RESUMO
Ecosystem restoration is an important means to address global sustainability challenges. However, scientific and policy discourse often overlooks the social processes that influence the equity and effectiveness of restoration interventions. In the present article, we outline how social processes that are critical to restoration equity and effectiveness can be better incorporated in restoration science and policy. Drawing from existing case studies, we show how projects that align with local people's preferences and are implemented through inclusive governance are more likely to lead to improved social, ecological, and environmental outcomes. To underscore the importance of social considerations in restoration, we overlay existing global restoration priority maps, population, and the Human Development Index (HDI) to show that approximately 1.4 billion people, disproportionately belonging to groups with low HDI, live in areas identified by previous studies as being of high restoration priority. We conclude with five action points for science and policy to promote equity-centered restoration.
RESUMO
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are known to provide livelihoods for forest-based communities across the world. While ensuring the sustainability of NTFP harvests is a key challenge, optimizing the production of NTFPs through appropriate silvicultural practices is also critical for forest-based economies. In Central India, the suitability of fire or pruning practices for enhancing the production of leaves of the tendu tree (Diospyros melanoxylon) has been much debated. While villagers commonly adopt annual litter fires, the state Forest Department urges leaf collectors to adopt the more labor-intensive practice of pruning. On the other hand, conservationists recommend completely hands-off management (no fire or pruning). In this study, we compared leaf production from the competing practices of litter fire, pruning, pruning-with-fire, and hands-off management, that are experimented with in community-managed forests. We checked for confounding factors such as tree canopy cover, presence of tendu trees, and inherent differences in forest type. We conducted the study during the pre-harvest season from March to May 2020 in villages in the northern Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra, India. We found that pruning and pruning-with-fire lead to higher root sprout production and, in turn, higher leaf production per unit area when compared to litter fire and the control (no pruning or fire). Fire alone led to a negative impact on leaf production. Implementing pruning instead of litter fire, however, comes with labor costs. Its adoption is therefore linked with the institutional arrangements for tendu management and marketing that shape community perception of costs. à¤à¥à¤£ वन à¤à¤¤à¥à¤ªà¤¾à¤¦à¤¨à¥ à¤à¤à¤à¤°à¤¾à¤¤à¥à¤² वन-à¤à¤§à¤¾à¤°à¤¿à¤¤ समà¥à¤¦à¤¾à¤¯à¤¾à¤à¤¸à¤¾à¤ ॠà¤à¤ªà¤à¥à¤µà¤¿à¤à¤¾ मà¥à¤¹à¤£à¥à¤¨ महतà¥à¤¤à¥à¤µà¤¾à¤à¥ à¤à¤¹à¥à¤¤. तà¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤à¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾ शाशà¥à¤µà¤¤ à¤à¤ªà¤²à¤¬à¥à¤§à¤¤à¥à¤¸à¤¾à¤ ॠतसà¥à¤ तà¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤à¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤µà¤° ठवलà¤à¤¬à¥à¤¨ à¤à¤à¥à¤µà¤¿à¤à¤¾à¤à¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾ दà¥à¤·à¥à¤à¥à¤¨à¥ वन à¤à¤ªà¤à¤¾à¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾ नियà¥à¤à¤¨ पदà¥à¤§à¤¤à¥à¤à¤à¤¾ वनवà¥à¤à¥à¤·à¤¶à¤¾à¤¸à¥à¤¤à¥à¤°à¤¾à¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾ दà¥à¤·à¥à¤à¥à¤¨à¥ ठà¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤¸ हà¥à¤£à¥ à¤à¤°à¤à¥à¤à¥ à¤à¤¹à¥. मधà¥à¤¯ à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤¤à¤¾à¤¤à¥à¤² वन-à¤à¤§à¤¾à¤°à¤¿à¤¤ समà¥à¤¦à¤¾à¤¯ ठनà¥à¤ वरà¥à¤· तà¥à¤à¤¦à¥ वà¥à¤à¥à¤·à¤¾à¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾ पानाà¤à¤¨à¤¾ (मà¥à¤¹à¤£à¤à¥ बिडà¥-पतà¥à¤¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤²à¤¾) निरनिराळà¥à¤¯à¤¾ पदà¥à¤§à¤¤à¥à¤¨à¥ सà¤à¤à¤²à¤¿à¤¤ à¤à¤°à¥à¤¤ à¤à¤¹à¥à¤¤ व तà¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤à¤°à¤¿à¤¤à¤¾ निरनिराळà¥à¤¯à¤¾ पदà¥à¤§à¤¤à¥à¤¨à¥ नियà¥à¤à¤¨ à¤à¤°à¥à¤¤ à¤à¤¹à¥à¤¤. à¤à¤¾à¤¡à¤¾à¤à¥ à¤à¥à¤¡à¤ªà¥ वाढ à¤à¤°à¥à¤¨, पानॠहाता à¤à¤µà¤³ वाढवणॠहा तà¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤¤à¥à¤² मà¥à¤à¥à¤¯ à¤à¤¦à¥à¤¦à¥à¤¶ à¤à¤¹à¥. यामधà¥à¤¯à¥ à¤à¤¾à¤¡à¤¾à¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾ रà¥à¤ªà¤¾à¤à¤à¥ मà¥à¤³à¤¾à¤¶à¥ à¤à¤¾à¤à¤£à¥ à¤à¤°à¤£à¥ (à¤à¥à¤/बà¥à¤² à¤à¤à¤¾à¤) à¤à¤¿à¤à¤µà¤¾, à¤à¤à¤à¤²à¤¾à¤¤à¥à¤² पाà¤à¥à¤³à¤¾ पà¥à¤à¤µà¤£à¥, à¤à¤¿à¤à¤µà¤¾ या दà¥à¤¨à¥à¤¹à¥ पदà¥à¤§à¤¤à¥ à¤à¤à¤¤à¥à¤°à¤¿à¤¤ वापरणॠ('à¤à¤¾à¤à¤£à¥-व-à¤à¤') ठशा पदà¥à¤§à¤¤à¥à¤à¤à¤¾ समावà¥à¤¶ à¤à¤¹à¥. ठलà¥à¤à¤¡à¥ à¤à¤¾à¤¹à¥ लà¥à¤ तà¥à¤à¤¦à¥ सà¤à¤µà¤°à¥à¤§à¤¨à¤¾à¤¸à¤¾à¤ ॠà¤à¤¾à¤¡à¤¾à¤à¥ विना-नियà¥à¤à¤¨ वाढ हà¥à¤ दà¥à¤¤à¤¾à¤¤ (मà¥à¤¹à¤£à¤à¥ विना à¤à¤ à¤à¤£à¤¿ विना à¤à¥à¤ à¤à¤à¤¾à¤à¤¨à¥). यातà¥à¤² à¤à¥à¤£à¤¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾ पदà¥à¤§à¤¤à¥à¤¨à¥ पà¥à¤°à¤¤à¥ हà¥à¤à¥à¤à¤°à¥ सरà¥à¤µà¤¾à¤¤ à¤à¤¾à¤¸à¥à¤¤ तà¥à¤à¤¦à¥ पानॠतयार हà¥à¤¤à¤¾à¤¤ याà¤à¤¾ ठà¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤¸ à¤à¤®à¥à¤¹à¥ à¤à¥à¤²à¤¾. यासाठॠà¤à¤®à¥à¤¹à¥ à¤à¤¤à¥à¤¤à¤° à¤à¤¡à¤à¤¿à¤°à¥à¤²à¥, महाराषà¥à¤à¥à¤° यà¥à¤¥à¥à¤² à¤à¤¾à¤¹à¥ à¤à¤¾à¤µà¤¾à¤à¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾ सामà¥à¤¹à¤¿à¤ वन à¤à¥à¤·à¥à¤¤à¥à¤°à¤¾à¤¤ मारà¥à¤ तॠमॠ२०२० मधà¥à¤¯à¥ वà¥à¤à¤µà¥à¤à¤³à¥à¤¯à¤¾ नियà¥à¤à¤¨ पदà¥à¤§à¤¤à¥à¤®à¤§à¥à¤¯à¥ हà¥à¤£à¤¾à¤±à¥à¤¯à¤¾ तà¥à¤à¤¦à¥à¤ªà¤¤à¥à¤¤à¤¾ à¤à¤¤à¥à¤ªà¤¨à¥à¤¨à¤¾à¤à¤¾ पदà¥à¤§à¤¤à¤¶à¥à¤° ठà¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤¸ à¤à¥à¤²à¤¾. à¤à¤à¥à¤£ à¤à¤®à¥à¤¹à¤¾à¤²à¤¾ ठसॠदिसलॠà¤à¥, à¤à¤ वापरणà¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤ªà¥à¤à¥à¤·à¤¾ तà¥à¤à¤¦à¥à¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾ रà¥à¤ªà¤¾à¤à¤à¥ मà¥à¤³à¤¾à¤¶à¥ à¤à¥à¤²à¥à¤²à¥ à¤à¤¾à¤à¤£à¥ व 'à¤à¤¾à¤à¤£à¥-व-à¤à¤' या पदà¥à¤§à¤¤à¥ ठधिठपानाà¤à¤à¥ à¤à¤¤à¥à¤ªà¤¨à¥à¤¨ दà¥à¤¤à¤¾à¤¤. à¤à¤®à¥à¤¹à¥ पाहिलॠà¤à¥ सà¥à¤¥à¤¾à¤¨à¤¿à¤ à¤à¤à¤à¤² पà¥à¤°à¤à¤¾à¤°, तà¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤à¥ दाà¤à¥, व तà¥à¤à¤¦à¥ वà¥à¤à¥à¤·à¤¾à¤à¥ निà¤à¤à¤¤à¤¾ या निà¤à¤·à¤¾à¤à¤®à¥à¤³à¥ पानाà¤à¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾ à¤à¤¤à¥à¤ªà¤¨à¥à¤¨à¤¾à¤¤ नियà¥à¤à¤¨ पदà¥à¤§à¤¤à¥à¤ªà¥à¤à¥à¤·à¤¾ à¤à¤¾à¤¸à¥à¤¤ परिणाम हà¥à¤¤ नाहà¥. परà¤à¤¤à¥ यातà¥à¤² à¤à¥à¤£à¤¤à¥à¤¹à¥ पदà¥à¤§à¤¤ वापरताना व वन-à¤à¤§à¤¾à¤°à¤¿à¤¤ à¤à¤ªà¤à¥à¤µà¤¿à¤à¤¾ साà¤à¤à¤¾à¤³à¤¤, तसà¥à¤ सामà¥à¤¹à¤¿à¤ वन नियà¥à¤à¤¨ à¤à¤°à¤¤à¤¾à¤¨à¤¾ à¤à¤¾à¤¹à¥ वà¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤µà¤¹à¤¾à¤°à¤¿à¤ ठडà¤à¤£à¥ à¤à¤¹à¥à¤¤. तà¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤à¤à¤¾à¤µà¤°à¤¹à¥ à¤à¤®à¥à¤¹à¥ या ठà¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤¸à¤¾à¤¤ विà¤à¤¾à¤° à¤à¥à¤²à¤¾ à¤à¤¹à¥.
