunding of the public health system and the rejection of a poor and deprived Unified Health System are analyzed.

[Social representations of the relationships between plant vases and the dengue vector]. / Representações sociais sobre relações entre vasos de plantas e o vetor da dengue.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate how houseplant 'caretakers' represent the relationship between plant vases and breeding sites for the dengue vector, in order to reformulate educational policies. METHODS: The present study was carried out among caretakers from three São Paulo State municipalities in which dengue is known to exist and in which extensive educational activities had been previously conducted. Twenty households from each of the municipalities studied were selected based on larval density evaluation bulletins elaborated by SUCEN (Endemic Disease Control Coordination) and classified as positive or negative for the presence of Aedes aegypti larvae in plant vases. The 60 participants were aged 20-65 years and were directly involved in plant care. Interviews were carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire, and recorded in cassette tapes. Data were tabulated using the collective subject discourse technique. RESULTS: Negative representations found included: erroneous information in the population's imaginary universe; disbelief that a 'tiny little mosquito' could cause such extensive problems; belief in the disease only after its concrete manifestation; and mistrust in educational activities in general. Positive representations included: understanding of the basic mechanism of dengue transmission; appreciation of the role and constant presence of sanitary authorities; understanding of their own share of responsibility in fighting the disease. CONCLUSIONS: With respect to vector control activities, the exceedingly synthetic messages emitted by the sanitary authorities prevent the information from being assimilated by the population to the desirable extent. Educational activities must be understood by the population to which they are destined if any behavioral changes are to take place.

Descubrimiento del abuso sexual del niño: revelación o silencio / Discovery of the Sexual Abuse of the Child: Revelation or Silence

Introducción: Conocer que la madre es el eje primordial de protección y afecto en el vínculo familiar es relevante, así como la importancia que juega ella y el padre en el vínculo afectivo con el niño en la recuperación, protección y apoyo postraumático de un abuso sexual. Objetivo: Describir los procesos y significados de la experiencia vivida por los padres o cuidadores primarios frente al descubrimiento del abuso sexual de sus hijos. Método: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, con abordaje metodológico cualitativo y cuantitativo del discurso del sujeto colectivo. Se realizó una entrevista a 60 padres o cuidadores primarios no perpetradores del abuso los municipios de Cajicá y Tabio de Bogotá-Colombia. El procesamiento y análisis cuantitativo fue realizado con el software Qualiquantisoft. Resultados: El discurso de mayor prevalencia por los entrevistados fue la relación entre padres o cuidador e hijo (45,7 por ciento, n = 43), fomentar la confianza, el diálogo, escuchar a los niños, dedicar mayor tiempo y cuidado a los hijos. El papel que juega la red de apoyo en la protección y justicia fue señalado como importante por el 29 por ciento (n = 32) de los sujetos que participaron en la investigación. Conclusiones: Las niñas son con mayor frecuencia víctimas de abuso sexual. Por lo general, se trataba de familias monoparentales, con necesidad de dejar a su hijo bajo el cuidado de un pariente, amigo o vecino. Cuando el abuso se perpetra por individuos con fuertes lazos afectivos, es mayor el impacto en la salud emocional, cognitiva y comportamental del niño. La credibilidad, los comportamientos y las medidas de protección que los padres o cuidadores primarios asumen, son directrices esenciales para el proceso de la revelación del abuso sexual y un medio que favorece la elaboración positiva de la experiencia traumática en el niño(AU)

Objective: This research analyzes how parents or primary caregivers describe the processes and meanings of lived experience toward the discovery of sexual abuse of their children. Method: descriptive, cross-sectional study with methodological approach the Collective Subject Discourse-DSC. Individual interview with 60 parents or caregivers that were not perpetrators was conducted, in the municipalities of Cajica and Tabio de Bogotá- Colombia. The empirical data were analyzed using the Collective Subject Discourse (DCS), based on the Theory of Social Representations, which makes possible the emergence of social representations by constructing collective discourses. The data were Qualitative processed and analyzed in the Qualiquantisoft software, which is associated with the DSC method. Results: The most significant discourse identify by interviewed was the relationship between parents, primary caregivers and child (45,74 percent, n=43), they emphasize in improving the role as parents, through trustfulness, the dialogue, listen out, taking care of the children and spending more time with them; they also considered important the support role of the protection and justice network (29 percent, n=32). Conclusions: The credibility, the behaviors and the protection measures that the parents or primary caregivers assume, are essential guidelines for the process of disclosure of the sexual abuse and provides an environment that enables a positive development of the traumatic experience in the child. It is important to emphasize the role played by the professionals involved in these cases, because comprehensive care to reduce the long-term consequences depends on their attitude, support and management(AU)

