Impact of body mass index on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing radical resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Body mass index (BMI) has been widely used as a prognostic indicator. The association between preoperative BMI and postoperative morbidity in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA) has not been proved. This study aimed to identify the association between preoperative BMI and postoperative morbidity following radical resection of HCCA. METHODS: Patients were divided into three groups according to preoperative BMI: low BMI (≤18.4 kg/m2 ), normal BMI (18.4-24.9 kg/m2 ), and high BMI (≥24.9 kg/m2 ). Baseline characteristics, operative variables, postoperative 30-day mortality, and morbidity were compared. Risk factors associated with postoperative morbidity were assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic analyses. RESULTS: Among 260 patients, 183 (70.4%) had normal BMI, 32 (12.3%) had low BMI, and 45 (17.3%) had high BMI. Compared to the patients with normal-BMI, both low and high BMI patients exhibited a significantly higher postoperative morbidity (87.5% and 82.2% vs 63.9%, P = .019 and P = .025, respectively). Additionally, the multivariable analysis revealed that both low and high BMI patients remained independently associated with an increased risk of postoperative morbidity. (OR: 3.707, 95% CI: 1.080-12.725, P = .037; and OR: 2.858, 95% CI: 1.167-7.002, P = .022, respectively). CONCLUSION: BMI is an independent risk factor for higher postoperative morbidity in patients who undergo surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

[Diagnostic Value of Abnormal Prothrombin in HBV-related AFP-negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic value of abnormal prothrombin (DCP) in Alpha-fetoproteins (AFP)-negative (AFP≤20 ng/mL) hepatocellular carcinoma and the relationship between DCP level and Child-Pugh grade, tumor size, TNM stage as well as differentiation. METHODS: The inpatients diagnosed with hepatitis B-related liver disease were collected from June 2016 to December 2017, The diagnostic efficacy of DCP for AFP-negative HCC was analyzed by ROC. Area under the curve ( AUC), the best cut point, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated. The relationship between DCP levels and the clinical characteristic of HCC was analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 459 hepatitis B markers positive patients were included, including 136 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 173 cases of hepatitis B cirrhosis and 150 cases of chronic hepatitis B. DCP in AFP-negative hepatocellular carcinoma group was significantly higher than that in non-HCC group (CHB and LC) ( P<0.05). The AUC of DCP was 0.858, P<0.05. The optimal cut-off point for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma was 61 mAU/mL. The corresponding sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 72.8%, 88.2%, 61.1% and 89.7%, respectively. In different size of hepatocellular carcinoma, DCP level of those with diameter>3 cm was significantly higher than those with diameter≤3 cm ( P<0.05). In different TNM stages, DCP level in stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in stage Ⅰ ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference of DCP level among different Child-Pugh grades and differentiation ( P>0.05). CONCLUSION: DCP has diagnostic value for AFP-negative hepatocellular carcinoma, its level may reflects the degree of tumor progression.

The development and validation of Huaxi emotional-distress index (HEI): A Chinese questionnaire for screening depression and anxiety in non-psychiatric clinical settings.

BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety among general hospital patients are common and under-recognized in China. This study aimed toward developing a short questionnaire for screening depression and anxiety in non-psychiatric clinical settings, and to test its reliability and validity. METHODS: The item pool which included 35 questions about emotional distress was drafted through a comprehensive literature review. An expert panel review and the first clinical test with 288 general hospital patients were conducted for the primary item selection. The second clinical test was performed to select the final item in 637 non-psychiatric patients. The reliability and validity of the final questionnaire were tested in 763 non-psychiatric patients, in which 211 subjects were interviewed by psychiatrists using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Multiple data analysis methods including principal components analysis (PCA), item response theory (IRT), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to select items and validate the final questionnaire. RESULTS: The series selection of items resulted in a 9-item questionnaire, namely Huaxi Emotional-distress Index (HEI). The Cronbach's α coefficient of HEI was 0.90. The PCA results showed a unidimensional construct. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.88 when compared with MINI interview. Using the optimal cut-off score of HEI (≥11), the sensitivity and specificity were 0.880 and 0.766, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The HEI is considered as a reliable and valid instrument for screening depression and anxiety, which may have substantial clinical value to detect patients' emotional disturbances especially in the busy non-psychiatric clinical settings in China.

