PREDAC-CNN: predicting antigenic clusters of seasonal influenza A viruses with convolutional neural network.

Vaccination stands as the most effective and economical strategy for prevention and control of influenza. The primary target of neutralizing antibodies is the surface antigen hemagglutinin (HA). However, ongoing mutations in the HA sequence result in antigenic drift. The success of a vaccine is contingent on its antigenic congruence with circulating strains. Thus, predicting antigenic variants and deducing antigenic clusters of influenza viruses are pivotal for recommendation of vaccine strains. The antigenicity of influenza A viruses is determined by the interplay of amino acids in the HA1 sequence. In this study, we exploit the ability of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to extract spatial feature representations in the convolutional layers, which can discern interactions between amino acid sites. We introduce PREDAC-CNN, a model designed to track antigenic evolution of seasonal influenza A viruses. Accessible at http://predac-cnn.cloudna.cn, PREDAC-CNN formulates a spatially oriented representation of the HA1 sequence, optimized for the convolutional framework. It effectively probes interactions among amino acid sites in the HA1 sequence. Also, PREDAC-CNN focuses exclusively on physicochemical attributes crucial for the antigenicity of influenza viruses, thereby eliminating unnecessary amino acid embeddings. Together, PREDAC-CNN is adept at capturing interactions of amino acid sites within the HA1 sequence and examining the collective impact of point mutations on antigenic variation. Through 5-fold cross-validation and retrospective testing, PREDAC-CNN has shown superior performance in predicting antigenic variants compared to its counterparts. Additionally, PREDAC-CNN has been instrumental in identifying predominant antigenic clusters for A/H3N2 (1968-2023) and A/H1N1 (1977-2023) viruses, significantly aiding in vaccine strain recommendation.

dbEmbryo multi-omics database for analyses of synergistic regulation in early mammalian embryo development.

During early mammalian embryo development, different epigenetic marks undergo reprogramming and play crucial roles in the mediation of gene expression. Currently, several databases provide multi-omics information on early embryos. However, how interconnected epigenetic markers function together to coordinate the expression of the genetic code in a spatiotemporal manner remains difficult to analyze, markedly limiting scientific and clinical research. Here, we present dbEmbryo, an integrated and interactive multi-omics database for human and mouse early embryos. dbEmbryo integrates data on gene expression, DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin accessibility, and higher-order chromatin structure profiles for human and mouse early embryos. It incorporates customized analysis tools, such as "multi-omics visualization," "Gene&Peak annotation," "ZGA gene cluster," "cis-regulation," "synergistic regulation," "promoter signal enrichment," and "3D genome." Users can retrieve gene expression and epigenetic profile patterns to analyze synergistic changes across different early embryo developmental stages. We showed the uniqueness of dbEmbryo among extant databases containing data on early embryo development and provided an overview. Using dbEmbryo, we obtained a phase-separated model of transcriptional control during early embryo development. dbEmbryo offers web-based analytical tools and a comprehensive resource for biologists and clinicians to decipher molecular regulatory mechanisms of human and mouse early embryo development.

The MYB family and their response to abiotic stress in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe).

BACKGROUND: Zingiber officinale Roscoe, colloquially known as ginger, is a crop of significant medicinal and culinary value that frequently encounters adversity stemming from inhospitable environmental conditions. The MYB transcription factors have garnered recognition for their pivotal role in orchestrating a multitude of plant biological pathways. Nevertheless, the enumeration and characterization of the MYBs within Z. officinale Roscoe remains unknown. This study embarks on a genome-wide scrutiny of the MYB gene lineage in ginger, with the aim of cataloging all ZoMYB genes implicated in the biosynthesis of gingerols and curcuminoids, and elucidating their potential regulatory mechanisms in counteracting abiotic stress, thereby influencing ginger growth and development. RESULTS: In this study, we identified an MYB gene family comprising 231 members in ginger genome. This ensemble comprises 74 singular-repeat MYBs (1R-MYB), 156 double-repeat MYBs (R2R3-MYB), and a solitary triple-repeat MYB (R1R2R3-MYB). Moreover, a comprehensive analysis encompassing the sequence features, conserved protein motifs, phylogenetic relationships, chromosome location, and gene duplication events of the ZoMYBs was conducted. We classified ZoMYBs into 37 groups, congruent with the number of conserved domains and gene structure analysis. Additionally, the expression profiles of ZoMYBs during development and under various stresses, including ABA, cold, drought, heat, and salt, were investigated in ginger utilizing both RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR analysis. CONCLUSION: This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the MYB family in ginger and lays the foundation for the future investigation of the potential functions of ZoMYB genes in ginger growth, development and abiotic stress tolerance of ginger.