Descubrimiento del abuso sexual del niño: revelación o silencio / Discovery of the Sexual Abuse of the Child: Revelation or Silence

Introducción: Conocer que la madre es el eje primordial de protección y afecto en el vínculo familiar es relevante, así como la importancia que juega ella y el padre en el vínculo afectivo con el niño en la recuperación, protección y apoyo postraumático de un abuso sexual. Objetivo: Describir los procesos y significados de la experiencia vivida por los padres o cuidadores primarios frente al descubrimiento del abuso sexual de sus hijos. Método: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, con abordaje metodológico cualitativo y cuantitativo del discurso del sujeto colectivo. Se realizó una entrevista a 60 padres o cuidadores primarios no perpetradores del abuso los municipios de Cajicá y Tabio de Bogotá-Colombia. El procesamiento y análisis cuantitativo fue realizado con el software Qualiquantisoft. Resultados: El discurso de mayor prevalencia por los entrevistados fue la relación entre padres o cuidador e hijo (45,7 por ciento, n = 43), fomentar la confianza, el diálogo, escuchar a los niños, dedicar mayor tiempo y cuidado a los hijos. El papel que juega la red de apoyo en la protección y justicia fue señalado como importante por el 29 por ciento (n = 32) de los sujetos que participaron en la investigación. Conclusiones: Las niñas son con mayor frecuencia víctimas de abuso sexual. Por lo general, se trataba de familias monoparentales, con necesidad de dejar a su hijo bajo el cuidado de un pariente, amigo o vecino. Cuando el abuso se perpetra por individuos con fuertes lazos afectivos, es mayor el impacto en la salud emocional, cognitiva y comportamental del niño. La credibilidad, los comportamientos y las medidas de protección que los padres o cuidadores primarios asumen, son directrices esenciales para el proceso de la revelación del abuso sexual y un medio que favorece la elaboración positiva de la experiencia traumática en el niño(AU)

Objective: This research analyzes how parents or primary caregivers describe the processes and meanings of lived experience toward the discovery of sexual abuse of their children. Method: descriptive, cross-sectional study with methodological approach the Collective Subject Discourse-DSC. Individual interview with 60 parents or caregivers that were not perpetrators was conducted, in the municipalities of Cajica and Tabio de Bogotá- Colombia. The empirical data were analyzed using the Collective Subject Discourse (DCS), based on the Theory of Social Representations, which makes possible the emergence of social representations by constructing collective discourses. The data were Qualitative processed and analyzed in the Qualiquantisoft software, which is associated with the DSC method. Results: The most significant discourse identify by interviewed was the relationship between parents, primary caregivers and child (45,74 percent, n=43), they emphasize in improving the role as parents, through trustfulness, the dialogue, listen out, taking care of the children and spending more time with them; they also considered important the support role of the protection and justice network (29 percent, n=32). Conclusions: The credibility, the behaviors and the protection measures that the parents or primary caregivers assume, are essential guidelines for the process of disclosure of the sexual abuse and provides an environment that enables a positive development of the traumatic experience in the child. It is important to emphasize the role played by the professionals involved in these cases, because comprehensive care to reduce the long-term consequences depends on their attitude, support and management(AU)

