Electrically pumped topological laser with valley edge modes.

Quantum cascade lasers are compact, electrically pumped light sources in the technologically important mid-infrared and terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum1,2. Recently, the concept of topology3 has been expanded from condensed matter physics into photonics4, giving rise to a new type of lasing5-8 using topologically protected photonic modes that can efficiently bypass corners and defects4. Previous demonstrations of topological lasers have required an external laser source for optical pumping and have operated in the conventional optical frequency regime5-8. Here we demonstrate an electrically pumped terahertz quantum cascade laser based on topologically protected valley edge states9-11. Unlike topological lasers that rely on large-scale features to impart topological protection, our compact design makes use of the valley degree of freedom in photonic crystals10,11, analogous to two-dimensional gapped valleytronic materials12. Lasing with regularly spaced emission peaks occurs in a sharp-cornered triangular cavity, even if perturbations are introduced into the underlying structure, owing to the existence of topologically protected valley edge states that circulate around the cavity without experiencing localization. We probe the properties of the topological lasing modes by adding different outcouplers to the topological cavity. The laser based on valley edge states may open routes to the practical use of topological protection in electrically driven laser sources.

A Study to Analyse the Feasibility and Effectiveness of Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing Used in Young Children.

This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of left bundle branch area pacing (LBBaP) in young children. From September 2020 to May 2021, a total of 31 children (≤ 7 years) with complete atrioventricular block were included. All patients were scheduled to undergo LBBaP. Pacing parameters, and cardiac function and synchrony were evaluated during follow-up. LBBaP succeeded in 21 children (3.3 ± 2.1 years old), with a success rate of 70.9%. LBBaP failed in nine children, who eventually received right ventricular septal pacing (RVSP). The average postoperative QRS duration in patients of LBBaP group was narrower than that of RVSP group: 100.9 ± 9.1 versus 114.2 ± 11.9 ms (P = 0.002). The median follow-up duration was 12 [interquartile range (IQR) 6-15] months. At last time of follow-up, the capture threshold of ventricular electrode in patients of LBBaP group were significantly lower than that of RVSP group (0.70 ± 0.25 versus 1.39 ± 0.94 V, P = 0.011). The echo-left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients in the LBBaP group was better than that in the RVSP group (66.1 ± 3.3 versus 63.1 ± 2.2%, P = 0.025). LBBaP can be safely and effectively administered in young children. Satisfactory pacing parameters, and narrow QRS durations were obtained.

Long wavelength mid-infrared multi-gases spectroscopy using tunable single-mode slot waveguide quantum cascade laser.

Single-mode tunable quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are promising for high-resolution and highly sensitive trace gases sensing across the mid-infrared (MIR) region. We report on the development of a tunable single-mode slot waveguide QCL array in the long wavelength part of the MIR regime (>12 µm). This laser array exhibits a tuning range of around 12 cm-1, from 735.3 to 747.3 cm-1. Using this developed single-mode tunable QCL, we demonstrate individual gas sensing, yielding the detection limit of 940 ppb and 470 ppb for acetylene and o-xylene, respectively. To verify the potential of the developed QCL array in multi-species gas detection, laser absorption measurements of two mixed gases of acetylene and o-xylene were conducted, showing the absorption features of the corresponding gases agree well with the theoretical predictions.

