RESUMO
Salt toxicity is the major factor limiting crop productivity in saline soils. In this paper, 295 accessions including a heuristic core set (137 accessions) and 158 bred varieties were re-sequenced and ~1.65 million SNPs/indels were used to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of salt-tolerance-related phenotypes in rice during the germination stage. A total of 12 associated peaks distributed on seven chromosomes using a compressed mixed linear model were detected. Determined by linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks analysis, we finally obtained a total of 79 candidate genes. By detecting the highly associated variations located inside the genic region that overlapped with the results of LD block analysis, we characterized 17 genes that may contribute to salt tolerance during the seed germination stage. At the same time, we conducted a haplotype analysis of the genes with functional variations together with phenotypic correlation and orthologous sequence analyses. Among these genes, OsMADS31, which is a MADS-box family transcription factor, had a down-regulated expression under the salt condition and it was predicted to be involved in the salt tolerance at the rice germination stage. Our study revealed some novel candidate genes and their substantial natural variations in the rice genome at the germination stage. The GWAS in rice at the germination stage would provide important resources for molecular breeding and functional analysis of the salt tolerance during rice germination.
Assuntos
Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Germinação , Proteínas de Domínio MADS/genética , Oryza/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tolerância ao Sal , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos de Plantas/genética , Regulação para Baixo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Oryza/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rice germplasm collections continue to grow in number and size around the world. Since maintaining and screening such massive resources remains challenging, it is important to establish practical methods to manage them. A core collection, by definition, refers to a subset of the entire population that preserves the majority of genetic diversity, enhancing the efficiency of germplasm utilization. RESULTS: Here, we report whole-genome resequencing of the 137 rice mini core collection or Korean rice core set (KRICE_CORE) that represents 25,604 rice germplasms deposited in the Korean genebank of the Rural Development Administration (RDA). We implemented the Illumina HiSeq 2000 and 2500 platform to produce short reads and then assembled those with 9.8 depths using Nipponbare as a reference. Comparisons of the sequences with the reference genome yielded more than 15 million (M) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1.3 M INDELs. Phylogenetic and population analyses using 2,046,529 high-quality SNPs successfully assigned rice accessions to the relevant rice subgroups, suggesting that these SNPs capture evolutionary signatures that have accumulated in rice subpopulations. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for four exemplary agronomic traits in the KRIC_CORE manifest the utility of KRICE_CORE; that is, identifying previously defined genes or novel genetic factors that potentially regulate important phenotypes. CONCLUSION: This study provides strong evidence that the size of KRICE_CORE is small but contains high genetic and functional diversity across the genome. Thus, our resequencing results will be useful for future breeding, as well as functional and evolutionary studies, in the post-genomic era.
Assuntos
Cruzamento , Evolução Molecular , Genoma de Planta , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Genômica/métodos , Oryza/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Mutação INDEL , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo ÚnicoRESUMO
Restraint stress modulates pain and inflammation. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of acute restraint stress on inflammatory pain induced by subcutaneous injection of bee venom (BV). First, we investigated the effect of 1 h restraint on the spontaneous paw-flinching reflex (SPFR), decrease in paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) and increase in paw volume (PV) of the injected paw induced by BV. SPFR was measured immediately after BV injection, and PWMT and PV were measured 2 h before BV and 2-8 h after BV. The results showed that acute restraint inhibited significantly the SPFR but failed to affect mechanical hyperalgesia. In contrast, stress enhanced significantly inflammatory swelling of the injected paw. In a second series of experiments, the effects of pretreatment with capsaicin locally applied to the sciatic nerve, systemic 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), and systemic naloxone were examined on the antinociception and proinflammation produced by acute restraint stress. Local capsaicin pretreatment inhibited BV-induced nociception and inflammatory edema, and had additive effects with stress on nociception but reduced stress enhancement of edema. Systemic 6-OHDA treatment attenuated the proinflammatory effect of stress, but did not affect the antinociceptive effect. Systemic naloxone pretreatment eliminated the antinociceptive effect of stress, but did not affect proinflammation. Taken together, our data indicate that acute restraint stress contributes to antinociception via activating an endogenous opioid system, while sympathetic postganglionic fibers may contribute to enhanced inflammation in the BV pain model.