Identification of the physiological gene targets of the essential lytic replicative Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF57 protein.

UNLABELLED: The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF57 gene product is essential for lytic KSHV replication and virion production. Recombinant ORF57-null mutants fail to accumulate several lytic cycle mRNAs at wild-type levels, leading to decreased production of lytic proteins necessary for efficient replication. Several mechanisms by which ORF57 may enhance expression of lytic KSHV mRNAs have been proposed, including mRNA stabilization, mRNA nuclear export, increased polyadenylation, and transcriptional activation. ORF57 activity is also gene specific, with some genes being highly dependent on ORF57, whereas others are relatively independent. Most experiments have utilized transfection models for ORF57 and have not systematically examined the gene specificity and potential mechanisms of action of ORF57 in the context of KSHV-infected cells. In this study, the KSHV genes that are most highly upregulated by ORF57 during KSHV lytic replication were identified by a combination of high-throughput deep RNA sequencing, quantitative PCR, Northern blotting, and rapid amplification of cDNA ends methods. Comparison of gene expression from a ΔORF57 KSHV recombinant, a rescued ΔORF57 KSHV recombinant, and wild-type KSHV revealed that two clusters of lytic genes are most highly dependent on ORF57 for efficient expression. Despite contiguous location in the genome and shared polyadenylation of several of the ORF57-dependent genes, ORF57 regulation was promoter and polyadenylation signal independent, suggesting that the mRNAs are stabilized by ORF57. The eight genes identified to critically require ORF57 belong to both early and late lytic temporal classes, and seven are involved in DNA replication, virion assembly, or viral infectivity, explaining the essential role of ORF57 in infectious KSHV production. IMPORTANCE: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human herpesvirus involved in the causation of several human cancers. The KSHV ORF57 protein is required for KSHV to replicate and produce infectious virus. We have identified several KSHV genes whose expression is highly dependent on ORF57 and shown that ORF57 increases expression of these genes specifically. These genes code for proteins that are required for the virus to replicate its DNA and to infect other cells. Identifying the targets and mechanism of action of ORF57 provides further approaches to discover antiviral therapy.

CTCF and Rad21 act as host cell restriction factors for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic replication by modulating viral gene transcription.

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human herpesvirus that causes Kaposi's sarcoma and is associated with the development of lymphoproliferative diseases. KSHV reactivation from latency and virion production is dependent on efficient transcription of over eighty lytic cycle genes and viral DNA replication. CTCF and cohesin, cellular proteins that cooperatively regulate gene expression and mediate long-range DNA interactions, have been shown to bind at specific sites in herpesvirus genomes. CTCF and cohesin regulate KSHV gene expression during latency and may also control lytic reactivation, although their role in lytic gene expression remains incompletely characterized. Here, we analyze the dynamic changes in CTCF and cohesin binding that occur during the process of KSHV viral reactivation and virion production by high resolution chromatin immunoprecipitation and deep sequencing (ChIP-Seq) and show that both proteins dissociate from viral genomes in kinetically and spatially distinct patterns. By utilizing siRNAs to specifically deplete CTCF and Rad21, a cohesin component, we demonstrate that both proteins are potent restriction factors for KSHV replication, with cohesin knockdown leading to hundred-fold increases in viral yield. High-throughput RNA sequencing was used to characterize the transcriptional effects of CTCF and cohesin depletion, and demonstrated that both proteins have complex and global effects on KSHV lytic transcription. Specifically, both proteins act as positive factors for viral transcription initially but subsequently inhibit KSHV lytic transcription, such that their net effect is to limit KSHV RNA accumulation. Cohesin is a more potent inhibitor of KSHV transcription than CTCF but both proteins are also required for efficient transcription of a subset of KSHV genes. These data reveal novel effects of CTCF and cohesin on transcription from a relatively small genome that resemble their effects on the cellular genome by acting as gene-specific activators of some promoters, but differ in acting as global negative regulators of transcription.