Why do tuberculosis patients look for urgency and emergency unities for diagnosis: a study on social representation.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the social representations of patients and professionals working in the field of tuberculosis, on the reasons for seeking diagnosis and treatment in the emergency room and not in the primary health care units called Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) or in the health program Programa de Saúde da Família near their residence. METHODS: The survey was conducted in the health services in the municipalities of São Paulo and Guarulhos, Brazil, in hospitals and UBS. We interviewed 20 patients and 20 employees of these units, using the Collective Subject Discourse methodology to analyze their statements. The question presented to the users was: "Why did you seek the urgent emergency hospital and not the UBS to see if you had tuberculosis?" For professionals it was asked: "Why do you think the patient seeks diagnosis in the hospital and not in the UBS?" RESULTS: As a result, two categories were found: (A) the cultural patterns; and (B) faults of the basic network. CONCLUSION: Analysis of the two explanatory dimensions show that the actions triggered by the health services should take into account the cultural patterns present in the social imaginary of the population; the health staff should receive training on specific knowledge of tuberculosis; there is a necessity of hiring human resources for the UBS and more inputs for programming.

Public school €™ teachers' perceptions about mental health.

OBJECTIVE To examine public school teachers' perceptions about general health and mental health, and the way in which they obtained this information. METHODS Qualitative research was conducted with 31 primary and secondary school teachers at a state school in the municipality of Sao Paulo, SP, Southeastern Brazil, in 2010. The teachers responded to a questionnaire containing open-ended questions about mental health and general health. The following aspects were evaluated: Teachers' understanding of the terms "health and "mental health," the relevance of the need for information on the subject, the method preferred for obtaining information, their experience with different media regarding such matters, and perceptions about the extent to which this available information is sufficient to support their practice. The data were processed using the Qualiquantisoft software and analyzed according to the Discourse of the Collective Subject technique. RESULTS From the teachers' perspective, general health is defined as the proper physiological functioning of the body and mental health is related to the balance between mind and body, as a requirement for happiness. Most of the teachers (80.6%) showed great interest in acquiring knowledge about mental health and receiving educational materials on the subject. For these teachers, the lack of information creates insecurity and complicates the management of everyday situations involving mental disorders. For 61.3% of the teachers, television is the medium that provides the most information on the topic. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that there is little information available on mental health for teachers, showing that strategies need to be developed to promote mental health in schools.

Social representations of obstetricians and neonatologists about fetal and early neonatal death certificate in the city of São Paulo.

INTRODUCTION: The insatisfactory completeness of the variables in the Death Certificate (DC) makes it difficult to obtain specific perinatal mortality indicators. OBJECTIVE: To assess the social representation of physicians about the perinatal DC. METHODS: Twenty-five physicians were interviewed in 15 hospitals in the city of São Paulo, in 2009. Qualitative analysis was performed with the Collective Subject Discourse technique. RESULTS: The DC is primarily considered according to its legal aspect. Physicians feel responsible for fulfilling the cause of death. The majority of them reported receiving help from other professionals to complete information on maternal characteristics and identification variables. There is lack of information on the mother's pre-natal conditions, which can make it difficult to identify the perinatal cause of death, mainly in the Unified Health System (SUS) hospitals. Some participants received specific DC training only when attending medical schools. CONCLUSIONS: The organization of medical work may affect the completion of the DC, especially in hospitals from SUS. Other professionals contributed to this task and their training can improve the quality of information.

A saúde como ciência e o corpo biológico como artefato: o caso do Jornal Nacional / Health as science and the biological body as an artifact: the case of Brazil's national TV news program Jornal Nacional

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados de pesquisa sobre ciência e tecnologia em saúde, em matérias jornalísticas veiculadas pelo Jornal Nacional da Rede Globo de Televisão, em 2012. Foram analisadas 246 matérias sobre saúde, sendo que metade destas se referem a pesquisas científicas, inovações tecnológicas e assistência hospitalar, constituindo um campo discursivo médico-centrado. Das reportagens sobre Ciência e Tecnologia, 82% divulgam produtos a serem disponibilizados no mercado, denotando a participação econômica destas pesquisas científicas. Discute-se dois aspectos nestas reportagens que caracterizam o corpo biológico como um artefato: a construção de uma corporeidade virtualizada e fragmentada através da difusão de imagens do interior do corpo; e a relevância dos temas biotecnológicos que têm tornado os processos da vida abertos à manipulação e modificação. Questiona-se a hibridização de natureza e cultura presente nos objetos biotecnológicos.