Left ventricular pacing in the treatment of pediatric cardiac dysfunction caused by idiopathic complete left bundle branch block.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of transthoracic epicardial dual-chamber pacemaker implantation in the treatment of cardiac dysfunction caused by idiopathic complete left bundle branch block (CLBBB) in children. METHODS: Nine children diagnosed with cardiac dysfunction due to idiopathic CLBBB were included in this study. All patients underwent transthoracic epicardial dual-chamber pacemaker implantation. Cardiac function was evaluated using echocardiography during the follow-up. Additionally, intraventricular synchronization parameters were assessed using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). RESULTS: Nine children (mean age, 3.0 ± 2.6 years) were included in this study. The median follow-up duration was 2 (interquartile range, 1-3) years. The cardiac function of all patients recovered to normal levels within 1 year postoperatively. The postoperative QRS duration on electrocardiography (142 ± 21 ms) was significantly shorter than that at baseline (106 ± 12 ms) (p < .05). Cardiac dyssynchrony in patients who manifested preoperatively achieved complete correction after pacemaker implantation. The comparison of preoperative and postoperative (last follow-up visit) synchronization parameters were as follows: longitudinal standard deviation of the time to peak strain, 99.0 ± 41.9 versus 36.8 ± 5.0 ms (p = .004); delay time of peak longitudinal strain, 252.2 ± 131.4 versus 35.0 ± 22.9 ms (p = .002); and longitudinal systolic dyssynchrony index, 2.8 ± 0.8% versus 1.0 ± 0.3% (p = .001), respectively. CONCLUSION: Transthoracic epicardial dual-chamber pacemaker implantation (with left atrial sensing and left ventricular single-site pacing) can be used for the treatment of cardiac dysfunction caused by idiopathic CLBBB in children.

Comparison of ventricular synchrony in children with left bundle branch area pacing and right ventricular septal pacing.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the ideal pacing site in children by comparing the postoperative ventricular synchrony in children with left bundle branch area pacing and those with right ventricular septal pacing. METHODS: This retrospective study included children with complete atrioventricular block who underwent permanent pacemaker implantation from March 2019 to August 2021. Patients were grouped according to their ventricular pacing site, the left bundle branch area pacing group and the right ventricular septal pacing group. Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography was used to evaluate the ventricular synchrony. RESULTS: Forty-eight children (median age, 2.7 years; interquartile range, 1.7-4.6 years) were included. The paced QRS duration in the left bundle branch area pacing group was significantly narrower than that in the right ventricular septal pacing group (100.2 ± 9.3 versus 115.4 ± 15.1 ms, p = 0.001). The median follow-up duration was 1.5 years (interquartile range, 1-2 years). At the last follow-up, the average capture threshold of the ventricular electrode in the left bundle branch area pacing group was lower than that in the right ventricular septal pacing group (0.79 ± 0.18 versus 1.20 ± 0.56 V, p = 0.008). The left ventricular intraventricular synchrony parameters in the left bundle branch area pacing group were better than those in the right ventricular septal pacing group (e.g. standard deviation of the time to peak longitudinal strain, 37.4 ± 4.3 versus 46.6 ± 8.2 ms, p = 0.000). The average interventricular mechanical delay time in the left bundle branch area pacing group was significantly shorter than that in the right ventricular septal pacing group (36.4 ± 14.2 versus 52.5 ± 22.7 ms, p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Compared with right ventricular septal pacing, left bundle branch area pacing in children produces a narrower QRS duration and better pacing and ventricular synchrony parameters postoperatively.

Analysis of the influencing factors associated with dyssynchrony and cardiac dysfunction in children with ventricular pre-excitation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between ventricular pre-excitation-related dyssynchrony, on cardiac dysfunction, and recovery. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study included 76 children (39 boys and 37 girls) with a median age of 5.25 (2.67-10.75) years. The patients with pre-excitation-related cardiac dysfunction (cardiac dysfunction group, n = 34) had a longer standard deviation of the time-to-peak systolic strain of the left ventricle and larger difference between the maximum and minimum times-to-peak systolic strain than those with a normal cardiac function (normal function group, n = 42) (51.77 ± 24.70 ms versus 33.29 ± 9.48 ms, p < 0.05; 185.82 ± 92.51 ms versus 111.93 ± 34.27 ms, p < 0.05, respectively). The cardiac dysfunction group had a maximum time-to-peak systolic strain at the basal segments of the anterior and posterior septa and the normal function group at the basal segments of anterolateral and posterolateral walls. The prevalence of ventricular septal dyssynchrony in the cardiac dysfunction group was significantly higher than that in the normal function group (94.1% (32/34) versus 7.7% (3/42), p < 0.05). The patients with ventricular septal dyssynchrony (n = 35) had a significantly higher prevalence of intra-left ventricular systolic dyssynchrony than those with ventricular septal synchrony (n = 41) (57.1% (20/35) versus 14.6% (6/41), p < 0.05). During follow-up after pathway ablation, the patients who recovered from intra-left ventricular dyssynchrony (n = 29) had a shorter left ventricular ejection fraction recovery time than those who did not (n = 5) (χ2 = 5.94, p < 0.05). Among the patients who recovered, 93.1% (27/29) had a normalised standard deviation of the time-to-peak systolic strain and difference between the maximum and minimum times-to-peak systolic strain within 1 month after ablation. CONCLUSION: Ventricular pre-excitation may cause ventricular septal dyssynchrony; thus, attention must be paid to intra-left ventricular dyssynchrony and cardiac dysfunction. Whether intra-left ventricular systolic dyssynchrony can resolve within 1 month may be a new early predictor of patient prognosis.