A single nucleotide polymorphism in the Epstein-Barr virus genome is strongly associated with a high risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) commonly infects the general population and has been associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which has a high incidence in certain regions. This study aimed to address how EBV variations contribute to the risk of NPC. METHODS: Using logistic regression analysis and based on the sequence variations at EBV-encoded RPMS1, a multi-stage association study was conducted to identify EBV variations associated with NPC risk. A protein degradation assay was performed to characterize the functional relevance of the RPMS1 variations. RESULTS: Based on EBV-encoded RPMS1 variations, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the EBV genome (locus 155391: G>A, named G155391A) was associated with NPC in 157 cases and 319 healthy controls from an NPC endemic region in South China [P < 0.001, odds ratio (OR) = 4.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.71-7.37]. The results were further validated in three independent cohorts from the NPC endemic region (P < 0.001, OR = 5.20, 95% CI 3.18-8.50 in 168 cases vs. 241 controls, and P < 0.001, OR = 5.27, 95% CI 4.06-6.85 in 726 cases vs. 880 controls) and a non-endemic region (P < 0.001, OR = 7.52, 95% CI 3.69-15.32 in 58 cases vs. 612 controls). The combined analysis in 1109 cases and 2052 controls revealed that the SNP G155391A was strongly associated with NPC (P(combined) < 0.001, OR = 5.27, 95% CI 4.31-6.44). Moreover, the frequency of the SNP G155391A was associated with NPC incidence but was not associated with the incidences of other EBV-related malignancies. Furthermore, the protein degradation assay showed that this SNP decreased the degradation of the oncogenic RPMS1 protein. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified an EBV variation specifically and significantly associated with a high risk of NPC. These findings provide insights into the pathogenesis of NPC and strategies for prevention.

[Effect of human concentration nucleoside transporters 1 and multi-drug resistance protein 4 gene polymorphism on response of chronic hepatitis B to nucleoside analogues treatment].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of human concentration nucleoside transporters 1 (hCNT1/ SLC28A1) and multi-drug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) gene polymorphism on the response of chronic hepatitis B patients to nucleoside analogues treatment. METHODS: There were 136 patients of chronic hepatitis B treated with entecavir (68) or telbivudine (68). The allele and gene frequency distributing of the four loci of hCNT1/SLC28A1 and MRP4/ABCC4 as well as the polymorphisms were detected in all patients by multiplex snapshot single base extension method. Based on the treatment response, the patients were divided into primary partial response (PPR) group and complete viral response (CVR) group, hCNTI/SLC28A1 and MRP4/ABCC4 gene polymorphism between these two groups were analyzed. RESULTS: The rates of PPR and CVR were 56. 6%00 (77 136) and 43. 4% (59/136) respectively. There was no statistical difference in baseline HBV DNA value, hepatitis B virus genotype and HBeAg status between PPR and CVR groups (P=0.148, P= 0. 622,P=0. 071) . The distribution of allelotype rs2290272 C/T and rs11568658 G/G in PPR group were higher than those in CVR group (P=0.043. P=0.049). Haplotype of C/A/T/C and C/C/G/G in CVR group were higher than those in PPR group (P=0. 024,P=0. 005). CONCLUSION: The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of two candidate genes, including rs2290272 C/T of hCNT1/SLC28A1 and rs11568658 G/G of MRP4/ABCC4, may weak the response of chronic hepatitis B to nucleoside analogues treatment, as well as haplotype of C/A/T/C and C/C/G/G may enhance the response.

Binding of cellular export factor REF/Aly by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF57 protein is not required for efficient KSHV lytic replication.

