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After the first report of a graphene-based passive mode-locking ultrafast fiber laser, two-dimensional materials as efficient saturable absorbers offer a new horizon in ultrafast fiber laser. However, the interactions on atomic scale between these two-dimensional materials and fiber and the fiber effect on the carrier dynamics have not been realized. To figure out the exact role of fiber and the carrier dynamics affected by the fiber substrate related to ultrafast photonics, bismuthene, a newly reported 2D quantum material used in a passive mode-locking fiber laser, deposited on α-quartz has been investigated. We surprisingly found that the α-quartz substrate can strongly accelerate the nonradiative electron-hole recombination of bismuthene in theory, and the transient absorption spectra of bismuthene on normal glass and α-quartz further verify the substrate effect on carrier dynamics of bismuthene. The discovery provides new thinking about substrate effect to regulate the performance of ultrafast mode-locking fiber lasers as well as ultrafast photonics.
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As a new member of two-dimensional (2D) phosphorene, 2D layered violet phosphorus (VP) has unique optoelectronic properties and good environmental stability, showing its huge advantages in optoelectronic applications. In this paper, the ultrafast nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of layered VP nanosheets at 1 µm band were explored, which exhibit an obvious saturable absorption response with a modulation depth of â¼1.97%. Meanwhile, the fast and slow carrier lifetimes of VP nanosheets at 1µm band were also determined as 295.9 fs and 2.36 ps, respectively, which are much shorter than that of most reported 2D materials. The excellent saturable absorption response combined with ultrashort carrier lifetimes indicate the prospect of layered VP nanosheets as a fast saturable absorber (SA) for ultrafast laser modulation. Then we demonstrated a Yb-doped fiber laser based on the VP-deposited taper-shaped fiber (TSF) SA, which delivers stable Q-switched mode-locked (QSML) pulses, dual-wavelength mode-locked pulses and 404-fs noise-like pulses. This work fully demonstrates the great potential of 2D VP materials for 1 µm ultrashort laser pulse generation.
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The laser diode (LD)-pumped Tm:YAP (a-cut, 3.5 at.%) laser generated a maximum â¼2.3â µm continuous wave (CW) laser output power of â¼3 W. The higher output power benefited from the positive effect of the cascade lasing (simultaneously operating on the 3H4 â 3H5 and 3F4 â 3H6 Tm3+ transition). It was the highest CW laser output power amongst the LD/Ti:Sapphire-CW-pumped â¼2.3 µm Tm3+-doped lasers reported so far. Under the cascade laser operation, the slope efficiency of the â¼2.3â µm laser emission versus the absorbed pump power increased from 13.0% to 21.4%.
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The polarized spectral properties and â¼2.3â µm high-power continuous-wave laser operation of Tm3+-doped yttrium orthovanadate crystal (Tm:YVO4) are reported. For the 3H4 â 3H5 transition, the stimulated-emission cross-section σSE is 1.01 × 10-20 cm2 at 2276â nm corresponding to a large emission bandwidth of 52â nm (for π-polarization). Pumped by a 794â nm laser diode, the 1.5 at.% Tm:YVO4 laser delivered 5.52 W at 2.29â µm with a slope efficiency of 19.9%, a laser threshold of 8.70 W, and a linear laser polarization (π). The Tm laser operated on the cascade scheme (on the 3H4 â 3H5 and 3F4 â 3H6 transitions) which was mainly responsible for the observed high laser slope efficiency. We also report on the first passively Q-switched Tm:YVO4 laser at 2.3â µm by employing porous nano-grained cuprous selenide (PNG-Cu2Se) as a saturable absorber. The shortest pulse duration and the highest single pulse energy amounted to 706â ns and 3.65 µJ, respectively, corresponding to a pulse repetition rate of 62.8 kHz.