Absolute Configuration of 12S-Deoxynortryptoquivaline from Ascidian-Derived Fungus Aspergillus clavatus Determined by Anisotropic NMR and Chiroptical Spectroscopy.

Tryptoquivalines are highly toxic metabolites initially isolated from the fungus Aspergillus clavatus. The relative and absolute configuration of tryptoquivaline derivates was primarily established by comparison of the chemical shifts, NOE data, and ECD calculations. A de novo determination of the complete relative configuration using NMR spectroscopy was challenging due to multiple spatially separated stereocenters, including one nonprotonated carbon. In this study, we isolated a new tryptoquivaline derivative, 12S-deoxynortryptoquivaline (1), from the marine ascidian-derived fungus Aspergillus clavatus AS-107. The correct assignment of the relative configuration of 1 was accomplished using anisotropic NMR spectroscopy, while the absolute configuration was determined by comparing calculated and experimental ECD spectra. This case study highlights the effectiveness of anisotropic NMR parameters over isotropic NMR parameters in determining the relative configuration of complex natural products without the need for crystallization.

Antifungal Pseuboyenes A-J, Bergamotene-Derived Sesquiterpenoids from a Cold-Seep-Derived Pseudallescheria boydii.

A chemical investigation of a cold-seep-sediment-derived fungus, Pseudallescheria boydii CS-793, resulted in characterization of 10 novel bergamotene-derived sesquiterpenoids, pseuboyenes A-J (1-10). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses as well as using the modified Mosher's method. Compound 1 represents the first example of a ß-bergamotene containing a 6-oxobicyclo[3.2.1]octane nucleus adducted with a methyl lactate unit, while 8-10 involve a skeletal rearrangement from bergamotene. Compounds 2-5 showed significant antifungal activities against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. and Fusarium oxysporum with MICs ranging from 0.5 to 8 µg/mL. Compound 4 exhibited an in vitro anti-F. proliferatum effect with an EC50 value of 1.0 µg/mL.

Secondary metabolites with fungicide potentials from the deep-sea seamount-derived fungus Talaromyces scorteus AS-242.

Marine natural products play an important role in biopesticides. Seven new secondary metabolites with different structural classes, including two cycloheptapeptides, scortide A (1) and scortide B (2), two 19-nor-diterpenoids, talascortene H (3) and talascortene I (4), two diterpenoid acids, talascortene J (5) and talascortene K (6), and one triterpenoid, talascortene L (7) were isolated and identified from the sea-anemone-derived endozoic fungus Talaromyces scorteus AS-242. Their structures were comprehensively assigned by spectroscopic data analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, tandem mass spectrometry, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. The result of the antimicrobial assay demonstrated that compounds 1 - 6 have inhibitory activity against several human, aquatic, and plant pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 1 to 64 µg/mL. Specially, compounds 2 and 4 showed significant activities against the pathogenic fungus Curvularia spicifera with the MIC value of 1 µg/mL, providing an experimental basis of 2 and 4 with the potential as lead compounds to be developed into biopesticides.

Evolutionary history of the angiosperm flora of China.

