[Experimentation of targeted cardio-neurovascular risk screening in pharmacies]. / Repérage-dépistage ciblé du risque cardio-neurovasculaire en officine.

OBJECTIVES: Pharmacists' involvement in the screening of cardio-neurovascular diseases could enhance the prevention of cardio-neurovascular risk factors. This research-action assesses the pertinence of targeted screening for cardio-neurovascular risk in pharmacies. METHODS: This study was carried out within Lens-Hénin over the course of four months. The model included: the tracking of patients, excluding those with known cardio-neurovascular disease, with risk factors according to their age, sex, weight, family history of cardio-neurovascular diseases, smoking status; Screening for cardio-neurovascular risk with blood pressure measuring, blood total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and the glycaemia by capillary blood sampling as well as the abdominal perimeter and the BMI. Patients were oriented according to results of screening. RESULTS: 471 patients were screened, 218 (46%) had at least two risks, 236 (50%) had a cholesterol value greater than or equal 2 g/L, 176 (37.4%) had a blood pressure greater than or equal to limit value l, 104 (22%) patients had a BMI value greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2, 217 (46%) had an abdominal perimeter value greater than or equal to limit value and 17 (5.3%) patients had impaired fasting blood glucose. 373 (79%) patients were moved toward their general practitioner and at least 68 (18%) consulted. CONCLUSION: This research-action of targeted screening for cardiovascular risk in pharmacies proves to be relevant. The reproduction of a similar study in other territories is under consideration.

Prophylactic and Therapeutic Antibiotic Patterns of Lebanese Dentists for the Management of Dentoalveolar Abscesses.

INTRODUCTION: General dentists issue approximately 10% of antibiotic prescriptions across the global medical community consummation. The use of antibiotics for the management of dentoalveolar infections should be considered only in the presence of an increased risk of a systemic involvement or to prevent metastatic infections. This study aimed to investigate the prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotic prescription patterns of Lebanese dentists for the management of dentoalveolar abscesses. The aim was to evaluate the influence of the patients' medical condition and clinical signs data on the patterns of antibiotics prescription. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Only patients with a dentoalveolar abscess were included in the study. Age, medical history, reason for consultation, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, type of local treatment, and type of antibiotherapy were collected for each patient attending dental clinics in Beirut. The data were analyzed with chi-square test and multivariate regression. RESULTS: Out of the 563 initial patients, 127 were selected for the study and received a local treatment. The patient's medical condition and age did not affect the decision to prescribe antibiotics 36.2% patients with pain and 11.8% patients with swelling were prescribed antibiotics. Pain and swelling contributed to a higher level of antibiotic prescription compared to other signs and symptoms. Antibiotics were prescribed inappropriately to 51.76 and 38.10% among patients with an acute or chronic dentoalveolar abscess respectively. The main prescribed antibiotic was amoxicillin. CONCLUSION: This study showed that dentists often did not follow the current prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotic prescription guidelines. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Antibiotics prescriptions in dentistry will be more pertinent, leading to a decrease in inadequacy of prescriptions, microbial resistance, and the development of multiresistant germs against antibiotics.

Identification of early symptoms of endometriosis through the analysis of online social networks: A social media study.

Objective: Endometriosis is a complex full-body inflammation disease with an average time to diagnosis of 7-10 years. Social networks give opportunity to patient to openly discuss about their condition, share experiences, and seek advice. Thus, data from social media may provide insightful data about patient's experience. This study aimed at applying a text-mining approach to online social networks in order to identify early signs associated with endometriosis. Methods: An automated exploration technique of online forums was performed to extract posts. After a cleaning step of the built corpus, we retrieved all symptoms evoked by women, and connected them to the MedDRA dictionary. Then, temporal markers allowed targeting only the earliest symptoms. The latter were those evoked near a marker of precocity. A co-occurrence approach was further applied to better account for the context of evocations. Results: Results were visualised using the graph-oriented database Neo4j. We collected 7148 discussions threads and 78,905 posts from 10 French forums. We extracted 41 groups of contextualised symptoms, including 20 groups of early symptoms associated with endometriosis. Among these groups of early symptoms, 13 were found to portray already known signs of endometriosis. The remaining 7 clusters of early symptoms were limb oedema, muscle pain, neuralgia, haematuria, vaginal itching, altered general condition (i.e. dizziness, fatigue, nausea) and hot flush. Conclusion: We pointed out some additional symptoms of endometriosis qualified as early symptoms, which can serve as a screening tool for prevention and/or treatment purpose. The present findings offer an opportunity for further exploration of early biological processes triggering this disease.