The Response Regulator VC1795 of Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 Contributes to Intestinal Colonization by Vibrio cholerae.

Vibrio cholerae is an intestinal pathogen that can cause severe diarrheal disease. The disease has afflicted millions of people since the 19th century and has aroused global concern. The Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 (VPI-2) is a 57.3 kb region, VC1758-VC1809, which is present in choleragenic V. cholerae. At present, little is known about the function of VC1795 in the VPI-2 of V. cholerae. In this study, the intestinal colonization ability of the ΔVC1795 strain was significantly reduced compared to that of the wild-type strain, and the colonization ability was restored to the wild-type strain after VC1795 gene replacement. This result indicated that the VC1795 gene plays a key role in the intestinal colonization and pathogenicity of V. cholerae. Then, we explored the upstream and downstream regulation mechanisms of the VC1795 gene. Cyclic adenylate receptor protein (CRP) was identified as being located upstream of VC1795 by a DNA pull-down assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and negatively regulating the expression of VC1795. In addition, the results of Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq), EMSAs, and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) indicated that VC1795 directly negatively regulates the expression of its downstream gene, VC1794. Furthermore, by using qRT-PCR, we hypothesized that VC1795 indirectly positively regulates the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP) cluster to influence the colonization ability of V. cholerae in intestinal tracts. In short, our findings support the key regulatory role of VC1795 in bacterial pathogenesis as well as lay the groundwork for the further determination of the complex regulatory network of VC1795 in bacteria.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Effect of PdhR in Plesiomonas shigelloides.

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex regulator (PdhR) was originally identified as a repressor of the pdhR-aceEF-lpd operon, which encodes the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) and PdhR itself. According to previous reports, PdhR plays a regulatory role in the physiological and metabolic pathways of bacteria. At present, the function of PdhR in Plesiomonas shigelloides is still poorly understood. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of the wild-type strain and the ΔpdhR mutant strains was performed for comparison to identify the PdhR-controlled pathways, revealing that PdhR regulates ~7.38% of the P. shigelloides transcriptome. We found that the deletion of pdhR resulted in the downregulation of practically all polar and lateral flagella genes in P. shigelloides; meanwhile, motility assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that the ΔpdhR mutant was non-motile and lacked flagella. Moreover, the results of RNA-seq and quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that PdhR positively regulated the expression of the T3SS cluster, and the ΔpdhR mutant significantly reduced the ability of P. shigelloides to infect Caco-2 cells compared with the WT. Consistent with previous research, pyruvate-sensing PdhR directly binds to its promoter and inhibits pdhR-aceEF-lpd operon expression. In addition, we identified two additional downstream genes, metR and nuoA, that are directly negatively regulated by PdhR. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that ArcA was identified as being located upstream of pdhR and lpdA and directly negatively regulating their expression. Overall, we revealed the function and regulatory pathway of PdhR, which will allow for a more in-depth investigation into P. shigelloides pathogenicity as well as the complex regulatory network.