Assuntos
Venenos de Abelha/efeitos adversos , Hiperalgesia/etiologia , Inflamação/patologia , Nociceptividade/fisiologia , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Animais , Capsaicina/administração & dosagem , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Edema/patologia , Membro Posterior/efeitos dos fármacos , Hiperalgesia/patologia , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Masculino , Naloxona/uso terapêutico , Oxidopamina/uso terapêutico , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Restrição Física , Nervo Isquiático/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/fisiologiaRESUMO
Recent studies have suggested that combination antiplatelet therapy may be superior to monotherapy in the treatment of acute stroke. However, additional prospective studies are needed to confirm this finding. The present trial compared the efficacy and safety of clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone in the treatment of non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke within 72 hours of onset. Six hundred and ninety patients aged ⩾ 40 years with minor stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) were identified for enrollment. Experienced physicians determined baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores at the time of admission. All patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to receive aspirin alone (300 mg/day) or clopidogrel (300 mg for the first day, 75 mg/day thereafter) plus aspirin (100mg/day). The main endpoints were neurological deterioration, recurrent stroke, and development of stroke in patients with TIA within 14 days of admission. After 43 patients were excluded, 321 patients in the dual therapy group and 326 patients in the monotherapy group completed the treatment. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. During the 2 week period, stroke deterioration occurred in nine patients in the dual therapy group and 19 patients in the monotherapy group. Stroke occurred after TIA in one patient in the dual therapy group and three patients in the monotherapy group. Similar numbers of adverse events occurred in both groups. This study showed that early dual antiplatelet treatment reduced early neurological deterioration in patients with acute ischemic stroke, compared with antiplatelet monotherapy. These results imply that dual antiplatelet therapy is superior to monotherapy in the early treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
Assuntos
Aspirina/farmacologia , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/farmacologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Ticlopidina/análogos & derivados , Idoso , Aspirina/administração & dosagem , Clopidogrel , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/administração & dosagem , Estudos Prospectivos , Ticlopidina/administração & dosagem , Ticlopidina/farmacologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados UnidosRESUMO
A sugary mutant with low total starch and high sugar contents was compared with its wild type Sindongjin for grain-filling caryopses. In the present study, developing seeds of Sindongjin and sugary mutant from the 11th day after flowering (DAF) were subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). A total of 30,385 and 32,243 genes were identified in Sindongjin and sugary mutant. Transcriptomic change analysis showed that 7713 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (log2 fold change ≥1, false discovery rate (FDR)≤0.001) were identified based on our RNA-Seq data, with 7239 genes up-regulated and 474 down-regulated in the sugary mutant. A large number of DEGs were found related to metabolic, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction and starch/sugar metabolism. Detailed pathway dissection and quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) demonstrated that most genes involved in sucrose to starch synthesis are up-regulated, whereas the expression of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit (OsAGPS2b) catalyzing the first committed step of starch biosynthesis was specifically inhibited during the grain-filling stage in sugary mutant. Further analysis suggested that the OsAGPS2b is a considerable candidate gene responsible for phenotype of sugary mutant.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Mutação , Oryza/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Glucose-1-Fosfato Adenililtransferase/biossíntese , Glucose-1-Fosfato Adenililtransferase/genética , Oryza/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/biossíntese , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Amido/genética , Amido/metabolismo , Sacarose/metabolismoRESUMO
It is well known that spinal glia plays a key role in the pathogenesis of pain. The present study was designed to determine the roles of spinal microglia in bee venom-induced persistent spontaneous nociception (PSN), mechanical hyperalgesia and inflammation. We determined the effects of microglia inhibitor minocycline on BV-induced PSN, mechanical hyperalgesia and inflammatory swelling. Pre-treatment with intrathecal administration of minocyline at different doses significantly inhibited BV-induced PSN and mechanical hyperalgesia, but had no effect on BV-induced inflammatory swelling. These data suggest that the activation of spinal microglia may play a key role in BV-induced nociception, but not inflammation.
Assuntos
Venenos de Abelha , Microglia/fisiologia , Dor/patologia , Medula Espinal/patologia , Animais , Edema/patologia , Hiperalgesia/patologia , Hiperalgesia/fisiopatologia , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/patologia , Injeções Espinhais , Masculino , Microglia/efeitos dos fármacos , Minociclina/farmacologia , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Dor/fisiopatologia , Estimulação Física , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , TatoRESUMO
For the investigation of the metabolic regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under different culture conditions, the proteins of cell utilizing various carbon sources were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients as the first dimension and SDS-PAGE as the second. Samples were taken in the log phase of batch culture using glucose or lactic acid as carbon source, while another sample was taken from the broth when glucose was consumed up and ethanol accumulated in the previous phase was further metabolized. After electrophoresis, the protein spots were detected by silver-stain in a Hoefer Automated Gel Stainer with a protein silver staining kit. Silver-stained gels were scanned and digitized to create computer images. About 500 protein spots were detected by employing the 2D proteome image analysis system Image Master 2D Elite and SWISS-2DPAGE proteome database. Most of the protein expressed and involved in the glycolysis, pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, anaplerotic pathway, as well as TCA cycle were analyzed. The metabolism regulation of protein level for Saccharomyces cerevisiae under various carbon sources, as well as during different phase of growth, was studied. The expression of several glycolytic enzymes (glk, pgi, pgk, eno, pyk) was up-regulated while the expression of enzymes in oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (zwf, gnd) was down-regulated when ethanol and lactic acid were taken as carbon source. Simultaneously, frucotose 1,6-biphosphatase was found to be up-regulated due to the gluconeogenic requirement. Citrate synthase and Malate dehydrogenase do not exhibit significant difference, indicating TCA cycle is necessary when utilizing glucose, ethanol or lactic acid as carbon source. Thus, the NADPH loss due to the repressed pentose phosphate pathway could be compensated by TCA cycle in cases of ethanol and lactic acid. The expression of malic enzyme and isocitrate lyase are activated to a large extent when metabolizing ethanol, indicating glyoxylate shunt is essential in transferring ethanol to generate four carbon precursors for the biosynthesis and the NADP-dependent malic enzyme could also serve as compensation mechanism for NADPH loss in this case.