Migration study of phthalates from non-food plastic containers used in food preservation.

Phthalate acid esters (PAE) are used as additives in the formulation of plastics, to increase their flexibility and transparency. They can migrate from plastic packaging to food, then cause endocrine disruption in consumers. This migration depends on the conditions of use defined for each plastic. Non-food plastics are likely to release more PAE than food-grade plastics. In Cameroon, non-food grade plastics such as old paint buckets are used by people to preserve liquid food. The present work aimed at studying the conditions and mechanism of migration of total PAE from paint buckets to pap. For this purpose, the effects of seven factors were determined through Plackett-Burman experimental design. The interactions of the most influential factors were determined through a full factorial design. The conditions of the migration of total PAE were obtained via face-centered composite design. Then experimental results of migration kinetics were modelled according to equations of pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intra-particle diffusion. The results revealed that the most influential factors were pH, temperature and contact time. The effects of these factors are non-linear, and their interactions have to be considered. When pap is preserved in paint buckets according to the conditions: temperature of pap >70 °C, pH of pap ≤4 or ≥10 and contact time > 2 h, as is the case in donut shops in Cameroon, the amount of total PAE released is greater than 50 µg/L. Migration of total PAE from paint buckets to pap is best described by the pseudo-second order model.

Exploration of the core protein network under endometriosis symptomatology using a computational approach.

Background: Endometriosis is defined by implantation and invasive growth of endometrial tissue in extra-uterine locations causing heterogeneous symptoms, and a unique clinical picture for each patient. Understanding the complex biological mechanisms underlying these symptoms and the protein networks involved may be useful for early diagnosis and identification of pharmacological targets. Methods: In the present study, we combined three approaches (i) a text-mining analysis to perform a systematic search of proteins over existing literature, (ii) a functional enrichment analysis to identify the biological pathways in which proteins are most involved, and (iii) a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to identify which proteins modulate the most strongly the symptomatology of endometriosis. Results: Two hundred seventy-eight proteins associated with endometriosis symptomatology in the scientific literature were extracted. Thirty-five proteins were selected according to degree and betweenness scores criteria. The most enriched biological pathways associated with these symptoms were (i) Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 signaling (p = 1.11 x 10-16), (ii) Signaling by Interleukins (p = 1.11 x 10-16), (iii) Cytokine signaling in Immune system (p = 1.11 x 10-16), and (iv) Interleukin-10 signaling (p = 5.66 x 10-15). Conclusion: Our study identified some key proteins with the ability to modulate endometriosis symptomatology. Our findings indicate that both pro- and anti-inflammatory biological pathways may play important roles in the symptomatology of endometriosis. This approach represents a genuine systemic method that may complement traditional experimental studies. The current data can be used to identify promising biomarkers for early diagnosis and potential therapeutic targets.

Is there a role for α-blockers in ureteral stent related symptoms? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the efficacy of α-blockers to improve ureteral stent related morbidity and quality of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a search of MEDLINE®, Embase™ and The Cochrane Library plus a hand search of conference proceedings from January 2000 to October 2010 to identify randomized, controlled trials comparing treatment for ureteral stent symptoms with α-blockers. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data. Trial methodological quality was assessed by The Cochrane Collaboration quality assessment tool. Placebo randomized, controlled trials with the ureteral stent symptom questionnaire as the outcome were eligible for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was done using the mean difference to determine the aggregate effect size. RESULTS: A total of 12 randomized, controlled trials including 2 α-blockers in a total of 946 patients were eligible, including 4 (33%) presented only as an abstract at a urological meeting and 4 (33%) eligible for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis using a random effects model showed that α-blockers were associated with a significant decrease in urinary symptoms (MD -6.76, 95% CI -11.52 to -2.00, p=0.005), a significant decrease in pain (MD -3.55, 95% CI -5.51 to -1.60, p=0.0004) and significant improvement in general health (MD -1.90, 95% CI -3.05 to -0.75, p=0.001). However, they were not associated with a benefit in work (MD 2.41, 95% CI -1.62 to 6.44, p=0.24) or sexual matters (MD 0.20, 95% CI -1.06 to 1.45, p=0.33). Eight studies were not included in the meta-analysis, of which 7 showed a significant clinical decrease in urinary symptoms and pain. CONCLUSIONS: Existing evidence from randomized, controlled trials shows that α-blockers are associated with improvement in ureteral stent symptoms and supports their use in routine clinical practice.