Reversible Zn Metal Anodes Enabled by Trace Amounts of Underpotential Deposition Initiators.

Routine electrolyte additives are not effective enough for uniform zinc (Zn) deposition, because they are hard to proactively guide atomic-level Zn deposition. Here, based on underpotential deposition (UPD), we propose an "escort effect" of electrolyte additives for uniform Zn deposition at the atomic level. With nickel ion (Ni2+ ) additives, we found that metallic Ni deposits preferentially and triggers the UPD of Zn on Ni. This facilitates firm nucleation and uniform growth of Zn while suppressing side reactions. Besides, Ni dissolves back into the electrolyte after Zn stripping with no influence on interfacial charge transfer resistance. Consequently, the optimized cell operates for over 900 h at 1 mA cm-2 (more than 4 times longer than the blank one). Moreover, the universality of "escort effect" is identified by using Cr3+ and Co2+ additives. This work would inspire a wide range of atomic-level principles by controlling interfacial electrochemistry for various metal batteries.

RpoN is required for the motility and contributes to the killing ability of Plesiomonas shigelloides.

BACKGROUND: RpoN, also known as σ54, first reported in Escherichia coli, is a subunit of RNA polymerase that strictly controls the expression of different genes by identifying specific promoter elements. RpoN has an important regulatory function in carbon and nitrogen metabolism and participates in the regulation of flagellar synthesis, bacterial motility and virulence. However, little is known about the effect of RpoN in Plesiomonas shigelloides. RESULTS: To identify pathways controlled by RpoN, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of the WT and the rpoN deletion strain was carried out for comparison. The RNA-seq results showed that RpoN regulates ~ 13.2% of the P. shigelloides transcriptome, involves amino acid transport and metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, ribosome biosynthesis, flagellar assembly and bacterial secretion system. Furthermore, we verified the results of RNA-seq using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR, which indicated that the absence of rpoN caused downregulation of more than half of the polar and lateral flagella genes in P. shigelloides, and the ΔrpoN mutant was also non-motile and lacked flagella. In the present study, the ability of the ΔrpoN mutant to kill E. coli MG1655 was reduced by 54.6% compared with that of the WT, which was consistent with results in RNA-seq, which showed that the type II secretion system (T2SS-2) genes and the type VI secretion system (T6SS) genes were repressed. By contrast, the expression of type III secretion system genes was largely unchanged in the ΔrpoN mutant transcriptome and the ability of the ΔrpoN mutant to infect Caco-2 cells was also not significantly different compared with the WT. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that RpoN is required for the motility and contributes to the killing ability of P. shigelloides and positively regulates the T6SS and T2SS-2 genes.

Widely tunable single-mode slot waveguide quantum cascade laser array.

We report designs and experimental demonstrations of a widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser array based on slot waveguide structures in the mid-infrared region. The laser array device realized a continuous tuning range of 71 cm-1 from 9.66 µm to 10.37 µm at 300 K only using the current tuning without any external heatsink temperature adjustments, in good agreement with the design. Stable single-mode operations free of undesired mode-hops have been obtained over the whole tuning range. Another slot waveguide QCL array with a 41 cm-1 continuous tuning range around 7.3 µm has also been realized with the same design principle, demonstrating the universal applicability of the array design. The broadly continuous tuning with simple processing makes the array device a suitable candidate for mid-infrared sensing and spectroscopy application.

Beam combining of a broadly and continuously tunable quantum cascade laser.

We report a cost-efficient method to demonstrate the beam combining of five laser elements in an array of tunable slot waveguide quantum cascade lasers in the mid-infrared region at around 10 µm. An aspherical lens with five fine-tuned mini mirrors was employed to collimate the individual beams from the laser array. To verify the feasibility of this beam combining approach, the combined beams were coupled into a hollow-core fiber gas cell with a low numerical aperture (N.A.) of 0.03 and a coupling efficiency >= 0.82, for gas sensing of binary compound gases of ammonia and ethylene simultaneously.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profile Analysis of the SnRK2 Gene Family in Nicotiana tabacum.