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We report on the Czochralski crystal growth, polarized optical spectroscopy, and the first continuous-wave laser operation of 1.5 at.% Tm:LuVO4 crystal on the 3H4 â 3H5 transition. The polarized absorption and stimulated-emission properties of Tm3+ ions in LuVO4 were revised and the crystal-field splitting of the Tm3+ multiplets was determined by low-temperature (12â K) spectroscopy. The maximum stimulated-emission cross-section for the 3H4 â 3H5 transition is 2.48 × 10-20 cm2 at 2363â nm for π-polarization corresponding to an emission bandwidth of 28â nm. Evidence of phonon-assisted emissions of Tm3+ ions above 2â µm is presented. The broadband emission properties of the Tm:LuVO4 crystal make it promising for ultrashort pulse generation. Additionally, pumped by a 796â nm fiber-coupled laser diode, the Tm:LuVO4 laser generated a Watt-level output power at 2279-2295â nm with a slope efficiency of 9.2% and linearly polarized emission (π-polarization).
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In this contribution, we measured the third-order nonlinear optical response of bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) nanosheets with the open-aperture (OA) and the closed-aperture (CA) Z-scan techniques with a variable excitation intensity at 1.34â µm. The effective nonlinear absorption coefficient ßeff and the nonlinear refractive index n2 of the prepared BiOCl nanosheets with abundant oxygen vacancies were obtained under the excitation intensity. The third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility |χ(3)| was 1.64 × 10-9 esu. The nonlinear optical features of BiOCl enabled it as a superb saturable absorber for pulse laser generation. As a consequence, we demonstrated the first passively Q-switched Nd:GdVO4 laser with the BiOCl saturable absorber, producing a shortest pulse duration of 543â ns and a highest repetition rate of 227 kHz, leading to a maximum pulse energy of 74 nJ. Our findings show that BiOCl nanosheets with oxygen vacancies have large nonlinear optical sensitivities and can be exploited to generate optical pulses.
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The laser diode (LD)-pumped efficient high-power cascade Tm:GdVO4 laser simultaneously operating on the 3F4 â 3H6 (at â¼2â µm) and 3H4 â 3H5 (at â¼2.3â µm) Tm3+ transition was first reported in this paper. The cascade Tm:GdVO4 laser generated a maximum total continuous-wave (CW) laser output power of 8.42 W with a slope efficiency of 40%, out of which the maximum â¼2.3â µm CW laser output power was 2.88 W with a slope efficiency of 14%. To our knowledge, 2.88 W is the highest CW laser output power amongst the LD-CW-pumped â¼2.3â µm Tm3+-doped lasers reported so far.
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The exceptional mechanical, electronic, topological, and optical properties, make bismuthene an ideal candidate for various applications in ultrafast saturation absorption and spintronics. Despite the extensive research efforts devoted to synthesizing this material, the introduction of defects, which can significantly affect its properties, remains a substantial obstacle. In this study, we investigate the transition dipole moment and joint density of states of bismuthene with/without single vacancy defect via energy band theory and interband transition theory. It is demonstrated that the existence of the single defect enhances the dipole transition and joint density of states at lower photon energies, ultimately resulting in an additional absorption peak in the absorption spectrum. Our results suggest that the manipulation of defects in bismuthene has enormous potential for improving the optoelectronic properties of this material.
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We report on the cascade continuous-wave operation of a diode-pumped Tm:YVO4 laser on the 3F4 â 3H6 (at â¼2â µm) and 3H4 â 3H5 (at â¼2.3â µm) Tm3+ transitions. Pumped with a fiber-coupled spatially multimode 794â nm AlGaAs laser diode, the 1.5 at.% Tm:YVO4 laser yielded a maximum total output power of 6.09 W with a slope efficiency of 35.7% out of which the 3H4 â 3H5 laser emission corresponded to 1.15 W at 2291-2295 and 2362-2371â nm with a slope efficiency of 7.9% and a laser threshold of 6.25 W.