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF57 protein is expressed early during lytic KSHV replication, enhances expression of many KSHV genes, and is essential for virus production. ORF57 is a member of a family of proteins conserved among all human and many animal herpesviruses that are multifunctional regulators of gene expression and act posttranscriptionally to increase accumulation of their target mRNAs. The mechanism of ORF57 action is complex and may involve effects on mRNA transcription, stability, and export. ORF57 directly binds to REF/Aly, a cellular RNA-binding protein component of the TREX complex that mediates RNA transcription and export. We analyzed the effects of an ORF57 mutation known to abrogate REF/Aly binding and demonstrate that the REF-binding mutant is impaired in activation of viral mRNAs and noncoding RNAs confined to the nucleus. Although the inability to bind REF leads to decreased ORF57 activity in enhancing gene expression, there is no demonstrable effect on nuclear export of viral mRNA or the ability of ORF57 to support KSHV replication and virus production. These data indicate that REF/Aly-ORF57 interaction is not essential for KSHV lytic replication but may contribute to target RNA stability independent of effects on RNA export, suggesting a novel role for REF/Aly in viral RNA metabolism.

Direct sequencing and characterization of a clinical isolate of Epstein-Barr virus from nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissue by using next-generation sequencing technology.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded molecules have been detected in the tumor tissues of several cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), suggesting that EBV plays an important role in tumorigenesis. However, the nature of EBV with respect to genome width in vivo and whether EBV undergoes clonal expansion in the tumor tissues are still poorly understood. In this study, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to sequence DNA extracted directly from the tumor tissue of a patient with NPC. Apart from the human sequences, a clinically isolated EBV genome 164.7 kb in size was successfully assembled and named GD2 (GenBank accession number HQ020558). Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that GD2 was closely related to GD1, a previously assembled variant derived from a patient with NPC. GD2 contains the most prevalent EBV variants reported in Cantonese patients with NPC, suggesting that it might be the prevalent strain in this population. Furthermore, GD2 could be grouped into a single subtype according to common classification criteria and contains only 6 heterozygous point mutations, suggesting the monoclonal expansion of GD2 in NPC. This study represents the first genome-wide analysis of a clinical isolate of EBV directly extracted from NPC tissue. Our study reveals that NGS allows the characterization of genome-wide variations of EBV in clinical tumors and provides evidence of monoclonal expansion of EBV in vivo. The pipeline could also be applied to the study of other pathogen-related malignancies. With additional NGS studies of NPC, it might be possible to uncover the potential causative EBV variant involved in NPC.

Surgical treatment of congenital biliary duct cyst.

BACKGROUND: It is acknowledged that total cyst excision is a safe and ideal surgical treatment for congenital biliary duct cyst, compared to simple internal drainage. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal operation occasion and the effect of laparoscopy on congenital biliary duct cyst based upon total cyst excision. METHODS: From January 2002 to January 2011, 217 patients were admitted to Southwest Hospital for congenital biliary duct cyst. To determine the optimal surgery occasion, we divided these subjects into three groups, the infant group (age ≤ 3 years), the immaturity group (3 < age ≤ 18 years), and the maturity group (age > 18 years), and then evaluated the feasibility, risk and long-term outcome after surgery in the three groups. To analyze the effect of laparoscopic technique on congenital biliary duct cyst, we divided the patients into the laparoscopy and the open surgery groups. RESULTS: Among the three groups, the morbidity from cholangiolithiasis before surgical treatment had obvious discrepancy (p < 0.05) (lowest in the infant group), and intraoperative blood loss also had apparent diversity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, long-term outcomes (secondary cholangiolithiasis, stoma stenosis and cholangiocarcinoma) showed no significant difference between different groups (p > 0.05).Similarly, no significant discrepancy was observed in the morbidity from postoperative complications or long-term postoperative complications (p > 0.05) between the laparoscopic and the open surgery groups. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that total cyst excision should be performed as early as possible. The optimal treatment occasion is the infant period, and laparoscopic resection may be a new safe and feasible minimally invasive surgery for this disease.

