LncRNAs act as modulators of macrophages within the tumor microenvironment.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been established as pivotal players in various cellular processes, encompassing the regulation of transcription, translation and post-translational modulation of proteins, thereby influencing cellular functions. Notably, lncRNAs exert a regulatory influence on diverse biological processes, particularly in the context of tumor development. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) exhibit the M2 phenotype, exerting significant impact on crucial processes such as tumor initiation, angiogenesis, metastasis and immune evasion. Elevated infiltration of TAMs into the tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely associated with a poor prognosis in various cancers. LncRNAs within TAMs play a direct role in regulating cellular processes. Functioning as integral components of tumor-derived exosomes, lncRNAs prompt the M2-like polarization of macrophages. Concurrently, reports indicate that lncRNAs in tumor cells contribute to the expression and release of molecules that modulate TAMs within the TME. These actions of lncRNAs induce the recruitment, infiltration and M2 polarization of TAMs, thereby providing critical support for tumor development. In this review, we survey recent studies elucidating the impact of lncRNAs on macrophage recruitment, polarization and function across different types of cancers.

Global and Regional Estimate of HIV-Associated Stroke Burden: A Meta-Analysis and Population Attributable Modeling Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the correlation between human-immunodeficiency-virus (HIV) infection and stroke, as well as to estimate the global, regional, and national burden of HIV-associated stroke. METHODS: A registered meta-analysis was performed by searching PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for relevant literature up to October 31, 2022. The pooled relative risk of stroke in HIV-infected people was calculated using a random-effects model. HIV prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) datasets were obtained from the Joint United Nations Program on HIV and AIDS, and the Global Health Data Exchange, respectively. The population attributable fraction was estimated and delivered to calculate the HIV-associated DALYs of stroke from 1990 to 2019, at the global, regional, and national levels. Pearson correlation analysis were conducted to assess the correlation between the age-standardized rate or estimated annual percentage changes and the sociodemographic index. RESULTS: Out of 10 080 identified studies, 11 were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with individuals without HIV-infection, the pooled relative risk of stroke in HIV-infected individuals was 1.40 (95% CI, 1.18-1.65). From 1990 to 2019, the global population attributable fraction of HIV-associated stroke increased almost 3-fold, while the HIV-associated DALYs increased from 18 595 (95% CI, 7485-31 196) in 1990 to 60 684 (95% CI, 24 281-101 894) in 2019. Meanwhile, HIV-associated DALYs varied by region, with Eastern and Southern Africa having the highest value of 126 160 in 2019. Moreover, countries with middle social development index were shouldering the highest increase trend of the HIV-associated DALYs age-standardized rates. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected individuals face a significantly higher risk of stroke, and the global burden of HIV-associated stroke has increased over the past 3 decades, showing regional variations. Eastern and Southern Africa bear the highest burden, while Eastern Europe and Central Asia have seen significant growth. Health care providers, researchers, and decision-makers should give increased attention to stroke prevention and management in HIV-endemic areas. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: CRD42022367450.

Global and regional estimates of cervical cancer burden associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection from 1990 to 2019.

Previous studies reported human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) could enhance human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cervical cancer. Therefore, the burden of cervical cancer associated with HIV across different regions and time periods need to be assessed. We aim to investigate the global burden of cervical cancer associated with HIV infection. Age standardized rates (ASRs) of cervical cancer disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in females (≥15 years old) were calculated by standardization, according the age-specific DALYs numbers extracted from GBD data set 2019. Population attributable fractions was calculated by combining the published risk ratio, with the HIV prevalence (≥15 years old) from Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS), and transferred to estimate the HIV-associated cervical cancer burden. Expected annual percentage changes (EAPCs) was calculated to describe the temporal trend of ASR from 1990 to 2019. Pearson correlation analysis were conducted to assess the correlation between the ASR or EAPCs and the socio-demographic index. The worldwide DALYs ASR caused by HIV-associated cervical cancer rose from 3.78 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.19-5.56) in 1990 to 9.50 (95% CI: 5.66-13.79) in 2019 per 100k population. In 2019, the region with the greatest burden was Eastern and Southern Africa, with the highest DALYs of 273 900 (95% CI: 149 100-476 400) and ASR of 254.44 per 100k population (95% CI: 168.86-329.28). Notably, the Eastern Europe and Central Asia regions had the highest EAPC (14.07%) of HIV-associated DALYs ASR. Women in Eastern and Southern Africa experience the greatest burden of HIV-associated cervical cancer, while the Eastern Europe and Central Asia regions had witnessed the largest increase over the last 30 years. Prioritize the promotion of HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening for women living with HIV were crucial in these regions.

