Adaptation to P element transposon invasion in Drosophila melanogaster.

Transposons evolve rapidly and can mobilize and trigger genetic instability. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) silence these genome pathogens, but it is unclear how the piRNA pathway adapts to invasion of new transposons. In Drosophila, piRNAs are encoded by heterochromatic clusters and maternally deposited in the embryo. Paternally inherited P element transposons thus escape silencing and trigger a hybrid sterility syndrome termed P-M hybrid dysgenesis. We show that P-M hybrid dysgenesis activates both P elements and resident transposons and disrupts the piRNA biogenesis machinery. As dysgenic hybrids age, however, fertility is restored, P elements are silenced, and P element piRNAs are produced de novo. In addition, the piRNA biogenesis machinery assembles, and resident elements are silenced. Significantly, resident transposons insert into piRNA clusters, and these new insertions are transmitted to progeny, produce novel piRNAs, and are associated with reduced transposition. P element invasion thus triggers heritable changes in genome structure that appear to enhance transposon silencing.

Paternally induced transgenerational environmental reprogramming of metabolic gene expression in mammals.

Epigenetic information can be inherited through the mammalian germline and represents a plausible transgenerational carrier of environmental information. To test whether transgenerational inheritance of environmental information occurs in mammals, we carried out an expression profiling screen for genes in mice that responded to paternal diet. Offspring of males fed a low-protein diet exhibited elevated hepatic expression of many genes involved in lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis and decreased levels of cholesterol esters, relative to the offspring of males fed a control diet. Epigenomic profiling of offspring livers revealed numerous modest (∼20%) changes in cytosine methylation depending on paternal diet, including reproducible changes in methylation over a likely enhancer for the key lipid regulator Ppara. These results, in conjunction with recent human epidemiological data, indicate that parental diet can affect cholesterol and lipid metabolism in offspring and define a model system to study environmental reprogramming of the heritable epigenome.

The Drosophila HP1 homolog Rhino is required for transposon silencing and piRNA production by dual-strand clusters.

Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) silence transposons and maintain genome integrity during germline development. In Drosophila, transposon-rich heterochromatic clusters encode piRNAs either on both genomic strands (dual-strand clusters) or predominantly one genomic strand (uni-strand clusters). Primary piRNAs derived from these clusters are proposed to drive a ping-pong amplification cycle catalyzed by proteins that localize to the perinuclear nuage. We show that the HP1 homolog Rhino is required for nuage organization, transposon silencing, and ping-pong amplification of piRNAs. rhi mutations virtually eliminate piRNAs from the dual-strand clusters and block production of putative precursor RNAs from both strands of the major 42AB dual-strand cluster, but not of transcripts or piRNAs from the uni-strand clusters. Furthermore, Rhino protein associates with the 42AB dual-strand cluster,but does not bind to uni-strand cluster 2 or flamenco. Rhino thus appears to promote transcription of dual-strand clusters, leading to production of piRNAs that drive the ping-pong amplification cycle.

Collapse of germline piRNAs in the absence of Argonaute3 reveals somatic piRNAs in flies.

Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) silence transposons in animal germ cells. piRNAs are thought to derive from long transcripts spanning transposon-rich genomic loci and to direct an autoamplification loop in which an antisense piRNA, bound to Aubergine or Piwi protein, triggers production of a sense piRNA bound to the PIWI protein Argonaute3 (Ago3). In turn, the new piRNA is envisioned to produce a second antisense piRNA. Here, we describe strong loss-of-function mutations in ago3, allowing a direct genetic test of this model. We find that Ago3 acts to amplify piRNA pools and to enforce on them an antisense bias, increasing the number of piRNAs that can act to silence transposons. We also detect a second, Ago3-independent piRNA pathway centered on Piwi. Transposons targeted by this second pathway often reside in the flamenco locus, which is expressed in somatic ovarian follicle cells, suggesting a role for piRNAs beyond the germline.

Near-infrared Piezochromic Materials at High Pressure.

The study of piezochromic materials (PCMs) has become an attractive field and numerous scholars have reported various material structures and phenomena. PCMs incorporating near-infrared (NIR) emission have led to a broader range of applications due to the strong penetration and interference resistance of longer wavelength light sources. However, NIR PCMs are still rare due to difficulties in tuning molecular configuration, conformation and stacking structure. In this review, organic compounds are classified according to their types and structures, and recent advances in NIR PCMs are comprehensively summarized and described. The various factors affecting the piezochromic properties from the perspective of the compound structure are shown. The effects of pressure on the photophysical changes of different compounds are discussed. It is expected to provide ideas for subsequent NIR PCMs, from structural design to predicting their photophysical properties under pressure.