Time-dependent blood eosinophilia count increases the risk of kidney allograft rejection.

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggest that type 2 immune effectors play a role in solid organ transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of blood count eosinophils (BCEo) on immunological outcomes in kidney transplant recipients with stable graft function after 3 months post-transplant. METHOD: We performed cause-specific Cox model considering BCEo, the use of calcineurin inhibitors and systemic corticoids as time-dependent explicative variables on a prospective cohort of 1013 kidney transplant patients who experienced kidney allograft rejection and/or the appearance of de novo donor specific antibodies after excluding common causes of increased BCEo.. FINDINGS: BCEo ≥ 0.3 G/L was associated with a 3-fold increased risk of rejection independent of immunosuppressive regimen after 3 months post-transplant in patients without pre-transplant DSAs and with CNI-based immunosuppression. No association between BCEo either with donor specific antibodies or graft survival was noticed. INTERPRETATION: These observations in this large cohort support the hypothesis of eosinophils in allo-immunity in human and claim for further mechanistic research. FUNDING: This study was supported by the French National Research Agency, The "Institut de Recherche en Santé Respiratoire des Pays de la Loire" and the University hospital of Nantes.

[An alternative method to describe an "obesogenic" environment for children: Relevance of a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) (corrected)]. / Une méthode alternative pour caractériser l'environnement "obésogénique" de l'enfant: Pertinence d'une analyse factorielle des correspondances multiples (AFCM). [corrected]

The purpose of this study was to describe an "obesogenic" environment for a group of schoolchildren using a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) as an alternative approach to traditional methodological choices. MCA is applicable even for small samples. Ninety-one children (39 girls and 52 boys) aged 10.0 +/- 0.9 years were randomly recruited from two French public schools. Data on their family context, parental involvement, television time and their eating habits were obtained through questionnaires. Their level of physical activity and sedentary time were assessed using an accelerometer (MTI Actigraph model 7164) for three days, including a holiday. The data were processed using an MCA together with a technique for estimating relative risks (RRs) of overweight/obesity according to the distribution of children in the factorial plane produced by the MCA. The "obesogenic" factors appeared as four possible combinations between family environments and various behaviours with regard to physical activity, sedentary behaviour and diet. The RR of overweight/obesity was 2.64 [1.52, 4.57] (P < 0.0001) for a combined association of a "disadvantaged" family environment + low physical activity and high fat diet. The RR of overweight/obesity was 0.36 [0.14, 0.94] (P < 0.05) for an association of a "privileged" family environment + high physical activity and low fat diet. Thus, MCA appears sufficiently robust and relevant to effectively guide etiological hypotheses and decisions about individual and collective intervention strategies.

Neonatal management of aortic coarctation with ventricular septal defect: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Neonatal management of aortic coarctation with ventricular septal defect is still under debate between the one-stage full repair by sternotomy versus the staged repair of the coarctation first by thoracotomy (with or without banding the pulmonary artery) followed later by subsequent closure of the ventricular septal defect. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The aim of this review was to synthesize the evidence in literature since 1980 for the neonatal population. A meta-analysis compared mortality between the two strategies. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The analysis did not find a superiority of a strategy over the other regardless of the surgical era studied. Recoarctation rates of both strategies are presented and a management algorithm is suggested. CONCLUSIONS: Instead of comparing between the two strategies, a case-adapted management considering the anatomy of the ventricular septal defect and of the aortic arch is discussed to address this association of lesions though presenting with a wide range of settings.

Appropriateness of Therapeutic Antibiotic Prescriptions by Lebanese Dentists in the Management of Acute Endodontic Abscesses.