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We report on the first laser operation of a disordered Tm:CaGdAlO4 crystal on the 3H4 â 3H5 transition. Under direct pumping at 0.79 µm, it generates 264â mW at 2.32â µm with a slope efficiency of 13.9% and 22.5% vs. incident and absorbed pump power, respectively, and a linear polarization (σ). Two strategies to overcome the bottleneck effect of the metastable 3F4 Tm3+ state leading to the ground-state bleaching are exploited: cascade lasing on the 3H4 â 3H5 and 3F4 â 3H6 transitions and dual-wavelength pumping at 0.79 and 1.05 µm combining the direct and upconversion pumping schemes. The cascade Tm-laser generates a maximum output power of 585â mW at 1.77â µm (3F4 â 3H6) and 2.32â µm (3H4 â 3H5) with a higher slope efficiency of 28.3% and a lower laser threshold of 1.43 W, out of which 332â mW are achieved at 2.32â µm. Under dual-wavelength pumping, further power scaling to 357â mW at at 2.32â µm is observed at the expense of increased laser threshold. To support the upconversion pumping experiment, excited-state absorption spectra of Tm3+ ions for the 3F4 â 3F2,3 and 3F4 â 3H4 transitions are measured for polarized light. Tm3+ ions in CaGdAlO4 exhibit broadband emission at 2.3 - 2.5 µm making this crystal promising for ultrashort pulse generation.
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A compact Tm:GdVO4 laser pumped by a 794â nm laser diode generated 6.09â W at 2.29â µm (3H4 â 3H5 Tm3+ transition) with a high slope efficiency of 30.8% and linear laser polarization (π). The polarized spectroscopic properties of Tm3+ in GdVO4 were also revised. The peak stimulated-emission cross section of Tm3+ is 2.97 × 10-20 cm2 at 2280â nm, corresponding to an emission bandwidth of 42â nm for π-polarized light.
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Compact diode-pumped continuous wave (CW) and passively Q switched Tm:YAG lasers operating on the 3H4 â 3H5 transition are demonstrated. Using a 3.5-at.% Tm:YAG crystal, a maximum CW output power of 1.49â W is achieved at 2330â nm with a slope efficiency of 10.1%. The first Q switched operation of the mid-infrared Tm:YAG laser around 2.3 µm is realized with a few-atomic-layer MoS2 saturable absorber. Pulses as short as 150â ns are generated at a repetition rate of 190 kHz, corresponding to a pulse energy of 1.07â µJ. Tm:YAG is an attractive material for diode-pumped CW and pulsed mid-infrared lasers emitting around 2.3 µm.
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In this Letter, a watt-level laser diode (LD)-pumped â¼2.3-µm (on the 3H4â3H5 quasi-four-level transition) laser is reported based on a 1.5 at.% a-cut Tm:YVO4 crystal. The maximum continuous wave (CW) output power obtained is 1.89 W and 1.11 W with the maximum slope efficiency of 13.6% and 7.3% (versus the absorbed pump power) for the 1% and 0.5% transmittance of the output coupler, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the CW output power of 1.89 W we obtained is the highest CW output power amongst the LD-pumped â¼2.3-µm Tm3+-doped lasers.
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In this Letter, the fabrication of large-scale (50.8 mm in diameter) few-layered MoS2 with physical vapor deposition on sapphire is described. Open-aperture Z-scan technology with a home-made excitation source at 2275â nm was applied to explore its nonlinear saturable absorption properties. The as-grown few-layered MoS2 membrane possessed a modulation depth of 17% and a saturable intensity of 1.185 MW cm-2. As a consequence, the deposited MoS2 membrane was exploited as a saturable absorber to realize a passively Q-switched Tm:YAP laser for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Pulses as short as 316â ns were generated with a repetition rate of 228 kHz, corresponding to a peak power of 5.53 W. Results confirmed that the two-dimensional layered MoS2 could be beneficial for mid-infrared photonic applications.
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An ytterbium-doped, single-stage, double-pass nonlinear fiber amplification system was fabricated for amplifying an 1100-nm mode-locking fiber laser. Pre-chirp managed amplification (PCMA) was applied in realizing the nonlinear amplification process with an all-polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber construction. The system can deliver 19.8-nJ, 58.7-fs, 24.4-MHz amplified signal pulses with a 10-dB spectral range spanning from 1049â nm to 1130â nm. Further experimental investigations were conducted in exploring the dynamics of the double-pass nonlinear amplification process. This compact 1100-nm ultrafast fiber laser can be implemented for multi-photon microscopy (MPM) with deep penetration depth.