The rice transcription factor Nhd1 regulates root growth and nitrogen uptake by activating nitrogen transporters.

Plants adjust root architecture and nitrogen (N) transporter activity to meet the variable N demand, but their integrated regulatory mechanism remains unclear. We have previously reported that a floral factor in rice (Oryza sativa), N-mediated heading date-1 (Nhd1), regulates flowering time. Here, we show that Nhd1 can directly activate the transcription of the high-affinity ammonium (NH4+) transporter 1;3 (OsAMT1;3) and the dual affinity nitrate (NO3-) transporter 2.4 (OsNRT2.4). Knockout of Nhd1 inhibited root growth in the presence of NO3- or a low concentration of NH4+. Compared to the wild-type (WT), nhd1 and osamt1;3 mutants showed a similar decrease in root growth and N uptake under low NH4+ supply, while nhd1 and osnrt2.4 mutants showed comparable root inhibition and altered NO3- translocation in shoots. The defects of nhd1 mutants in NH4+ uptake and root growth response to various N supplies were restored by overexpression of OsAMT1;3 or OsNRT2.4. However, when grown in a paddy field with low N availability, nhd1 mutants accumulated more N and achieved a higher N uptake efficiency (NUpE) due to the delayed flowering time and prolonged growth period. Our findings reveal a molecular mechanism underlying the growth duration-dependent NUpE.

Rice circadian clock regulator Nhd1 controls the expression of the sucrose transporter gene OsSUT1 and impacts carbon-nitrogen balance.

Interdependent metabolic and transport processes of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) regulate plant growth and development, while the regulatory pathways remain poorly defined. We previously reported that rice circadian clock N-mediated heading date-1 (Nhd1) regulates growth duration-dependent N use efficiency. Here, we report that knockout of Nhd1 in rice reduced the rate of photosynthesis and the sucrose ratio of sheaths to blades, but increased the total C to N ratio and free amino acids. Leaf RNA-seq analysis indicated that mutation of Nhd1 dramatically altered expression of the genes linked to starch and sucrose metabolism, circadian rhythm, and amino acid metabolic pathways. We identified that Nhd1 can directly activate the transcriptional expression of sucrose transporter-1 (OsSUT1). Knockout of Nhd1 suppressed OsSUT1 expression, and both nhd1 and ossut1 mutants showed similar shorter height, and lower shoot biomass and sucrose concentration in comparison with the wild type, while overexpression of OsSUT1 can restore the defective sucrose transport and partially ameliorate the reduced growth of nhd1 mutants. The Nhd1-binding site of the OsSUT1 promoter is conserved in all known rice genomes. The positively related variation of Nhd1 and OsSUT1 expression among randomly selected indica and japonica varieties suggests a common regulatory module of Nhd1-OsSUT1-mediated C and N balance in rice.

Comparative genomic analysis of 455 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolates: Habitat-specific genomes shaped by frequent recombination.

A large-scale comparative genomic analysis together with genome-wide association study of 455 Lactiplantibacillus (L.) plantarum genomes was performed. Firstly, the study generated phylogenic tree using core-genome of L. plantarum, and the phylogenetic tree comprised two major clades. The isolates in clade B were genetically more diverse than those of clade A. Furthermore, a mono-clade (clade B1) of 12 isolates was identified within clade B in L. plantarum. It is interesting to note that these 12 isolates were originated from diverse niches and wide geographic regions. Plant-associated isolates were distributed evenly across the phylogenetic tree. In contrast, more dairy product-originated isolates were distributed in clade B, while the animal- and meat product-originated isolates located mainly in clade A. The overall r/m ratio (ratio of recombination and mutation events) of all 455 L. plantarum isolates (1.181) was a lot lower than that of clade B1 (5.510), and there was a seven-fold difference in the r/m ratio between animal-originated isolates distributed to clade A (0.607) and clade B (4.373). The dairy and animal-originated isolates possessed multiple environment-specific genes. Our findings deepen the understanding of the niche-specific genome diversity of L. plantarum.

Simultaneous detection of multiple mRNAs and proteins in bovine IVD cells and tissue with single cell resolution.