Characteristics and risk factors for renal recovery after acute kidney injury in critically ill patients in cohorts of elderly and non-elderly: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to explore the risk factors for renal nonrecovery among elderly and nonelderly patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective cohort of 583 critically ill patients with AKI was examined. We found the best cutoff value for predicting renal recovery by age was 63 years old through logistic regression. All patients were divided into two cohorts, age <63 and age ≥63-years old; on the basis of renal recovery at 30 days after AKI, the two patient cohorts were further divided into a renal recovery group and a renal nonrecovery group. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors affecting renal recovery in the two cohorts. RESULTS: The 30-day renal recovery rate of patients aged <63 years was 70.0% (198/283), multivariate analysis showed that the independent risk factors affecting renal nonrecovery in age <63 years old included AKI stage, blood lactate level and hemoglobin level. The 30-day renal recovery rate of patients aged ≥63 years was 28.7% (86/300), multivariate analysis showed that the independent risk factors for renal nonrecovery in age ≥63-years old included diabetes mellitus, surgery with general anesthesia, AKI stage, APACHE II score, eGFR, and hemoglobin level. CONCLUSIONS: The renal nonrecovery after AKI in critically ill patients in patients aged ≥63 years was more strongly affected by multiple risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus, surgery with general anesthesia, eGFR, and APACHE II score, in addition to hemoglobin and AKI stage.

Effective and Accurate Gene Silencing by a Recombinant AAV-Compatible MicroRNA Scaffold.

Short hairpin RNAs that are delivered by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) have the potential to elicit long-term RNAi therapy for human disease. However, the discovery that short hairpin sequences can cause truncation of the rAAV genome calls into question the efficiency and gene-silencing specificity of this strategy in humans. Here, we report that embedding the guide strand of a small silencing RNA into an artificial microRNA (miRNA) scaffold derived from mouse miRNA-33 ensures rAAV genomic integrity and reduces off-targeting by 10-fold, while maintaining effective in vivo target gene repression in mice.

L-Theanine Protects H9C2 Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptosis by Enhancing Antioxidant Capability.

BACKGROUND L-theanine is a non-protein amino acid in green tea, and its hepatoprotection and neuroprotection have been verified. However, whether L-theanine can prevent cardiomyocytes from apoptosis is unclear yet. This study evaluated the protective effects of L-theanine on H2O2-induced heart injury in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS The certified H9C2 cells were pretreated with L-theanine (0 mM, 4 mM, 8 mM, and 16 mM) for 24 h, followed by 160 µM H2O2 solution for 4 h. The cell viability and antioxidant indices were assayed. Quantitative evaluation of apoptosis was performed by flow cytometric analysis. Nuclear morphology of the cells was monitored by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. Expression of Caspase-3, poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 was assayed by Western blot. RESULTS Compared to the H2O2 treatment, all doses of L-theanine treatments increased the cell viability, glutathione level, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (P<0.001). The contents of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and oxidized glutathione were decreased by L-theanine treatments (P<0.001). Meanwhile, L-theanine treatments decreased the apoptosis ratio of H2O2-induced H9C2 cells (P<0.001). Pro-Caspase-3 expression was upregulated and cleavaged-PARP expression was inhibited by L-theanine (P<0.001). However, the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 was not affected by L-theanine treatments (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that L-theanine pretreatment prevents H2O2-induced apoptosis in H9C2 cells, probably via antioxidant capacity improvement. Therefore, it might be a promising potential drug candidate for prophylaxis of ischemia/reperfusion-induced heart diseases.

Magnolol and Honokiol Attenuate Apoptosis of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli-Induced Intestinal Epithelium by Maintaining Secretion and Absorption Homeostasis and Protecting Mucosal Integrity.