SnRK2 protein kinase family plays an important role in plant response to abiotic stress and has been identified in various plants. This study aimed to identify SnRK2 genes in tobacco and systematically analyze their expression under abscisic acid treatment and abiotic stress. We identified 22 NtSnRK2 members, which were divided into three groups and located on 13 chromosomes, mainly at both ends of the chromosomes; additionally, 11 duplicated NtSnRK2 gene pairs were observed. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these SnRK2 members were divided into three groups in tobacco. The motifs of NtSnRK2 proteins in the same group were highly similar. Subcellular localization indicated that NtSnRK2s in Group3 were present in the nucleus, cytomembrane, and cytoplasm. Gene expression pattern analysis revealed that NtSnRK2 genes played a role in the responses to several abiotic stresses (salt, drought, and low-temperature stress), indicating that they are widely involved in the adaptation of tobacco to adverse environmental conditions.

Effect of DLT-SML on Chronic Stable Angina Through Ameliorating Inflammation, Correcting Dyslipidemia, and Regulating Gut Microbiota.

ABSTRACT: Chronic stable angina (CSA) is caused by coronary atherosclerosis. The gut microbiota (GM) and their metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels are associated with atherosclerosis. Danlou tablet (DLT) combined with Salvia miltiorrhiza ligustrazine (SML) injection has been used to treat CSA. This study aims to investigate how DLT combined with SML (DLT-SML) regulates serum lipids, inflammatory cytokines, GM community, and microbial metabolite in patients with CSA. In this study, 30 patients with CSA were enrolled in the DLT-SML group, and 10 healthy volunteers were included in the healthy control group. The patients in the DLT-SML group were subdivided as the normal total cholesterol (TC) group and high-TC group according to their serum TC level before treatment. Blood samples were collected to investigate the (1) lipid content, including triglyceride (TG), TC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, (2) fasting blood glucose (Glu), (3) inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and (4) gut-derived metabolite, including lipopolysaccharides and TMAO level. GM composition was analyzed by sequencing 16S rRNA of fecal samples. Results showed that DLT-SML significantly decreased serum TG, TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and TMAO levels of patients with CSA. DLT-SML increased the abundance of Firmicutes and decreased Proteobacteria, which were significantly lower or higher in patients with CSA, respectively, compared with the healthy control group. In particular, DLT-SML increased the microbial diversity and decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of patients with high-TC. The abundance of Sarcina, Anaerostipes, Streptococcus, Weissella, and Erysipelatoclostridium was decreased, whereas Romboutsia, Faecalibacterium, and Subdoligranulum were increased by DLT-SML treatment in patients with CSA. These findings indicated that DLT-SML improved patients with CSA by ameliorating dyslipidemia profile, decreasing the circulating inflammatory cytokines, and regulating the GM composition and their metabolites.

Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic raccoon dogs in four provinces in northern China.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite that can infect almost all homoiothermal animals, including domestic raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides). However, related reports on T. gondii infection in domestic raccoon dogs were limited in China. Therefore, a serological investigation was undertaken to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors for T. gondii infection in domestic raccoon dogs. A total of 962 serum samples were collected from Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang and Hebei provinces, northern China between April 2016 and November 2017, and were detected by the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA). The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 7.28% in the overall surveyed raccoon dogs by IHA, which was different among the four provinces ranging from 6.54% to 7.57%. The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in male and female raccoon dogs was 6.62% and 7.79%, respectively. Based on statistical analysis, age was regarded as an important risk factor for T. gondii infection in raccoon dogs in this study (P < 0.05). This study reported the seroprevalence and risk factors of T. gondii infection in domestic raccoon dogs in northern China, which provided essential data for prevention and control of T. gondii infection in raccoon dogs in Jilin province, Liaoning province, Heilongjiang province and Hebei province.

A signal smoothness-based approach to prescribed performance control of strict-feedback nonlinear systems with quantization.