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In this paper, two-dimensional material Sb2Te3 nanosheets are fabricated and the optical nonlinear response is investigated. A laser diode (LD) end-pumped doubly Q-switched Tm:YAP laser with electro-optic modulator (EOM) and Sb2Te3 nanosheets based saturable absorber (SA) is presented. The shortest pulse duration of 38â ns is achieved at the pulse repetition frequency of 100â Hz, corresponding to the highest peak power of 111.8â kW. The double Q-switching technique shows the advantages of pulse duration compression and peak power improvement. The coupled rate equations for the doubly Q-switched laser are developed and the corresponding numerical simulation agrees with the experimental results. We believe that the Sb2Te3 is a potential nanomaterial for the application in optoelectronic field.
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We report on the first, to the best of our knowledge, passive Q-switching operation at 2.3 µm passively based on Tm:YAIO3 (Tm:YAP) 3H4â3H5 transition with sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (g-gC3N4) as the saturable absorber. Sulfur-doping engineering in g-C3N4 was manifested to enhance its mid-infrared nonlinear saturable absorption characteristics, which was confirmed by the conventional open-aperture Z-scan experiment with the excitation at 2.3 µm. The large effective nonlinear absorption coefficient of S-gC3N4 was determined to be -0.68cm/GW, indicating the remarkable MIR optical response. Initiated by S-gC3N4, a passively Q-switched laser operating at 2274.6 nm was configured with a-cut 3.0 at.% Tm:YAP as the gain medium. Stable Q-switching pulses were generated with the shortest pulse width of 140 ns, corresponding to the maximum peak power of 21.8 W. The experimental results reveal the effectiveness of sulfur doping to improve the performance of g-C3N4 in the MIR pulse generation.
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In this paper, the Nb2CTxMXene nanosheets were fabricated and the corresponding microstructures were investigated. The nonlinear optical response was illustrated by open aperture Z-scan and I-scan methods. The ground and the excited state absorption cross-sections of 2D Nb2CTxMXene were also investigated. As the saturable absorber (SA), the Nb2CTxMXene was applied in the passively Q-switched Tm:YAP laser. 1.96µs Q-switched pulses with 3.97 W peak power were achieved at the repetition frequency of 80 kHz. Further theoretical model was built by using the coupled rate equations in simulating the dynamic process of the passively Q-switched Tm:YAP laser. The numerical simulation results are fundamentally in agreement with the experimental results, which proves the Nb2CTxMXene can be a good potential nanomaterial for further optoelectronic applications.
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First-principles calculations based on density functional theory have been performed for exploring the structural and electronic properties of Bi-doped Hg0.75Cd0.25Te (MCT), using the state-of-the-art computational method with the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE) of hybrid functional to correct the band gap. Structural relaxations, charge densities, electron localization functions (ELFs), density of states (DOSs), band structures, and band decomposed charge density were obtained to reveal the amphoteric behavior of Bi in Hg0.75Cd0.25Te. The bonding characteristics between Bi and host atoms were discussed by analyzing charge densities and ELFs. The influence of Bi impurity on the electronic structure of Bi-doped Hg0.75Cd0.25Te was also analyzed by the calculated DOSs, band structures, and the band decomposed charge density of the defect band. It has been demonstrated that Bi can show a typical amphoteric substitution effect of group V elements.
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Based on density functional theory, we have systematically investigated the geometric, magnetic, and electronic properties of fluorographene with three types of vacancy defects. With uneven sublattice, the partial defect structures are significantly spin-polarized and present midgap electronic states. The magnetic moment is mainly contributed by the adjacent C atoms of vacancy defects. Furthermore, the strain dependence of the bandgap is analyzed and shows a linear trend with applied strain. This defect-induced tunable narrow bandgap material has great potential in electronic devices and spintronics applications.