BACKGROUND The cortex of Magnolia officinalis has long been used as an element of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of anxiety, chronic bronchitis, and gastrointestinal dysfunction. This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanism of its functional ingredients (magnolol and honokiol) in modifying the secretion and absorption homeostasis and protecting mucosal integrity in an Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced diarrhea mouse model. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study established a diarrhea mouse model infected by ETEC at a dosage of 0.02 ml/g live body weight (BW) in vivo. Magnolol or honokiol was followed by an intraperitoneal administration at dosages of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg BW according to a 3×3 factorial arrangement. The useful biomarkers for evaluating the integrity of intestinal tract and histologic injury were analyzed and morphological development (including villus height, crypt depth, and ratio of villus height to crypt depth) and the expressions of inflammatory cytokines were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS The results showed that magnolol and honokiol (500 mg/kg BW) reduced the concentrations of NO, DAO, and DLA, and iNOS activity, and the mRNA expressions of the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 10 (IL-10), and inhibited intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis. Magnolol and honokiol (300 mg/kg BW) elongated the villus height and crypt depth and decreased the number of goblet cells and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth. CONCLUSIONS The current results indicate that magnolol and honokiol enhance the intestinal anti-inflammatory capacities, elongate the villus height and crypt depth, and reduce goblet cell numbers to inhibit the intestinal epithelium apoptosis and effectively protect the intestinal mucosa. These results show that magnolol and honokiol protect the intestinal mucosal integrity and regulate gastrointestinal dysfunction.

A UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of five flavonoids from Stellera chamaejasme L. in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.

Stellera chamaejasme L. has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of scabies, tinea, stubborn skin ulcers, chronic tracheitis, cancer and tuberculosis. A sensitive and selective ultra-high liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of five flavonoids (stelleranol, chamaechromone, neochamaejasmin A, chamaejasmine and isochamaejasmin) of S. chamaejasme L. in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 2.7 µm) with gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min and the total analysis time was 7 min. The analytes were detected using multiple reaction monitoring in positive ionization mode. The samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. The UPLC-MS/MS method was validated for specificity, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision, recovery, matrix effect and stability. The validated method exhibited good linearity (r ≥ 0.9956), and the lower limits of quantification ranged from 0.51 to 0.64 ng/mL for five flavonoids. The intra- and inter-day precision were both <10.2%, and the accuracy ranged from -11.79 to 9.21%. This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of five flavonoids in rats after oral administration of ethyl acetate extract of S. chamaejasme L.

L-Theanine Improves Immunity by Altering TH2/TH1 Cytokine Balance, Brain Neurotransmitters, and Expression of Phospholipase C in Rat Hearts.

BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of L-theanine on secretion of immune cytokines, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and mRNA expression of phospholipase C (PLC) in rats, and to explore its regulatory mechanism in immune function. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-four Sprague-Dawley rats received daily intragastric infusion of different doses of L-theanine solution [0, 50 (LT), 200 (MT), and 400 (HT) mg/kg BW]. Cytokines, immunoglobulins, and hormones in the serum, neurotransmitters, and mRNA expression of PLC in the relevant tissues were assayed. RESULTS L-theanine administration increased the splenic organ index and decreased the contents of ILs-4/6/10 and the ratio of IL-4/IFN-γ in the serum. High-dose L-theanine administration increased the levels of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the pituitary and hippocampus, resulting in decrease in corticosterone level in the serum. L-theanine administration decreased the mRNA expressions of PLC isomers in the liver and PLC-γ1 and PLC-δ1 in the spleen. Interestingly, mRNA expressions of PLC-ß1 in the spleen and PLC isomers mRNA in the heart were up-regulated by L-theanine administration. CONCLUSIONS Administration of 400 mg/kg BWL-theanine improved immune function of the rats by increasing the splenic weight, altering the Th2/Th1 cytokine balance, decreasing the corticosterone level in the serum, elevating dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain, and regulating the mRNA expression of PLC isomers in the heart.

Clinical research on postoperative efficacy and related factors of early simulation hyperbaric oxygen therapy for severe craniocerebral injury.

In order to discuss the clinical efficacy of simulation hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) for severe craniocerebral injury and analyze the related factors of it, 108 patients who transferred to our department during December 2010 - December 2014 for ventilator treatment after operation of severe craniocerebral injury were taken as the subjects of the study. These patients were divided into conventional treatment group and simulation hyperbaric oxygen therapy group to contrast the curative effects. At the meantime, GOS score and length of stay in intensive care unit (ICU) of two groups 6 months after treatment, as well as changes in the indexes of the HBO group during treatment were performed statistical analysis. Then factors affecting prognosis of simulation HBOT were performed regression analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that when compared to the control group, differences in cases with four GOS score and one GOS score in the treatment group were significant (p<0.05). Jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjvO2), jugular bulb oxygen partial pressure (PjO2), arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) of the simulation HBO group before the first time treatment on the first day and after the first time treatment on the third day were significantly increased, with statistical significance (p<0.05); serum lactic acid (Lac) and blood glucose (Glu) decreased significantly (p<0.05). Prior to and during the first treatment on the first day, jugular bulb pressure (Pj) and central venous pressure (CVP) had no significant difference (p>0.05). Regression analysis indicated that factors affecting prognosis included cerebral contusion, coronary heart disease, hydrocephalus and tracheotomy. Principal component analysis found the factors were hydrocephalus, coronary heart disease, tracheotomy, cerebral contusion, cerebral infarction and glasgow coma scale (GCS) before treatment. Therefore, stimulation HBOT can significantly improve the prognosis of patients with severe craniocerebral injury. Paying attention to risk factors in clinics and giving timely interventional treatment can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients.