OBJECTIVES: Interactions of cells with their neighbors and influences by the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) is reflected in a cells transcriptome and proteome. In tissues comprised of heterogeneous cell populations or cells depending on ECM signalling cues such as those of the intervertebral disc (IVD), this information is obscured or lost when cells are pooled for the commonly used transcript analysis by quantitative PCR or RNA sequencing. Instead, these cells require means to analyse RNA transcript and protein distribution at a single cell or subcellular level to identify different cell types and functions, without removing them from their surrounding signalling cues. RESULTS: We developed a simple, sequential protocol combining RNA is situ hybridisation (RISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the simultaneous analysis of multiple transcripts alongside proteins. This allows one to characterize heterogeneous cell populations at the single cell level in the natural cell environment and signalling context, both in vivo and in vitro. This protocol is demonstrated on cells of the bovine IVD, for transcripts and proteins involved in mechanotransduction, stemness and cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: A simple, sequential protocol combining RISH and IHC is presented that allows for simultaneous information on RNA transcripts and proteins to characterize cells within a heterogeneous cell population and complex signalling environments such as those of the IVD.

Short communication: Modulation of fatty acid metabolism improves oxygen tolerance of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Probio-M8.

Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Probio-M8 is a potential probiotic strain that was isolated from human milk. Previously, we obtained an oxygen-resistant variant (Probio-M8o) of Probio-M8 by an adaptive evolution strategy. In the present study, a comparative transcriptomic analysis of Probio-M8o and Probio-M8 was carried out to reveal the cellular mechanism of the oxygen-resistant phenotype. Using RNA-seq, 210 and 217 differentially expressed genes were identified in Probio-M8o compared with Probio-M8 after oxygen exposure for 30 and 60 min, respectively. The oxygen treatment upregulated a set of genes that encoded proteins responsible for fatty acid biosynthesis. This observation was in good agreement with the composition change in fatty acids at the biochemical level. Our study showed that the oxygen-resistant phenotype could be related to adaptation of fatty acid metabolism.

Modelling clinical experience data as an evidence for patient-oriented decision support.

BACKGROUND: Evidence-based Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSSs) usually obtain clinical evidences from randomized controlled trials based on coarse-grained groups. Individuals who are beyond the scope of the original trials cannot be accurately and objectively supported. Also, patients' opinions and preferences towards the health care delivered to them have rarely been considered. In this regards, we propose to use clinical experience data as an evidence to support patient-oriented decision-making. METHODS: The experience data of similar patients from social networks as subjective evidence and the argumentation rules derived from clinical guidelines as objective evidence are combined to support decision making together. They are integrated into a comprehensive decision support architecture. The patient reviews are crawled from social networks and sentimentally analyzed to become structured data which are mapped to the Clinical Sentiment Ontology (CSO). This is used to build a Patient Experience Knowledge Base (PEKB) that can complement the original clinical guidelines. An Experience Inference Engine (EIE) is developed to match similar experience cases from both patient preference features and patient conditions and ultimately, comprehensive clinical recommendations are generated. RESULTS: A prototype system is designed and implemented to show the feasibility of the decision support architecture. The system allows patients and domain experts to easily explore various choices and trade-offs via modifying attribute values to select the most appropriate decisions. CONCLUSIONS: The integrated decision support architecture built is generic to solving a wide range of clinical problems. This will lead to better-informed clinical decisions and ultimately improved patient care.

Potential biomarkers of the mature intervertebral disc identified at the single cell level.

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and trauma is a major socio-economic burden and the focus of cell-based regenerative medicine approaches. Despite numerous ongoing clinical trials attempting to replace ailing IVD cells with mesenchymal stem cells, a solid understanding of the identity and nature of cells in a healthy mature IVD is still in need of refinement. Although anatomically simple, the IVD is comprised of heterogeneous cell populations. Therefore, methods involving cell pooling for RNA profiling could be misleading. Here, by using RNA in situ hybridization and z proportion test, we have identified potential novel biomarkers through single cell assessment. We quantified the proportion of RNA transcribing cells for 50 genetic loci in the outer annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) in coccygeal bovine discs isolated from tails of four skeletally mature animals. Our data reconfirm existing data and suggest 10 novel markers such as Lam1 and Thy1 in the outer AF and Gli1, Gli3, Noto, Scx, Ptprc, Sox2, Zscan10 and LOC101904175 in the NP, including pluripotency markers, that indicate stemness potential of IVD cells. These markers could be added to existing biomarker panels for cell type characterization. Furthermore, our data once more demonstrate heterogeneity in cells of the AF and NP, indicating the need for single cell assessment by methods such as RNA in situ hybridization. Our work refines the molecular identity of outer AF and NP cells, which can benefit future regenerative medicine and tissue engineering strategies in humans.