RESUMO
Millions of households globally rely on uncultivated ecosystems for their livelihoods. However, much of the understanding about the broader contribution of uncultivated ecosystems to human wellbeing is still based on a series of small-scale studies due to limited availability of large-scale datasets. We pooled together 11 comparable datasets comprising 232 settlements and 10,971 households in ten low-and middle-income countries, representing forest, savanna and coastal ecosystems to analyse how uncultivated nature contributes to multi-dimensional wellbeing and how benefits from nature are distributed between households. The resulting dataset integrates secondary data on rural livelihoods, multidimensional human wellbeing, household demographics, resource tenure and social-ecological context, primarily drawing on nine existing household surveys and their associated contextual information together with selected variables, such as travel time to cities, population density, local area GDP and land use and land cover from existing global datasets. This integrated dataset has been archived with ReShare (UK Data Service) and will be useful for further analyses on nature-wellbeing relationships on its own or in combination with similar datasets.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Pobreza , Desenvolvimento Sustentável , Humanos , Características da Família , População RuralRESUMO
Heavy metal (HM) contamination of water bodies is caused by both first generation (industries) and second generation (distributed sources, domestic sewage, sediments) sources. We applied a multi-pronged approach to quantify the contribution of first and second generation sources to the HM load in a stream located in an industrialised catchment. We found that, despite strict regulation, first generation sources contributed significantly to the HM load (60%-80%), showing the ineffectiveness of current regulation. Domestic sewage contributed significantly to Cu, Ni, and Mn load (15%-20%). The contribution of distributed sources and sediments to HM load is insignificant. In a 24-hour cycle, HM concentrations frequently exceeded FAO's irrigation water quality standards, with the highest concentrations observed at night. Empirically, the study highlights the continued plight of urban streams in rapidly industrialising centers and the failure to regulate first-generation sources. Methodologically, it demonstrates the importance of temporally intensive measurement of contaminant concentration and load. Policy implications include the need for ambient water quality standards, inclusion of HMs in such standards, load-based regulation, and a problem-oriented monitoring and enforcement approach.