Histone deacetylase 3-specific inhibitor RGFP966 attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation after traumatic brain injury by activating the Nrf2 pathway.

Background: Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory reactions play pivotal roles in secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) controls the acetylation of histones and non-histones, which has a significant impact on the central nervous system's reaction to damage. This research determined the implications of RGFP966, a new and specific inhibitor of HDAC3, for the antioxidant (AO) systems mediated by nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in TBI. The study also studied the underlying mechanisms of RGFP966's actions. Our objective was to examine the impacts and underlying RGFP966 mechanisms in TBI. Methods: In vitro, a rat cortical neuron OS model was induced by H2O2, followed by the addition of RGFP966 to the culture medium. Neurons were collected after 24 h for western blot (WB), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and 2'-7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining. In vivo, RGFP966 (10 mg/kg) was administered post-TBI. Brain tissue water content and modified neurological severity scores were assessed 72 h post-injury. Cortical tissues surrounding the focal injury were subjected to western blot, TUNEL staining, Nissl staining and immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry staining, and malondialdehyde level, hindered glutathione content and superoxide dismutase activity were measured. Serum was collected for the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nrf2-specific shRNA lentivirus was injected into the lateral ventricle of rats for 7 days, and cerebral cortex tissue was analyzed by WB and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: During in vitro and in vivo experiments, RGFP966 suppressed HDAC3 expression, promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation, activated downstream AO enzymes, mitigated excessive reactive oxygen species production and alleviated nerve cell apoptosis. RGFP966 effectively reduced brain edema and histological damage and enhanced neurological and cognitive function in rats with TBI. RGFP966 markedly inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation mediated by high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Nrf2 knockdown in TBI rats attenuated the AO and anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective impacts of RGFP966. Conclusions: Overall, our findings demonstrate that RGFP966 can mitigate the first brain damage and neurological impairments in TBI. The underlying mechanism involves triggering the Nrf2-mediated AO system and negatively regulating the HMGB1/TLR4-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.

A validated LC-MS/MS method for determination of six Anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs in plasma and its application for a pharmacokinetic study in rats.

Antiviral treatment for COVID-19 is considered an effective tool in reducing the rate of severe cases and deaths. As of June 2023, a total of six small molecule antiviral drugs have been conditionally approved for marketing by the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) within China. In this study, a method of HPLC-MS/MS was established and validated for the determination of six small molecule antiviral drugs in plasma using Lamivudine as an internal standard. The chromatographic separation was performed using gradient elution with an ACE 3 C18-PFP column (3.0 mm × 150 mm, 3 µm), and the mobile phase consisted of deionized water and acetonitrile/water (90:10, v/v), both with 10 mmol/L of ammonium acetate and 0.1 % ammonium hydroxide added. Quantitative analysis of the six small molecule drugs was carried out through selective reaction monitoring based on the positive ion spray ionization mode. The method exhibited excellent precision, accuracy, recovery, and linearity, and it was used to determine the pharmacokinetic characteristics in rats. Our work not only established a bioanalytical method for six small molecule antiviral drugs but also provided scientific references for clinical pharmacokinetic studies.

In-situ generation of iron activated percarbonate for sustainable sludge dewatering.