Abstract This article presents the findings of a study of the coverage of health, science and technology during 2012 by the Jornal Nacional, a national television news program in Brazil produced by the Rede Globo de Televisão. A total of 246 news stories addressing health-related topics were analyzed, half of which addressed scientific research, technological innovation and hospital care, and were shown to represent a doctor-centered discourse. The findings also show that 82% of the news stories concerning science and technology advertise products that are about to be introduced onto the market, illustrating the commercial nature of this research. The article discusses two aspects portrayed by these news stories that characterize the biological body as an artifact: the construction of a virtual and fragmented body through the diffusion of images of the inside of the body; and the importance of biotechnological issues, which leaves life processes open to molecular manipulation and alteration. The study also questions the nature-culture hybridization present in biotechnological objects.

[SIM and SINASC: social representation of nurses and professional in administrative sectors who work in hospitals in the city of São Paulo]. / SIM e SINASC: representação social de enfermeiros e profissionais de setores administrativos que atuam em hospitais no município de São Paulo.

Few studies have analyzed the SINASC (Live Birth Information System) and MIS (Mortality Information System) applying qualitative methodology seeking to understand data production processes and contexts. This article aims to study the social representation of health professionals about Live Birth Certificates (LBC) and perinatal Death Certificates (DC). A total of 24 interviews were conducted with nurses and other professionals of 16 Unified Health System (SUS) and non-SUS hospitals of the city of São Paulo in 2009. Qualitative methodology was adopted along with the Collective Subject Discourse technique. Professionals acknowledged that they are an integral part of the information production process of SINASC and their reports indicate that they incorporate it in their work routine. They also perceive that training activities are a tool to understand the information produced by them and are aware of the utility of LBC information. Although physicians are legally responsible for the DC, other professionals frequently provide some of the information to complete it. The professionals see themselves as participants of the SINASC. Despite providing information to complete the DC, they do not see themselves as participants of the MIS operation.

Communication on disclosure of tuberculosis diagnosis and adherence to treatment: social representations of professionals and patients / Comunicación en la revelacion del diagnostico y adhesion al tratamiento de la tuberculosis: representaciones sociales de profesionaly pacientes / Comunicação na revelação do diagnóstico e adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose: representações sociais de profissionais e de pacientes

ABSTRACT Objective: identifying social representations of health professionals and patients with tuberculosis in an initial interview for diagnostic disclosure and analyzing discursive content regarding the relation of this mode of communication during the interview for adherence of these patients to tuberculosis treatment. Method: a descriptive and qualitative study. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 39 health professionals involved in the initial tuberculosis diagnosis disclosure interview and 34 adult patients undergoing treatment in 22 health units in the southern region of São Paulo (Brazil). Discourse analysis was based on the discussions about "Awareness", developed by Paulo Freire. Results: a lack of explanations resulted in patients not understanding the diagnosis, abrasiveness by health professionals, the need for health education and how to approach the patient have emerged as conditions that influence patient adherence to treatment. Conclusion: regarding communication, we have identified a professional exercise that is contrary to promoting patient adherence to treatment, since it does not allow them to critically reflect on their current situation, and consequently does not modify their reality (in choosing adhesion and cure), thus characterizing incompetent communication.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar las representaciones sociales de profesionales de salud y pacientes con tuberculosis sobre la entrevista inicial del diagnóstico de la enfermedad y analizar el contenido discursivo en el que se refiere a la relación de este modo de comunicación, durante la entrevista con la entrevista con la adhesión de estos pacientes al tratamiento de la tuberculosis. Método: investigación descriptiva de abordaje cualitativo. Se realizó entrevista semi-estructurada con 39 profesionales de salud involucrados con la entrevista inicial del diagnóstico de la tuberculosis y 34 pacientes adultos en tratamiento, en 22 unidades de salud de la región sur de São Paulo (Brasil). El análisis de los discursos fue basado en las discusiones sobre "conscientización", desarrollados por Paulo Freire. Resultados: la ausencia de explicaciones y consecuente no entendimiento sobre el diagnostico, la brutalidad de profesionales de la salud y la necesidad de educación en salud y la forma de abordar al paciente surgieron como condiciones que influyeron en la adhesión al tratamiento por parte del enfermo. Conclusión: se identificó un ejercicio profesional, en lo que se refiere a la comunicación, contrario a la promoción de la adhesión al tratamiento por parte del paciente, ya que no le permite la reflexión crítica sobre la situación actual y, consecuentemente, la no modificación de su realidad (elección por la adhesión y cura), caracterizando, por tanto, una comunicación no competente.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as representações sociais de profissionais de saúde e de pacientes com tuberculose sobre a entrevista inicial de diagnóstico da doença, e analisar o conteúdo discursivo, no que se refere à relação deste modo de comunicação, durante a entrevista com a adesão destes pacientes ao tratamento da tuberculose. Método: estudo descritivo e qualitativo. Realizou-se entrevista semiestruturada com 39 profissionais de saúde envolvidos com a entrevista inicial de diagnóstico da tuberculose e 34 pacientes adultos em tratamento, em 22 unidades de saúde da região sul de São Paulo (Brasil). A análise dos discursivos foi baseada nas discussões sobre "Conscientização", desenvolvidas por Paulo Freire. Resultados: a ausência de explicações e consequente não entendimento sobre o diagnóstico, a brutalidade de profissionais da saúde, a necessidade de educação em saúde e a forma de abordar o paciente surgiram como condições que influenciam a adesão ao tratamento por parte do doente. Conclusão: identificou-se um exercício profissional, no que se refere à comunicação, contrário à promoção da adesão ao tratamento por parte do paciente, já que não permite a ele uma reflexão crítica sobre a situação atual, e, consequentemente, uma não modificação da sua realidade (escolha pela adesão e cura), caracterizando, portanto, uma comunicação não competente.