[Effect of Lamivudine on chronic hepatitis B patients with chemotherapy or immunosuppressive agents therapy and research the drug resistance].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Lamivudine on chronic hepatitis B patients with chemotherapy or immunosuppressive agents therapy, and research the drug resistance. METHODS: Thirty-one cases of chronic hepatitis B patients who needed chemotherapy or immunosuppressive agents therapy were enrolled and divided into two group, HBeAg-positive group (n = 20) and HBeAg-negative group (n = 11), then given Lamivudine for preventive treatment. Virus response, biochemical response and serum response were evaluated as effective index, and analyzed the difference between the two groups for statistical significance. Meanwhile, drug resistance rate, impact factor of resistance and security were analyzed. RESULTS: At the end of 48 weeks' treatment, the rate of HBV DNA under the detection limit was 41.94%, and the decline of HBV DNA compared with baseline was 2.35 lg. The normalization rate of ALT, the negative rate of HbeAg and the seroconversion rate of HBeAg/HBeAb were 92.31%, 25% and 20% respectively. HBeAg-positive group and HBeAg-negative group patients in the complete virus response, the decline of HBV DNA compared with baseline and the resistance rate had no statistics significance (P > 0.05). At the same time, virology breakthrough occurred in four patients, and resistance mutation was detected in three cases among them. The resistance rate was 9.68%. The type of genotype mutation were all rtM204I. Multi-factor regression analysis showed that the baseline factors including age, gender, HBeAg status, baseline HBV DNA level and baseline ALT had no significant compact on drug resistance. Serious adverse reactions were not found in all patients. CONCLUSION: For chronic hepatitis B patients who needed chemotherapy or immunosuppressive agents treatment, Lamivudine for preventive antiviral therapy is a good option with good antiviral effect and safety. It is necessary to pay attention to the occurrence of drug resistance.

Does the Dzungarian racerunner ( Eremias dzungarica Orlova, Poyarkov, Chirikova, Nazarov, Munkhbaatar, Munkhbayar & Terbish, 2017) occur in China? Species delimitation and identification with DNA barcoding and morphometric analyses.

The Eremias multiocellata-przewalskii species complex is a viviparous group in the genus Eremias, and a well-known representative of taxonomically complicated taxa. Within this complex, a new species - E. dzungarica (Orlova et al., 2017) - has been described recently from western Mongolia and eastern Kazakhstan, with an apparent distribution gap in northwestern China. In this study, we used an integrative taxonomic framework to address whether E. dzungarica indeed occurs in China. Thirty specimens previously classified as E. multiocellata were collected in eastern Kazakhstan and the adjacent Altay region in China. The cytochrome c oxidase I ( COI) barcodes were sequenced and compiled with those from Orlova et al. (2017) and analyzed with the standard and diverse barcoding techniques. We detected an absence of a barcoding gap in this complex, which indicates potential cryptic species in Eremias sp. 3 with high intraspecific diversity and multiple recently evolved species in Clade A. Both BIN and GMYC suggested an unrealistically large number of species (23 and 26, respectively), while ABGD, mPTP and BPP indicated a more conservative number of species (10, 12, and 15, respectively), largely concordant with the previously defined species-level lineages according to phylogenetic trees. Based on molecular phylogeny and morphological examination, all 30 individuals collected in this study were reliably identified as E. dzungarica - a distinct species - confirming the occurrence of this species in the Altay region, Xinjiang, China. Potentially owing to the larger sample size in this study, our morphological analyses revealed many inconsistencies with the original descriptions of E. dzungarica, which were primarily associated with sexual dimorphism and a broader range of values for various traits.