The misuse of antibiotics in dentistry is a serious concern especially in regards to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. The objective of the study was to evaluate the appropriateness of antibiotics prescriptions by Lebanese dentists to patients with endodontic abscesses and their compliance with the guidelines of the American Association of Endodontists (AAE) and the European Society of Endodontology (ESE). The treating dentists recorded clinical information from 127 patients diagnosed with acute or chronic endodontic abscess. The information also included the type of antibiotic prescribed, dosage, and duration of the prescription. Prescriptions were not given to 14/20 patients with an acute endodontic abscess despite the presence of an indication to prescribe. All the prescriptions given to patients with an acute endodontic abscess were inappropriate according to the ESE and AAE guidelines. Antibiotics were also prescribed unnecessarily to 17/42 patients with a chronic endodontic abscess. This study concluded that antibiotics prescriptions by Lebanese dentists for the management of endodontic abscesses were inappropriate. Penicillin V potassium (VK) was not available in Lebanon when the study was conducted. Only broad-spectrum antibiotics were prescribed. This finding raises concerns about the emergence of antibiotic resistance.

Incidence of lung cancer in males and females in Algeria: The lung cancer registry in Algeria (LuCaReAl).

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is a major cause of death worldwide. However, few data on incidence, histologic types and mortality rates of lung cancer were available for Algeria. METHODS: LuCaReAl is an ongoing descriptive, non-interventional, national, multicenter, prospective and longitudinal study conducted in Algeria, among oncologists and pulmonologists in public community and university hospitals. Median and interquartile ranges are displayed. RESULTS: Between July 2016 and July 2017, 897 patients were included. Overall incidence of lung cancer was 3.4 [3.2;3.6] cases per 100,000 inhabitants; overall incidence by sex was 5.8 [5.4;6.2] for males and 1.0 [0.8;1.1] for females. Adenocarcinoma was the most common histologic type of cancer. Most tumors were diagnosed at Stage IV. CONCLUSION: The first results from the LuCaReAl study in Algeria showed that most patients are diagnosed with lung cancer at an advanced stage. The ongoing follow-up will next provide data on the survival and mortality rates.

Actigraph-defined moderate-to-vigorous physical activity cut-off points among children: statistical and biobehavioural relevance.

AIM: To compare Actigraph-defined moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) cutpoints among children, combining statistical and biobehavioural analyses. METHODS: One hundred and thirteen children aged 10.0 +/- 0.8 years wore accelerometer for three days. The time they spent in MVPA was estimated using 10 thresholds ranged from 3000 to 3900 cpm. A statistical construct including 45 Bland and Altman pairwise analyses was used to compare the 10 estimates of MVPA. A regression was performed to develop an equation relating mean differences to the between-cutpoint gaps. RESULTS: Mean differences in the MVPA estimates ranged from 1.6 to 12.8 min as a function of increment. Raw estimates of MVPA decreased according to an arithmetic sequence with a common difference of 200 cpm. This difference translates into a drop of 12% in MVPA and a misclassification of up to 5% of children. Mean differences (Y) could be predicted from increments (X) using: Y= 0.02 X (R(2)= 0.99, SEE = 0.72, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: When a lack of agreement should be assumed as the between-cutpoint gap exceeds 200 cpm, statistical differences may occur earlier at 90 cpm. Yet, the current equation makes it possible to compare and adjust results from studies/interventions using diverse cutpoints for MVPA among children.

Methodological approach for the evaluation of the performances of medical intensive care units.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to present a methodological approach enabling the comparison of clinical and economic performances of intensive care units and a graphical visualization based on these 2 dimensions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a database of 666 patients admitted in intensive care units over a period of 2 consecutive months. RESULTS: Calculation of clinical performance is based on the difference between the mortality observed and forecast from the Simplified Acute Physiology Score version 2. The evaluation of resource consumption is carried out from the measure of medical and paramedical care workload. These 2 scores are modeled on the basis of the length of stay and the severity state of the patient. The economic performance is calculated on the basis of the difference between the resource consumption observed and forecast. The graphs are constructed by taking up as coordinates the values of the clinical and economic performances of each center. CONCLUSION: These graphs enable the identification of the most deviating intensive care units to study, for example, their organizational, technical, or human resource setup accounting for their position.