High species diversity may result from recent rapid speciation in a 'cradle' and/or the gradual accumulation and preservation of species over time in a 'museum'. China harbours nearly 10% of angiosperm species worldwide and has long been considered as both a museum, owing to the presence of many species with hypothesized ancient origins, and a cradle, as many lineages have originated as recent topographic changes and climatic shifts-such as the formation of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the development of the monsoon-provided new habitats that promoted remarkable radiation. However, no detailed phylogenetic study has addressed when and how the major components of the Chinese angiosperm flora assembled to form the present-day vegetation. Here we investigate the spatio-temporal divergence patterns of the Chinese flora using a dated phylogeny of 92% of the angiosperm genera for the region, a nearly complete species-level tree comprising 26,978 species and detailed spatial distribution data. We found that 66% of the angiosperm genera in China did not originate until early in the Miocene epoch (23 million years ago (Mya)). The flora of eastern China bears a signature of older divergence (mean divergence times of 22.04-25.39 Mya), phylogenetic overdispersion (spatial co-occurrence of distant relatives) and higher phylogenetic diversity. In western China, the flora shows more recent divergence (mean divergence times of 15.29-18.86 Mya), pronounced phylogenetic clustering (co-occurrence of close relatives) and lower phylogenetic diversity. Analyses of species-level phylogenetic diversity using simulated branch lengths yielded results similar to genus-level patterns. Our analyses indicate that eastern China represents a floristic museum, and western China an evolutionary cradle, for herbaceous genera; eastern China has served as both a museum and a cradle for woody genera. These results identify areas of high species richness and phylogenetic diversity, and provide a foundation on which to build conservation efforts in China.

Accuracy and patient-centered results of marker-based and marker-free registrations for dynamic computer-assisted implant surgery: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To compare implant placement accuracy and patient-centered results between the dynamic computer-assisted implant surgeries (d-CAISs) using marker-based and marker-free registration methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A double-armed, single-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted, in which 34 patients requiring single implant placement at the esthetic zone were randomly assigned to the marker-based (n = 17) or marker-free (n = 17) groups. The marker-based registration was performed using a splint containing radiopaque markers, while the marker-free registration used natural teeth. The primary outcome assessed implant positioning accuracy via angular and linear deviations between preoperative and postoperative implant positions in CBCT. Patients were also surveyed about the intraoperative experience and oral health impact profile (OHIP). RESULTS: The global linear deviations at the implant platform (0.82 ± 0.28 and 0.85 ± 0.41 mm) and apex (1.28 ± 0.34 and 0.85 (IQR: 0.64-1.50) mm) for the marker-based and marker-free groups respectively showed no significant difference. However, the angular deviation of the marker-free group (2.77 ± 0.92 ° ) was significantly lower than the marker-based group (4.28 ± 1.58 ° ). There was no significant difference in the mean postoperative OHIP scores between the two groups (p = .758), with scores of 2.74 ± 1.21 for marker-based and 2.93 ± 2.18 for marker-free groups, indicating mild oral health-related impairment in both. Notably, patients in the marker-free group showed significantly higher satisfaction (p = .031) with the treatment procedures. CONCLUSIONS: D-CAIS with a marker-free registration method for single implantation in the anterior maxilla has advantages in improving implant placement accuracy and patients' satisfaction, without generating a significant increase in clinical time and expenses.

UbiBrowser 2.0: a comprehensive resource for proteome-wide known and predicted ubiquitin ligase/deubiquitinase-substrate interactions in eukaryotic species.

As an important post-translational modification, ubiquitination mediates ∼80% of protein degradation in eukaryotes. The degree of protein ubiquitination is tightly determined by the delicate balance between specific ubiquitin ligase (E3)-mediated ubiquitination and deubiquitinase-mediated deubiquitination. In 2017, we developed UbiBrowser 1.0, which is an integrated database for predicted human proteome-wide E3-substrate interactions. Here, to meet the urgent requirement of proteome-wide E3/deubiquitinase-substrate interactions (ESIs/DSIs) in multiple organisms, we updated UbiBrowser to version 2.0 (http://ubibrowser.ncpsb.org.cn). Using an improved protocol, we collected 4068/967 known ESIs/DSIs by manual curation, and we predicted about 2.2 million highly confident ESIs/DSIs in 39 organisms, with >210-fold increase in total data volume. In addition, we made several new features in the updated version: (i) it allows exploring proteins' upstream E3 ligases and deubiquitinases simultaneously; (ii) it has significantly increased species coverage; (iii) it presents a uniform confidence scoring system to rank predicted ESIs/DSIs. To facilitate the usage of UbiBrowser 2.0, we also redesigned the web interface for exploring these known and predicted ESIs/DSIs, and added functions of 'Browse', 'Download' and 'Application Programming Interface'. We believe that UbiBrowser 2.0, as a discovery tool, will contribute to the study of protein ubiquitination and the development of drug targets for complex diseases.