The role of MAPK-ERK pathway in 67-kDa laminin receptor-induced FasL expression in human cholangiocarcinoma cells.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cancer cells are thought to possess immune evasion properties due to FasL overexpression in many types of human tumors. In the present study, we set out to investigate the role of MAPK-ERK pathway in 67-kDa laminin receptor induced FasL expression and FasL-mediated apoptosis in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. METHODS: The expression of FasL and its promoter activity in cultured cholangiocarcinoma cells were examined after treatment with laminin or transfection with plasmids containing siRNA targeted to 67-kDa laminin receptor. The effects of MAPK-ERK cascade inhibitor and c-Myc inhibition by siRNA on 67-kDa laminin receptor-induced FasL expression were determined. Apoptosis assay was performed to analyze the apoptosis of lymphocytes cocultured with cholangiocarcinoma cells treated with or without MAPK-ERK cascade inhibitor. RESULTS: Our results revealed that the specific MAPK-ERK cascade inhibitor, PD98059, significantly attenuated phosphorylation of c-Myc on Ser-62 and FasL upregulation in QBC-939 cells and these cells showed decreased cytotoxicity against Fas-sensitive Jurkat T cells. A luciferase reporter assay revealed that FasL promoter activity was significantly reduced in cells treated with PD98059 or transfected with c-Myc siRNA. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, we conclude that 67LR induces FasL expression and cytotoxicity against Fas-sensitive Jurkat T cells in human cholangiocarcinoma cells through the phosphorylation of c-Myc on Ser-62 and the subsequent activation of the FasL promoter through the ERK pathway.

Thermokinetic behaviour and functional group variation during spontaneous combustion of raw coal and its preoxidised form.

Coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) is a major problem in coal mining. In the vicinity of underground goaf, secondary or repeated oxidation processes of the residual coal inevitably occur, increasing the risk of coal fires. In this study, the thermal reaction behaviour of two types of raw coal samples and three preoxidised coal samples with different oxidation temperatures (80, 130, and 180 °C) were investigated. The physical and chemical properties of the samples were measured using thermogravimetric analyser-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR) with heating rates of 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 °C min-1. According to the characteristic temperatures in the heating processes, the entire CSC procedure can be divided into three stages: oxidation, combustion, and burnout. The results indicated that the aliphatic side chain lengths of preoxidised coal were shorter, and the number of branched aliphatic side chains was lower than that of raw coal. Furthermore, the model for the mechanism of preoxidised coal differed from that of raw coal. Average values of the apparent activation energy of the preoxidised coal samples were lower than those of the raw coal samples. Therefore, compared with raw coal, preoxidised coal requires less energy to react and more readily undergoes spontaneous combustion.

The dominance of China 1 in the spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus strains from Cantonese patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a disease with a remarkable geographic and ethnic distribution, and has a high incidence in southern China. Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an important contributing factor. The profile of EBV strains in Cantonese patients from Guangdong, the nasopharyngeal carcinoma endemic region in southern China, is described on the sequence variations in latent membrane protein 1 carboxyl-terminus. The results show that China 1 was the dominant EBV strain detected in both the tumor biopsies and samples of throat washings, whereas multiple strains, including China 1, China 2, B95-8, and Med, were detected in blood samples. In addition, a new strain named China 4 was found in blood samples. These findings suggest that the host population is susceptible to the predominant China 1 strain in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma endemic region of China, but its relationship with the host remains to be characterized further.

Microarray profiling of lung long non-coding RNAs and mRNAs in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury mouse model.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in various biological processes as well as many respiratory diseases, while the role of lncRNAs in acute lung injury (ALI) remains unclear. The present study aimed to profile the expression of lung lncRNAs and mRNAs in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mouse model. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to LPS or phosphate-buffered saline for 24 h, and lncRNAs and mRNAs were profiled by Arraystar mouse LncRNA Array V3.0. Bioinformatics analysis gene ontology including (GO) and pathway analysis and cell study in vitro was used to investigate potential mechanisms. Based on the microarray results, 2632 lncRNAs and 2352 mRNAs were differentially expressed between ALI and control mice. The microarray results were confirmed by the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results of ten randomized selected lncRNAs. GO analysis showed that the altered mRNAs were mainly related to the processes of immune system, immune response and defense response. Pathway analysis suggests that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor pathway, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction may be involved in ALI. LncRNA-mRNA co-expression network analysis indicated that one individual lncRNA may interact with several mRNAs, and one individual mRNA may also interact with several lncRNAs. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) for ENSMUST00000170214.1, - ENSMUST00000016031.13 significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-1ß production in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Our results found significant changes of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the lungs of LPS-induced ALI mouse model, and intervention targeting lncRNAs may attenuate LPS-induced inflammation, which may help to elucidate the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis and treatment of ALI.