This paper investigates the prescribed performance control problems of strict-feedback nonlinear systems with state quantization, input quantization, unknown disturbances and unknown nonlinear functions. Since the quantized states are discontinuous, the differentiability of the stabilizing functions in the backstepping technique cannot be guaranteed. To this end, a smooth approximation of the quantized states is first obtained by introducing a class of functions. Based on this smooth approximation, a quantized control scheme is presented such that all the closed-loop signals are bounded with the prescribed performance bounds. It is shown that the unknown nonlinearities and the unknown disturbances are not estimated and the derivatives of the stabilizing functions are eliminated. Lastly, two examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the presented method.

Study on the relationship between net primary productivity and site quality in Japanese larch plantations in mountainous areas of eastern Liaoning.

Plantation forests enhance carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems in China. Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière (Lamb.) (Larix olgensis Henry) is the main species for afforestation in the eastern Liaoning Province. Therefore, it is important to understand the correlation between the site class and carbon sink potential of Larix kaempferi plantations in Liaoning Province for afforestation and carbon sink in this area. The model was fitted using three classical theoretical growth equations: the Richards model, the Korf model, and the Hossfeld model. This study used the forest resource inventory data for management in Liaoning Province in 2011 to build six dynamic height-age models for a Larix kaempferi plantation in Dandong City regardless of base-age. The optimal model derived by the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) method was compared with the model derived by the algebraic difference approach (ADA) method. The superiority of GADA was demonstrated by comparison. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was used to fit the model. The statistical and biological characteristics were considered synthetically when comparing the models. The best model was screened out by statistical analysis and graphic analysis. The results show that the differential height-age model derived from Richards equation can well explain the growth process of Larix kaempferi in Dandong City, Liaoning Province under different conditions. The site index model based on Richards equation and derived by GADA was used to calculate the site class of a Larix kaempferi plantation in Dandong City. The net primary productivity (NPP) value from the past ten years was extracted from the MOD17A3HGF data set. Spearman correlation analysis and Kendall correlation analysis were used to show that there is a significant positive correlation between NPP value and site class of Larix kaempferi plantation in Dandong City. Among them, the highest growth occurred in 2016; NPP increased by about 3.914 gC/m2/year for every two increases in height-age grade; the lowest increase in NPP was in 2014; NPP increased by about 2.113 gC/m2/year for every two increases in height-age grade; and for every two increases in height-age grade in the recent ten years, the average NPP value increased by about 2.731 gC/m2/year.

Immune cell senescence and exhaustion promote the occurrence of liver metastasis in colorectal cancer by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

BACKGROUND: Liver metastasis (LM) stands as a primary cause of mortality in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), posing a significant impediment to long-term survival benefits from targeted therapy and immunotherapy. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive investigation into how senescent and exhausted immune cells contribute to LM. METHODS: We gathered single-cell sequencing data from primary colorectal cancer (pCRC) and their corresponding matched LM tissues from 16 mCRC patients. In this study, we identified senescent and exhausted immune cells, performed enrichment analysis, cell communication, cell trajectory, and cell-based in vitro experiments to validate the results of single-cell multi-omics. This process allowed us to construct a regulatory network explaining the occurrence of LM. Finally, we utilized weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and 12 machine learning algorithms to create prognostic risk model. RESULTS: We identified senescent-like myeloid cells (SMCs) and exhausted T cells (TEXs) as the primary senescent and exhausted immune cells. Our findings indicate that SMCs and TEXs can potentially activate transcription factors downstream via ANGPTL4-SDC1/SDC4, this activation plays a role in regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program and facilitates the development of LM, the results of cell-based in vitro experiments have provided confirmation of this conclusion. We also developed and validated a prognostic risk model composed of 12 machine learning algorithms. CONCLUSION: This study elucidates the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence of LM from various angles through single-cell multi-omics analysis in CRC. It also constructs a network illustrating the role of senescent or exhausted immune cells in regulating EMT.