Effective dewatering of sewage sludge could potentially address the issues of high energy consumption and large carbon footprint inherent in the sludge treatment process, advancing toward carbon neutrality in environmental remediation. Yet, the surface hydrophilic characteristics and water-holding interfacial affinity in sludge led to dwindled sludge-water separation performance. Here, the integration of in-situ generation of iron from zero-valent scrap iron (ZVSI) and sodium percarbonate (SPC) was attempted to attenuate the water-retaining interfacial affinity within sludge, thus achieving superior sludge dewatering performance. Results showed that under the optimal conditions, the ZVSI + SPC system led to a remarkable decline of 76.09 % in the specific resistance to filtration of the sludge, accompanied by a notable decline of 34.96 % in the water content. Moreover, the utilization of ZVSI + SPC system could be a viable alternative to the traditional strategies in terms of enhanced sludge dewaterability, offering application potential with stable operating performance, economic feasibility, and reduced carbon emissions. Investigation into dewatering mechanism revealed that ZVSI could maintain the Fe3+/Fe2+ in a stable dynamic cycle and continuously in-situ generate Fe2+, thereby efficaciously fostering the SPC activation for the ceaseless yield of reactive oxygen species. The predominant •OH and 1O2 efficiently decomposed the hydrophilic biopolymers, therefore minimizing the hydrophilic protein secondary structures, along with the hydrogen and disulfide bonds within proteins. Subsequently, the water-holding interfacial affinity was profoundly diminished, leading to intensified hydrophobicity, self-flocculation, and dewaterability. These findings have important implications for the advancement of efficacious ZVSI + SPC conditioning techniques toward sustainable energy and low-carbon prospects.

Triclocarban transformation and removal in sludge conditioning using chalcopyrite-triggered percarbonate treatment.

Herein, a facile combination approach of chalcopyrite and sodium percarbonate (CuFeS2+ SPC) was established to augment both TCC removal efficiency and sludge dewatering. Results showed that utilizing the CuFeS2 dosage of 600 mg/g total solids (TS) under the optimal condition, along with the SPC dosage of 12.5 mg/g TS, an initial pH of 4.0, and a reaction duration of 40 min, led to a substantial reduction of 53.9% in the TCC content within the sludge, accompanied by a notable decrease of 36.9% in the water content. Compared to well-studied iron-based advanced oxidation processes, CuFeS2 + SPC treatment proved to be more cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Mechanistic findings demonstrated that •OH oxidation played a significant role in TCC removal, with O2•- and 1O2 acting as secondary factors. During the CuFeS2 + SPC process, the received •OH, O2•-, and 1O2 destroyed the main binding sites of extracellular polymeric substances to TCC, including tryptophan-like protein, amide, CO stretch, and -COO- functional groups. As a result, approximately 50% of TCC was partially degraded within the solid sludge phase after the attack of radicals. Meanwhile, the decreased macromolecular organic compounds in solid sludge attenuated the binding efficacy of TCC, giving rise to the transfer of partial TCC to the liquid phase. Ultimately, the TCC in sludge was successfully removed, and five transformation products were identified. This study significantly contributes to our understanding regarding TCC transformation and removal in the sludge conditioning process.

Ebracteolatain A exerts anti-proliferation of breast cancer by inhibiting Protein kinase D 1 in MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.

BACKGROUND: Ebracteolatain A (EA) is an acetyl-phloroglucinol compound extracted from Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix, which has been shown to have antitumor activity. PURPOSE: Current research addressed the antitumor activity of EA in breast cancer and further clarified its mechanism. STUDY DESIGN: Based on the pharmacodynamic evaluation in breast cancer cells and animal models, the antitumor effects of EA will be validated in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Breast cancer cells were processed with increasing concentrations of EA. CCK-8 and colony formation assays were employed to examine the effects of EA on proliferation and survival. Flow cytometry detected the blocking function of EA on the cell cycle. The specific mechanism of EA in breast cancer was studied by transfection experiments and Western Blot analysis. Finally, a nude mice xenograft tumor model was constructed to assess the therapeutic and potential mechanism of EA. RESULTS: We proved that EA caused a dose-dependent inhibition on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-415 cells with IC50 of 6.164 and 6.623 µmol/l, respectively. While EA reduced cell proliferation and clone formation, and markedly arrested cells in the G0/G1 phase. In vivo, EA remarkably suppressed the tumor weight and volume in xenograft nude mice. Besides, PKD1 reversed the inhibition of EA on breast cancer cell proliferation, clone formation, and cycle arrest, and restored tumor growth in xenograft nude mice. Western Blot confirmed that EA regulates breast cancer by suppressing PKD1 in MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. CONCLUSION: Herein, we first confirmed EA exerts anti-proliferation by inhibiting PKD1 in MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, indicating that EA is a prodigious breast cancer drug candidate.