Controlling Plasma Stability of Hydroxamic Acids: A MedChem Toolbox.

Hydroxamic acids are outstanding zinc chelating groups that can be used to design potent and selective metalloenzyme inhibitors in various therapeutic areas. Some hydroxamic acids display a high plasma clearance resulting in poor in vivo activity, though they may be very potent compounds in vitro. We designed a 57-member library of hydroxamic acids to explore the structure-plasma stability relationships in these series and to identify which enzyme(s) and which pharmacophores are critical for plasma stability. Arylesterases and carboxylesterases were identified as the main metabolic enzymes for hydroxamic acids. Finally, we suggest structural features to be introduced or removed to improve stability. This work thus provides the first medicinal chemistry toolbox (experimental procedures and structural guidance) to assess and control the plasma stability of hydroxamic acids and realize their full potential as in vivo pharmacological probes and therapeutic agents. This study is particularly relevant to preclinical development as it allows obtaining compounds equally stable in human and rodent models.

Use of calcium caseinate in association with lecithin for masking the bitterness of acetaminophen--comparative study with sodium caseinate.

Owing to a variety of structural and functional properties, milk proteins are steadily studied for food and pharmaceutical applications. In the present study, calcium caseinate in association with lecithin was firstly investigated in order to encapsulate the acetaminophen through spray-drying for taste-masking purpose for pediatric medicines. A 2(4)-full factorial design revealed that the spray flow, the calcium caseinate amount and the lecithin amount had significant effects on the release of drug during the first 2 min. Indeed, increasing the spray flow and/or the calcium caseinate amount led to increase the released amount, whereas increasing the lecithin amount decreased the released amount. The "interaction" between the calcium caseinate amount and the lecithin amount was also shown to be statistically significant. The second objective was to compare the efficiency of two caseinate-based formulations, i.e. sodium caseinate and calcium caseinate, on the taste-masking effect. The characteristics of spray-dried powders determined by SEM and DSC were shown to depend on the caseinate/lecithin proportion rather than the type of caseinate. Interestingly, calcium caseinate-based formulations were found to lower the released amount of drug during the early time to a higher extent than sodium caseinate-based formulations, which indicates better taste-masking efficiency.

Optimizing the taste-masked formulation of acetaminophen using sodium caseinate and lecithin by experimental design.

In a previous study of ours, the association of sodium caseinate and lecithin was demonstrated to be promising for masking the bitterness of acetaminophen via drug encapsulation. The encapsulating mechanisms were suggested to be based on the segregation of multicomponent droplets occurring during spray-drying. The spray-dried particles delayed the drug release within the mouth during the early time upon administration and hence masked the bitterness. Indeed, taste-masking is achieved if, within the frame of 1-2 min, drug substance is either not released or the released amount is below the human threshold for identifying its bad taste. The aim of this work was (i) to evaluate the effect of various processing and formulation parameters on the taste-masking efficiency and (ii) to determine the optimal formulation for optimal taste-masking effect. Four investigated input variables included inlet temperature (X1), spray flow (X2), sodium caseinate amount (X3) and lecithin amount (X4). The percentage of drug release amount during the first 2 min was considered as the response variable (Y). A 2(4)-full factorial design was applied and allowed screening for the most influential variables i.e. sodium caseinate amount and lecithin amount. Optimizing these two variables was therefore conducted by a simplex approach. The SEM and DSC results of spray-dried powder prepared under optimal conditions showed that drug seemed to be well encapsulated. The drug release during the first 2 min significantly decreased, 7-fold less than the unmasked drug particles. Therefore, the optimal formulation that performed the best taste-masking effect was successfully achieved.

Enzymatically degraded Eurylon 6 HP-PG: ethylcellulose film coatings for colon targeting in inflammatory bowel disease patients.