Recovery-Based Occluded Face Recognition by Identity-Guided Inpainting.

Occlusion in facial photos poses a significant challenge for machine detection and recognition. Consequently, occluded face recognition for camera-captured images has emerged as a prominent and widely discussed topic in computer vision. The present standard face recognition methods have achieved remarkable performance in unoccluded face recognition but performed poorly when directly applied to occluded face datasets. The main reason lies in the absence of identity cues caused by occlusions. Therefore, a direct idea of recovering the occluded areas through an inpainting model has been proposed. However, existing inpainting models based on an encoder-decoder structure are limited in preserving inherent identity information. To solve the problem, we propose ID-Inpainter, an identity-guided face inpainting model, which preserves the identity information to the greatest extent through a more accurate identity sampling strategy and a GAN-like fusing network. We conduct recognition experiments on the occluded face photographs from the LFW, CFP-FP, and AgeDB-30 datasets, and the results indicate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance in identity-preserving inpainting, and dramatically improves the accuracy of normal recognizers in occluded face recognition.

Pseudallenes A and B, new sulfur-containing ovalicin sesquiterpenoid derivatives with antimicrobial activity from the deep-sea cold seep sediment-derived fungus Pseudallescheria boydii CS-793.

Pseudallenes A and B (1 and 2), the new and rare examples of sulfur-containing ovalicin derivatives, along with three known analogues 3-5, were isolated and identified from the culture extract of Pseudallescheria boydii CS-793, a fungus obtained from the deep-sea cold seep sediments. Their structures were established by detailed interpretation of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirmed and established the structures and absolute configurations of compounds 1-3, thus providing the first characterized crystal structure of an ovalicin-type sesquiterpenoid. In the antimicrobial assays, compounds 1-3 showed broad-spectrum inhibitory activities against several plant pathogens with MIC values ranging from 2 to 16 µg/mL.

Complete chloroplast genomes provide insights into evolution and phylogeny of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae).

BACKGROUND: The genus Zingiber of the Zingiberaceae is distributed in tropical, subtropical, and in Far East Asia. This genus contains about 100-150 species, with many species valued as important agricultural, medicinal and horticultural resources. However, genomic resources and suitable molecular markers for species identification are currently sparse. RESULTS: We conducted comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses on Zingiber species. The Zingiber chloroplast genome (size range 162,507-163,711 bp) possess typical quadripartite structures that consist of a large single copy (LSC, 86,986-88,200 bp), a small single copy (SSC, 15,498-15,891 bp) and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 29,765-29,934 bp). The genomes contain 113 unique genes, including 79 protein coding genes, 30 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes. The genome structures, gene contents, amino acid frequencies, codon usage patterns, RNA editing sites, simple sequence repeats and long repeats are conservative in the genomes of Zingiber. The analysis of sequence divergence indicates that the following genes undergo positive selection (ccsA, ndhA, ndhB, petD, psbA, psbB, psbC, rbcL, rpl12, rpl20, rpl23, rpl33, rpoC2, rps7, rps12 and ycf3). Eight highly variable regions are identified including seven intergenic regions (petA-pabJ, rbcL-accD, rpl32-trnL-UAG, rps16-trnQ-UUG, trnC-GCA-psbM, psbC-trnS-UGA and ndhF-rpl32) and one genic regions (ycf1). The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sect. Zingiber was sister to sect. Cryptanthium rather than sect. Pleuranthesis. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports 14 complete chloroplast genomes of Zingiber species. Overall, this study provided a solid backbone phylogeny of Zingiber. The polymorphisms we have uncovered in the sequencing of the genome offer a rare possibility (for Zingiber) of the generation of DNA markers. These results provide a foundation for future studies that seek to understand the molecular evolutionary dynamics or individual population variation in the genus Zingiber.