[Narratives of intimate partner violence practiced against women]. / Narrativas de violências praticadas por parceiros íntimos contra mulheres.

Research was conducted with women aged 15 to 49 living in an economically vulnerable area of the Brazilian state capital on the experience of victims of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). The study adopted a qualitative technique called Collective Subject Discourse. During the interviews in their homes between February and July, 195 women reported incidents of violence throughout their lives. The discourses were grouped by similar violence using the CSD technique and organized into 7 major categories based on 395 key words; i) IPV Engineering (N = 114; 58.5%); ii) Rape of vulnerable sex (N = 77; 39.5%); iii) Silent or silenced violence (N = 43; 21%); iv) Years of Suffering (N = 43; 21%); v) New time despite the suffering (N = 39; 20%); vi) Talking about violence (N = 35; 18%); Violence is a language (N = 34; 17.4%). Three reports with the highest prevalence, entitled "IPV Engineering," are presented in full in this work. The narratives of violence revealed show the strength of vulnerability and abuse suffered by women and the existence of multiple dynamics of violence in intimate affective relationships.

[Community health agents and their educational practices in oral health: a qualitative/quantitative evaluation]. / O agente comunitário de saúde e suas práticas educativas em saúde bucal: uma avaliação qualiquantitativa.

Among the activities performed by the community health agent (CHA), the educational actions are of fundamental importance for the provision of healthcare. Therefore, the scope of this study was to evaluate these aspects in a random sample of 80 CHAs, drawn from 16 Family Health Program Units in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, representing 51.3% of the population studied. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews, which were recorded and transcribed, using a script with questions about dental health education practices conducted by the agents. For the data analysis, the answer processing technique of the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) was used. It was established that dental health education activities are performed sporadically by CHAs and addressed mainly to pregnant women, mothers and children, in a vertical model of information transmission, seeking changes in individual behavior and the incorporation of healthy habits. The results suggest the need of CHAs to rethink the way they are developing their educational practices in dental health. However, for this to become a reality, it is indispensable to count on the support of the health manager in processes of permanent education directed to these professionals and to the whole team.