Optical image centroid prediction based on machine learning for laser satellite communication.

Optical image tracing is one of key technologies to realize and maintain satellite-to-ground laser communication. Since machine learning has been proved to be a powerful tool for modeling nonlinear system, a model containing a preprocessing module, a CNN module (Convolutional Neural Network Module) as well as a LSTM module (Long-Short Term Neural Network Memory Module) was developed to process digital images in time series and then predict centroid positions under the influence of atmospheric turbulence. Different from most previous models composed of neural networks, some important physical situations are considered for light fields distributed on CMOS. By building and training this model, centroid positions can be predicted in real time for practical applications in laser satellite communication.

Nitrite-Mediated Photooxidation of Vanillin in the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase.

Nitrite (NO2-) and its conjugate acid, nitrous acid (HNO2), have long been recognized as a ubiquitous atmospheric pollutant as well as an important photochemical source of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and reactive nitrogen species (·NO, ·NO2, ·N2O3, etc.) in both the gas phase and aqueous phase. Although NO2-/HNO2 plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry, our understanding on its role in the chemical evolution of organic components in atmospheric waters is rather incomplete and is still in dispute. In this study, the nitrite-mediated photooxidation of vanillin (VL), a phenolic compound abundant in biomass burning emissions, was investigated under pH conditions relevant for atmospheric waters. The influence of solution pH, dissolved oxygen, and ·OH scavengers on the nitrite-mediated photooxidation of VL was discussed in detail. Our study reveals that the molecular composition of the products is dependent on the molar ratio of NO2-/VL in the solution and that nitrophenols are the major reaction products. We also found that the light absorbance of the oxidative products increases with increasing pH in the visible region, which can be attributed to the deprotonation of the nitrophenols formed. These results contribute to a better understanding of methoxyphenol photooxidation mediated by nitrite as a source of toxic nitrophenols and climatically important brown carbon in atmospheric waters.

Photochemical Aging of Guaiacol by Fe(III)-Oxalate Complexes in Atmospheric Aqueous Phase.

Fe(III)-oxalate complexes are likely abundant in clouds, fogs and aerosol water. They are photoreactive and can act as an important source of reactive oxygen species (·OH, H2O2 and HO2·) in tropospheric aqueous phases. Although the mechanisms involved in ferrioxalate photolysis have been investigated extensively, few kinetic and mechanistic information is available on the aging of dissolved organic compounds by this photochemical system. In this work, the Fe(III)-oxalate mediated photooxidation of guaiacol (GUA), a model for phenolic compounds emitted from biomass burning, was investigated under typical pH conditions of the atmospheric water. The effect of Fe(III) concentration, oxalate concentration and pH on the photooxidation of GUA was studied in detail. Our results revealed that oxalate can inhibit the oxidation of GUA by Fe(III) under the dark condition. However, the iron-catalyzed photooxidation of GUA can be strongly promoted in the presence of oxalate due to the formation of photoactive Fe(III)-oxalate complexes. GUA was rapidly oxidized to form a number of polymeric, functionalized and open-ring products with low volatility. Detailed reaction pathways for the photooxidation of GUA by Fe(III)-oxalate complexes were proposed based on the results of high-resolution mass spectrometry. This work suggests that ferrioxalate photochemistry can play an important role in the transformation of dissolved organics in atmospheric aqueous phases.

Effects of Bu Shen Yi sui capsule on NogoA/NgR and its signaling pathways RhoA/ROCK in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

BACKGROUND: Axon growth inhibitory factors NogoA/Nogo receptor (NgR) and its signaling pathways RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) play a critical role in the repair of nerve damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). Bu Shen Yi Sui Capsule (BSYSC) is an effective Chinese formula utilized to treat MS in clinical setting and noted for its potent neuroprotective effects. In this study, we focus on the effects of BSYSC on promoting nerve repair and the underlying mechanisms in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. METHODS: The EAE mouse model was induced by injecting subcutaneously with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55 supplemented with pertussis toxin. BSYSC was orally administrated at dose of 3.0 g/kg once a day for 40 days. The levels of protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, p-Tau, growth associated protein (GAP) -43, KI67 and Nestin in the brain or spinal cord on 20 and 40 day post-induction (dpi) were detected via immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, NogoA/NgR and RhoA/ROCK signaling molecules were studied by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Twenty or 40 days of treatment with BSYSC increased markedly PGP9.5 and GAP-43 levels, reduced p-Tau in the brain or spinal cord of mice with EAE. In addition, BSYSC elevated significantly the expression of KI67 and Nestin in the spinal cord 40 dpi. Further study showed that the activation of NogoA/NgR and RhoA/ROCK were suppressed by the presence of BSYSC. CONCLUSIONS: BSYSC could attenuate axonal injury and promote repair of axonal damage in EAE mice in part through the down-regulation of NogoA/NgR and RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways.