Integrated analyses of metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal the potential regulatory roles of long non-coding RNAs in gingerol biosynthesis.

BACKGROUND: As the characteristic functional component in ginger, gingerols possess several health-promoting properties. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) act as crucial regulators of diverse biological processes. However, lncRNAs in ginger are not yet identified so far, and their potential roles in gingerol biosynthesis are still unknown. In this study, metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed in three main ginger cultivars (leshanhuangjiang, tonglingbaijiang, and yujiang 1 hao) in China to understand the potential roles of the specific lncRNAs in gingerol accumulation. RESULTS: A total of 744 metabolites were monitored by metabolomics analysis, which were divided into eleven categories. Among them, the largest group phenolic acid category contained 143 metabolites, including 21 gingerol derivatives. Of which, three gingerol analogs, [8]-shogaol, [10]-gingerol, and [12]-shogaol, accumulated significantly. Moreover, 16,346 lncRNAs, including 2,513, 1,225, and 2,884 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNA genes (DELs), were identified in all three comparisons by transcriptomic analysis. Gene ontology enrichment (GO) analysis showed that the DELs mainly enriched in the secondary metabolite biosynthetic process, response to plant hormones, and phenol-containing compound metabolic process. Correlation analysis revealed that the expression levels of 11 DE gingerol biosynthesis enzyme genes (GBEGs) and 190 transcription factor genes (TF genes), such as MYB1, ERF100, WRKY40, etc. were strongly correlation coefficient with the contents of the three gingerol analogs. Furthermore, 7 and 111 upstream cis-acting lncRNAs, 1,200 and 2,225 upstream trans-acting lncRNAs corresponding to the GBEGs and TF genes were identified, respectively. Interestingly, 1,184 DELs might function as common upstream regulators to these GBEGs and TFs genes, such as LNC_008452, LNC_006109, LNC_004340, etc. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction networks (PPI) analysis indicated that three TF proteins, MYB4, MYB43, and WRKY70 might interact with four GBEG proteins (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, and 4CL-4). CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, we for the first time worldwide proposed a putative regulatory cascade of lncRNAs, TFs genes, and GBEGs involved in controlling of gingerol biosynthesis. These results not only provide novel insights into the lncRNAs involved in gingerol metabolism, but also lay a foundation for future in-depth studies of the related molecular mechanism.

Mouse nerve growth factor suppresses neuronal apoptosis in valproic acid-induced autism spectrum disorder rats by regulating the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social communication and restrictive behaviors. Mouse nerve growth factor (mNGF), a neurotrophic factor, is critical for neuronal growth and survival, and the mNGF treatment is considered a promising therapy for neurodegeneration. In light of this, we aimed to evaluate the effect of mNGF on neurological function in ASD. METHODS: An ASD rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of valproic acid (VPA). Social behavior, learning, and memory of the rats were measured. TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-end labeling and Nissl assays were performed to detect neuronal apoptosis and survival in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Apoptosis-related proteins and oxidative stress markers were detected. RESULTS: mNGF improved locomotor activity, exploratory behavior, social interaction, and spatial learning and memory in VPA-induced ASD rats. In the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, mNGF suppressed neuronal apoptosis, increased the number of neurons, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione levels, and decreased reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, TNF-α, and IL-1ß levels compared with the VPA group. In addition, mNGF increased the levels of Bcl-2, p-phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), and p-serine/threonine kinase (Akt), and decreased the levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3, while the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 reversed these effects. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that mNGF suppressed neuronal apoptosis and ameliorated the abnormal behaviors in VPA-induced ASD rats, in part, by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Antimicrobial polyketides and sesquiterpene lactones from the deep-sea cold-seep-derived fungus Talaromyces minioluteus CS-113 triggered by the histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA.