Accessibility to health services by persons with disabilities.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the difficulties in accessibility to health services experienced by persons with disabilities. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: A qualitative study was performed with individuals who reported having a certain type of disability (paralysis or amputation of limbs; low vision, unilateral or total blindness; low hearing, unilateral or total deafness). A total of 25 individuals (14 women) were interviewed in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, between June and August 2007, responding to questions about transportation and accessibility to health services. Collective Subject Discourse was the methodology used to analyze results and analyses were performed with the Qualiquantisoft software. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: The analysis of discourses on transportation to health services revealed a diversity in terms of the user going to the service alone or accompanied; using a private car, public transportation or ambulance or walking; and requiring different times to arrive at the service. With regard to the difficulties in accessibility to health services, there were reports of delayed service, problems with parking, and lack of ramps, elevators, wheelchairs, doctors and adapted toilets. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with a certain type of disability used various means of transportation, requiring someone to accompany them in some cases. Problems with accessibility to health services were reported by persons with disabilities, contradicting the principle of equity, a precept of the Brazilian Unified Health System.

Gravidez na adolescência e contracepção de emergência: opinião de profissionais de serviços primários de saúde pública do município de São Paulo / Teenage pregnancy and emergency contraception: opinion of professionals primary public health services in São Paulo

Descreve-se a opinião de 60 profissionais de unidades básicas de saúde pública do município de São Paulo com relação a situações de risco de gravidez que envolvem indicação da contracepção de emergência para adolescentes. Utilizou-se metodologia qualitativa, com construção de diferentes Discursos do Sujeito Coletivo. Contata-se que a maioria dos profissionais indicaria o método para adolescentes, embora muitos estejam desinformados sobre seu efeito não abortivo e alguns apresentem entraves de ordem moral e/ou ideológica para a sua indicação/prescrição.

Vigilância do desenvolvimento da linguagem da criança: conhecimentos e práticas de profissionais da atenção básica à saúde / Child’s language development surveillance: knowledge and practices among primary health care professionals

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os conhecimentos e as práticas dos enfermeiros, médicos e cirurgiões-dentistas que atuam na Atenção Básica em relação ao desenvolvimento da linguagem da criança nos primeiros anos de vida. Métodos: tratou-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com 30 profissionais de uma rede de Atenção Básica dentre eles, médicos, enfermeiros e cirurgiões-dentistas. Uma consulta individual foi realizada mediante um questionário semiestruturado. Empregou-se a técnica de análise temática de discurso, utilizando-se três figuras metodológicas: a Ideia Central, as Expressões-Chaves e o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Resultados: os conhecimentos que os profissionais têm sobre o desenvolvimento da linguagem da criança estavam ancorados às ideias centrais de conhecer alguns marcos do desenvolvimento, a linguagem da criança depende do estímulo do meio, da família e da audição normal, saber muito pouco ou não saber nada sobre o assunto. Os profissionais relataram que gostariam de obter mais informações sobre o assunto em relação aos marcos do desenvolvimento da linguagem da criança, desvios da normalidade e orientações para pais de forma a aprimorar o atendimento da saúde infantil. Conclusão: o conhecimento dos profissionais sobre o assunto apresentou-se limitado, havendo necessidade de ampliar práticas de educação em saúde pela Fonoaudiologia, em parceria com as Instituições de Ensino e os profissionais dos Núcleos de Apoio Saúde da Família, junto aos profissionais da Equipe de Estratégia Saúde da Família, destacando-se o trabalho sobre os marcos do desenvolvimento da linguagem da criança.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the knowledge and practices of nurses, doctors and dentists working in Primary Care for the development of the child's language early in life Methods: it is a qualitative research with 30 professionals from a network of Primary Care, among them doctors, nurses and dentists. An individual consultation was carried out through a semi-structured questionnaire. The technique of thematic speech analysis was used using three methodological approaches: The Central Idea, Expressions-Keys and the Collective Subject Discourse. Results: the knowledge that professionals have about the development of children's language were anchored to the core ideas to meet some milestones of development, the child's language depends on the middle stimulus, the family and normal hearing to know little or know nothing about the subject. The professionals reported that they would like to get more information on the subject in relation to the milestones of the child's language development, normal deviations and guidelines for parents in order to improve the care of children's health. Conclusion: the knowledge of professionals on the subject has been limited, and there is a need to expand educational practices in health through speech therapy, in partnership with the institutions of education and professionals of the Family Health Support Centers, with professionals of the Family Health Strategy Team, highlighting the work of the milestones of the child's language development.