Functional advantage of NPC-related V-val subtype of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 compared with prototype in epithelial cell line.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and the viral nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) plays a crucial role in viral latency. Three EBNA1 subtypes, P-ala, V-thr and V-val have been detected from healthy carriers in Guangzhou area. A close relation of V-val EBNA1 with NPC was suggested by its preference to infect NPC cells. We therefore investigated the functional difference among these three EBNA1 subtypes in human epithelial cell line. The three coding sequences of the EBNA1 subtypes were cloned into the pGFP-C2 vector, and transfected into 293 cells, respectively. Effect of EBNA1 expression on cell proliferation was examined. The maintenance activity and expression level of EBNA1-plasmid in 293 cells were evaluated by using GFP as a reporter. The expression of P-ala, V-thr or V-val EBNA1 had no effect on 293 cell growth, while the relative average intensity of fluorescence after 14-day selection in V-val-EBNA1/293 cells was statistically higher than P-ala-EBNA1/293 (P<0.05, t test). We suggest that V-val EBNA1 with the functional advantage compared with prototype shown in this study might contribute to the tumorigenesis of NPC by increasing the expression of itself or other viral or cellular genes.

[Effect of hepatitis C virus core protein on cholangiocarcinoma tissues' epithelial-mesenchymal transition].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of hepatitis C virus core protein on the infiltration and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma tissues. METHODS: From January 2001 to November 2006, 34 patients with cholangiocarcinoma who had intact follow-up data randomly were chosen. The expression of HCVc protein, epithelium markers and mesenchymal markers in cholangiocarcinoma tissues were examined by SP methods of immunohistochemistry, clinical-pathological data were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: The positive expression rate was observed in 47.1% for HCVc protein, 50% for N-cadherin, 44.1% for Vimentin, 55.9% for Fibronectin and the decreased expression rate was E-cadherin for 55.9%, alpha-catenin for 70.6%, beta-catenin for 55.9%. The positive expression of HCVc protein was associated with the decreased expression of E-cadherin, alpha-catenin and the positive expression of N-cadherin, Vimentin, Fibronectin (chi(2) = 4.480, 4.163, 4.250, 7.438, 12.260, P < 0.05). A positive-correlation between the expression of HCVc protein and metastasis of lymph nodes and other organs were found (chi(2) = 5.708, 4.163, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: HCVc protein might promote cholangiocarcinoma tissues' infiltration and metastasis by inducing it's epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

The expression of p63 is associated with the differential stage in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and EBV infection.

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is common among Southern Chinese and the main histology is the undifferentiated carcinoma associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. p63 is a recently proved member of the p53 family based on the structural similarity to p53, but its function in NPC is still unknown. This study was aimed to investigate the association between p63 and NPC. RESULTS: p63 was expressed in 100% (202/202) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues but not in 29 nasopharynx inflammation and 17 non-cancerous nasopharyngeal epidermises on a tissue microarray by immunohistostaining. Further investigation suggested that the p63 expression was associated with the differential stage of NPC: p63 strong staining in Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, differentiated non-keratinizing NPC and undifferentiated non-keratinizing NPC presented the percentage of 5/8 (62.5%), 43/48 (92.5%) and 50/50 (100%), respectively. A significant difference (p = 0.001) existed between the keratinizing and non-keratinizing groups. No pathogenic mutations were detected in p63 gene in 12 primary NPC tissues and matched peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Half-life measurement study revealed distinct stability of p63 protein in the different cell lines, especially between the carcinoma cell lines with EBV infection and the non-cancerous cell lines. The results of immunoprecipitation suggested a direct interaction between Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 5 (EBNA-5) and p63 protein in NPC, and this binding would increase the stability of p63. CONCLUSION: Our data suggested p63 might be used as an adjunct diagnostic marker of NPC and contributed a new way to understand the contribution of the EBV in the pathogenesis of NPC.