Seven new highly oxygenated natural products with diverse chemical structural types, including three new glucosidic polyketides, talaminiosides A-C (1-3), a pair of racemic aromatic polyketides, (±)-talaminone A (4a and 4b), two new azaphilone polyketides, (+)-5-chloromitorubrinic acid (5) and 7-epi-purpurquinone C (7), and one new drimane sesquiterpene lactone, 11-hydroxyminioluteumide B (8), together with a pinazaphilone B sodium salt (6) and 10 known compounds (9-18), were isolated and identified from the culture extract of Talaromyces minioluteus CS-113, a fungus obtained from deep-sea cold-seep sediments collected from the South China Sea. LCMS results indicated that compounds 3 and 4 might be produced by the real activation of silent BGCs triggered by the histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA, and some of the other compounds were enhanced minor components. Their structures were elucidated by the detailed interpretation of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data, X-ray crystallographic analysis, ECD and specific rotation (SR) calculations, and DP4+ probability analysis. Compound 7, an azaphilone derivative, exhibited potent activities against several agricultural pathogenic fungi with MIC values equivalent or comparable to amphotericin B. The structure-activity relationship of the isolated azaphilones is briefly discussed. This is the first report of the chemical diversity study of deep-sea cold-seep-derived fungi triggered by SAHA, providing a useful strategy for the activation of cryptic fungal metabolites from deep-sea-derived fungi.

DCABM-TCM: A Database of Constituents Absorbed into the Blood and Metabolites of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) not only maintains the health of Asian people but also provides a great resource of active natural products for modern drug development. Herein, we developed a Database of Constituents Absorbed into the Blood and Metabolites of TCM (DCABM-TCM), the first database systematically collecting blood constituents of TCM prescriptions and herbs, including prototypes and metabolites experimentally detected in the blood, together with the corresponding detailed detection conditions through manual literature mining. The DCABM-TCM has collected 1816 blood constituents with chemical structures of 192 prescriptions and 194 herbs and integrated their related annotations, including physicochemical, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity properties, and associated targets, pathways, and diseases. Furthermore, the DCABM-TCM supported two blood constituent-based analysis functions, the network pharmacology analysis for TCM molecular mechanism elucidation, and the target/pathway/disease-based screening of candidate blood constituents, herbs, or prescriptions for TCM-based drug discovery. The DCABM-TCM is freely accessible at http://bionet.ncpsb.org.cn/dcabm-tcm/. The DCABM-TCM will contribute to the elucidation of effective constituents and molecular mechanism of TCMs and the discovery of TCM-derived drug-like compounds that are both bioactive and bioavailable.

Visual performance and rotational stability of a multifocal toric intraocular lens in myopic eyes.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the visual performance and rotational stability of the multifocal toric intraocular lens in myopes. METHODS: This prospective, observational study included patients with an axial length of ≥24.5 mm and regular corneal astigmatism of >1 diopter who underwent phacoemulsification cataract surgery and implantation of a multifocal toric intraocular lens (AT LISA toric 909M). The visual acuity, defocus curves, residual astigmatism, rotational stability, higher-order aberrations (HOAs), modulation transfer function (MTF), spectacle dependence and patient satisfaction were evaluated 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: Forty-three eyes from 30 patients were enrolled in this study. Postoperatively, uncorrected distance and near visual acuities (logMAR) were 0.09 ± 0.08 (standard deviation, SD) and 0.14 ± 0.08, respectively. The defocus curve analysis provided a bimodal curve showing two peaks of maximum vision at 0.0 D and at -3.0 D defocus level. The multifocal toric intraocular lens showed excellent rotational stability; the mean rotation was 4.02 ± 2.49 (SD) degrees at 3 months postoperatively. Refractive predictability was excellent with a mean spherical equivalent of 0.19 ± 0.37 (SD) diopters (D) and a mean refractive cylinder of -0.34 ± 0.39 (SD) D. CONCLUSIONS: The diffractive multifocal toric intraocular lens, AT LISA toric 909M, provided effective distance and near visual acuities in myopic eyes. It was a predictable and effective device with good rotational stability for the correction of preexisting astigmatism during cataract surgery. In this study, more than 80% of patients achieved spectacle independence.

New Polyketide and Sesquiterpenoid Derivatives from the Magellan Seamount-Derived Fungus Penicillium rubens AS-130.