OBJECTIVES: Film coatings based on blends of Eurylon 6 HP-PG (a hydroxypropylated and pregelatinized high amylose starch) and ethylcellulose were to be evaluated as promising coating materials for site-specific drug delivery to the colon of patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases. METHODS: Pellet starter cores containing 60% 5-aminosalicylic acid were prepared by extrusion/spheronization and coated with different Eurylon 6 HP-PG:ethylcellulose blends at various coating levels. Drug release was measured in media simulating the contents of the upper gastrointestinal tract (in the presence and absence of enzymes) as well as in media simulating the contents of the colon. KEY FINDINGS: 5-Aminosalicylic acid release could effectively be suppressed in 0.1 N HCl and phosphate buffer pH 6.8, optionally containing pepsin or pancreatin, but occurred as soon as the pellets came into contact with culture medium inoculated with faecal samples from inflammatory bowel disease patients. This can be attributed to the partial degradation of the starch derivative by enzymes secreted by bacteria present in the colon of these patients. CONCLUSIONS: The presented drug delivery system is adapted to the pathophysiological conditions in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Furthermore, drug release remained unaltered upon 1 year open storage.

How school time physical activity is the "big one" for daily activity among schoolchildren: a semi-experimental approach.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to model the relationship between an ActiGraph-based "in-school" physical activity (PA) and the daily one among children and to quantify how school can contribute to the daily PA recommendations. METHOD: Fifty boys and 43 girls (aged 8 to 11 years) wore ActiGraph for 2 schooldays of no structured PA. The daily moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA(d)) was regressed on the school time MVPA (MVPA(s)). Then, a ROC analysis was computed to define the required MVPA(s). RESULTS: Children spent 57% of their awaking time at school. School time PA opportunities (ie, recesses: approximately 18% of a child's awaking time) accounted for > 70% of the MVPA(d) among children. Then, MVPA(d) (Y) could be predicted from MVPA(s) (X) using the equation: Y= 2.06 X0.88; R2 = .889, P < .0001. Although, this model was sex-specifically determined, cross-validations showed valid estimates of MVPA(d). Finally, with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 90%, MVPA(s), a 34 min x d(-1) was required to prompt the daily recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: The current study shows the contribution of MVPA at school to recommended activity levels and suggests the value of activity performed during recesses. It also calls for encouraging both home- and community-based interventions, predominantly directed toward girls.

Physical activity and sedentary lifestyle in children as time-limited functions: usefulness of the principal component analysis method.

This study was designed to examine the hourly variation in and the interplay between physical activity and sedentary behavior (SB) in order to highlight key time periods for physical activity interventions for children. Data for physical activity and SB obtained with ActiGraph in 56 boys and 47 girls aged from 8 to 11 years. These data were divided into sixty minute-time samples for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and SB, and analyzed using a principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation statistics. The PCA provides 10 factors which account for 80.4% of the inertia. Only two of these factors did not display competition between MVPA and SB. Contrary to some reports, a coefficient of correlation of -.68 (p < 10(-4)) was found between daily time spent at MVPA and SB. Some salient traits of children's behaviors were shown through PCA. The results suggested that efficacy of interventions targeting the morning hours (07:00 AM-11:59 AM) and the afternoon period (02:00 PM-05:59 PM) warrants attention.

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among children: discrepancies in accelerometry-based cut-off points.

OBJECTIVE: To highlight the discrepancies in accelerometry cut-off points of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) according to the definitions of Puyau et al. (MVPA(P)) and Trost et al. (MVPA(T)). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Forty-five children from 8 to 11 years old were monitored with the ActiGraph (ActiGraph, LLC, Fort Walton Beach, FL) for 3 consecutive days. Daily time spent at MVPA obtained with MVPA(P) was compared with that obtained with MVPA(T) using variability, regression, and agreement statistics. Data were then discussed with regard to physical activity recommendations. RESULTS: The mean daily time spent at MVPA(P) (28 +/- 18 minutes) was significantly lower (p < 10(-4)) than that spent at MVPA(T) (141 +/- 39 minutes). The coefficient of determination between the two definitions was low (R(2) = 0.49 +/- 0.71). There was a lack of agreement between the two definitions, with a mean error or bias of 113 min/d. Thirty-four point eight percent and 100% of children underwent 30-minute MVPA/d with MVPA(P) and MVPA(T) definitions, respectively. DISCUSSION: Comparability between studies devoted to describing children's physical activity or to assessing interventions may lack consistency according to the definition, with a real risk of misclassification.