Iron-rich digestate biochar toward sustainable peroxymonosulfate activation for efficient anaerobic digestate dewaterability.

In this study, a suite of Fe-rich biochars derived from Fenton-like treated digestate (Fe-BC) were fabricated under different pyrolysis temperatures (300, 500, and 800 °C), which were firstly utilized as peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activators for promoting digestate dewaterability with wide applicability. Results showed that compared to the Fe-BC300/Fe-BC500 + PMS treatments, Fe-BC800 + PMS process performed superior digestate dewaterability in which specific resistance to filtration reduction and water content reduction improved by > 12.5% and > 130%, respectively, under the optimal conditions. Mechanistic results demonstrated that in Fe-BC800 + PMS system, HO• and SO4•- oxidation played a pivotal role on promoted digestate dewaterability, while HO• and 1O2 oxidation was dominated in Fe-BC300/Fe-BC500 + PMS treatments. Fe-BC800 containing higher Fe and CO contents could efficiently interact with PMS to generate numerous HO• and SO4•- via iron cycle. These highly reactive oxygen species proficiently reduced the hydrophilic biopolymers, protein molecules, and amino acids in extracellular polymeric substances, leading to remarkable decrease in particle size, hydrophilicity, adhesion, network strength, and bound water of digestate. Consequently, the flowability and dewaterability of digestate could be significantly enhanced. The cost-benefit result indicated the Fe-BC + PMS treatment possessed desirable reusability, applicability, and economic viability. Collectively, the Fe-BC + PMS is a high-performance and eco-friendly technique for digestate dewatering, which opens a new horizon towards a closed-loop of digestate reutilization.

Pharmacokinetic study on the effect of ligustrazine-tangeretin co-administration on the pharmacokinetics of ligustrazine and its potential mechanism in rats.

Both ligustrazine and tangeretin are usually prescribed in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, which makes their co-administration possible. The investigation of the interaction between ligustrazine and tangeretin is necessary for the clinical compatibility of their source herbs. This study aimed to investigate the interaction of ligustrazine and tangeretin during their co-administration. The pharmacokinetics of ligustrazine (15 mg/kg) was investigated in the presence of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg tangeretin in rats with six of each. A single dose of ligustrazine was set as the control. The effect of tangeretin on the in vitro metabolic stability of ligustrazine was also investigated in rat liver microsomes. Tangeretin significantly reduced the system exposure of ligustrazine under all experimental concentrations. Specifically, tangeretin reduced the AUC (from 48.86 ± 12.57 to 41.02 ± 4.85 (50 mg/kg tangeretin), 31.47 ± 5.26 (100 mg/kg tangeretin), and 27.55 ± 9.60 (150 mg/kg) µg/mL × h), MRT (from 7.05 ± 0.26 to 6.33 ± 0.48, 5.53 ± 0.68, and 5.21 ± 1.31 h), Cmax (from 7.45 ± 0.44 to 6.03 ± 0.44, 5.24 ± 0.47, and 5.02 ± 0.56 µg/mL), and t1/2 (from 5.90 ± 1.27 to 4.84 ± 1.19, 3.48 ± 1.33, 3.09 ± 0.62 h) in rats. In vitro, tangeretin also reduced the metabolic stability of ligustrazine behaved as the decreased half-life and increased intrinsic clearance rate. Co-consumption of ligustrazine with tangeretin induced interactions, which shortens the system exposure of ligustrazine. This study provides theoretical guidance for the clinical prescription of ligustrazine- and tangeretin-containing herbs.

MicroRNA-regulated, systemically delivered rAAV9: a step closer to CNS-restricted transgene expression.

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) that can cross the blood-brain-barrier and achieve efficient and stable transvascular gene transfer to the central nervous system (CNS) hold significant promise for treating CNS disorders. However, following intravascular delivery, these vectors also target liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and other tissues, which may cause untoward effects. To circumvent this, we used tissue-specific, endogenous microRNAs (miRNAs) to repress rAAV expression outside the CNS, by engineering perfectly complementary miRNA-binding sites into the rAAV9 genome. This approach allowed simultaneous multi-tissue regulation and CNS-directed stable transgene expression without detectably perturbing the endogenous miRNA pathway. Regulation of rAAV expression by miRNA was primarily via site-specific cleavage of the transgene mRNA, generating specific 5' and 3' mRNA fragments. Our findings promise to facilitate the development of miRNA-regulated rAAV for CNS-targeted gene delivery and other applications.