Rubenpolyketone A (1), a polyketide featuring a new carbon skeleton having cyclohexenone condensed with a methyl octenone chain and a new linear sesquiterpenoid, chermesiterpenoid D (2), together with seven known secondary metabolites (3-9) were isolated and identified from the Magellan Seamount-derived fungus Penicillium rubens AS-130. Their structures were determined based on detailed analysis of NMR and mass spectroscopic data and the absolute configurations of these two new compounds were elucidated by the combination of quantum mechanical (QM)-NMR and time-dependent density functional (TDDFT) ECD calculation approaches. Chermesiterpenoids B (3) and C (4) showed potent inhibitory activities against the aquatic pathogen Vibrio anguillarum with MIC values of 0.5 and 1 µg/mL, respectively, while chermesin F (6) exhibited activity against Escherichia coli with MIC value of 1 µg/mL.

TCHis mitigate oxidative stress and improve abnormal behavior in a prenatal valproic acid-exposed rat model of autism.

Troxerutin is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects in nerve impairment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of troxerutin and cerebroprotein hydrolysate injections (TCHis) on prenatal valproic acid (VPA)-exposed rats. The VPA was administered to pregnant rats on gestational day 12.5 to induce a model of autism. The offspring were given the treatment of TCHis on postnatal day (PND) 21-50. On PND 43-50, the behavioral analysis of offspring was performed after the treatment of TCHis for 1 h. On PND 50, the offspring were harvested and the brains were collected. The hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were isolated for relevant biochemical detections. The administration of TCHis increased pain sensitivity and improved abnormal social behaviors in prenatal VPA-exposed rats. Prenatal exposure of VPA induced neuronal loss and apoptosis, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and promoted oxidative stress in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, whereas these effects were reversed by the postnatal treatment of TCHis. In addition, postnatal administration of TCHis ameliorated mitochondrial function in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of prenatal VPA-exposed rats. This study concluded that postnatal treatment of TCHis reduced oxidative stress and ameliorated abnormal behavior in a prenatal VPA-induced rat model of autism.

Genome-wide investigation of microRNAs and expression profiles during rhizome development in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe).

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, non-coding small functional RNAs that govern the post-transcriptional regulatory system of gene expression and control the growth and development of plants. Ginger is an herb that is well-known for its flavor and medicinal properties. The genes involved in ginger rhizome development and secondary metabolism have been discovered, but the genome-wide identification of miRNAs and their overall expression profiles and targets during ginger rhizome development are largely unknown. In this study, we used BGISEQ-500 technology to perform genome-wide identification of miRNAs from the leaf, stem, root, flower, and rhizome of ginger during three development stages. RESULTS: In total, 104 novel miRNAs and 160 conserved miRNAs in 28 miRNA families were identified. A total of 181 putative target genes for novel miRNAs and 2772 putative target genes for conserved miRNAs were predicted. Transcriptional factors were the most abundant target genes of miRNAs, and 17, 9, 8, 4, 13, 8, 3 conserved miRNAs and 5, 7, 4, 5, 5, 15, 9 novel miRNAs showed significant tissue-specific expression patterns in leaf, stem, root, flower, and rhizome. Additionally, 53 miRNAs were regarded as rhizome development-associated miRNAs, which mostly participate in metabolism, signal transduction, transport, and catabolism, suggesting that these miRNAs and their target genes play important roles in the rhizome development of ginger. Twelve candidate miRNA target genes were selected, and then, their credibility was confirmed using qRT-PCR. As the result of qRT-PCR analysis, the expression of 12 candidate target genes showed an opposite pattern after comparison with their miRNAs. The rhizome development system of ginger was observed to be governed by miR156, miR319, miR171a_2, miR164, and miR529, which modulated the expression of the SPL, MYB, GRF, SCL, and NAC genes, respectively. CONCLUSION: This is a deep genome-wide investigation of miRNA and identification of miRNAs involved in rhizome development in ginger. We identified 52 rhizome-related miRNAs and 392 target genes, and this provides an important basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of the miRNA target genes that mediate rhizome development in ginger.