Performance analysis of fiber-based free-space optical communications with coherent detection spatial diversity.

The performances of fiber-based free-space optical (FSO) communications over gamma-gamma distributed turbulence are studied for multiple aperture receiver systems. The equal gain combining (EGC) technique is considered as a practical scheme to mitigate the atmospheric turbulence. Bit error rate (BER) performances for binary-phase-shift-keying-modulated coherent detection fiber-based free-space optical communications are derived and analyzed for EGC diversity receptions through an approximation method. To show the net diversity gain of a multiple aperture receiver system, BER performances of EGC are compared with a single monolithic aperture receiver system with the same total aperture area (same average total incident optical power on the aperture surface) for fiber-based free-space optical communications. The analytical results are verified by Monte Carlo simulations. System performances are also compared for EGC diversity coherent FSO communications with or without considering fiber-coupling efficiencies.

Performance analysis of satellite-to-ground downlink coherent optical communications with spatial diversity over Gamma-Gamma atmospheric turbulence.

The performances of satellite-to-ground downlink optical communications over Gamma-Gamma distributed atmospheric turbulence are studied for a coherent detection receiving system with spatial diversity. Maximum ratio combining (MRC) and selection combining (SC) techniques are considered as practical schemes to mitigate the atmospheric turbulence. Bit-error rate (BER) performances for binary phase-shift keying modulated coherent detection and outage probabilities are analyzed and compared for SC diversity using analytical results and for MRC diversity through an approximation method with different numbers of receiving aperture each with the same aperture area. To show the net diversity gain of a multiple aperture receiver system, BER performances and outage probabilities of MRC and SC multiple aperture receiver systems are compared with a single monolithic aperture with the same total aperture area (same total average incident optical power) for satellite-to-ground downlink optical communications. All the numerical results are verified by Monte-Carlo simulations.

[Clinical Value of Ultrasonography in Predicting Massive Hemorrhage during Cesarean Scar Pregnancy].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical value of ultrasonography in predicting massive haemorrhage during Cesarean scar pregnancy. METHODS: The clinical and ultrasonograhic data of 119 Cesarean scar pregnancy patients were retrospective analyzed. According to the amount of bleeding, these patients were divided into two groups:massive hemorrhage group and non-massive hemorrhage group. The potential risk factors of massive hemorrhage were analyzed with Logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The size and type of lesions, flow grade, and residual muscular thickness were screened as the risk factors of massive haemorrhage by Logistic regression model. When P=0.3 was applied as the cutoff value,the diagnostic accuracy was 90.75%;meanwhile,the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 88.23%, 91.76%, 81.08%, and 95.12%,respectively. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography can accurately predict the risk of massive hemorrhage during the Cesarean scar pregnancy.

[Correlation of Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound with Expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α in Transplanted Mice Mammary Cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation of contrast-enhanced pattern with expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and microvessel density (MVD) in mice breast cancer. METHODS: A total of 22 mice were implanted with breast cancer cells (Ca761) subcutanously in the thigh. The tumors were examined with conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) on days 4,6,7,8,9,10,and 11 after implantation and then sacrificed. Three or four mice were included each time. Expressions of HIF-1α and MVD in cancer tissues were detected immunohistochemically. Correlation of contrast-enhanced patterns with expression of HIF-1α and MVD in breast cancer was analyzed. RESULTS: Mice were divided into 3 groups according to the tumor volume:group 1 (volume<0.05 cm(3),n=5),group 2 (volume 0.05-0.75 cm(3),n=9),and group 3 (volume>0.75 cm(3),n=8). The CEUS pattern was different in different groups:four mice in group 1 presented as type 1 (peripheral ring enhancement with no enhancement within the tumor) and 1 case presented as type 2 (peripheral ring enhancement with deep penetration). Most mice in group 2 presented as type 3 (homogeneous or heterogeneous enhancement in the whole tumor,n=5). In group 3,most mice presented as type 4 (peripheral ring enhancement with focal nodular enhancement within the tumor,n=7). Contrast-enhanced pattern was significantly different in different volume groups (P<0.01). Enhanced pattern (type 1-4) was closely correlated with tumor volume (r=0.841,P<0.05). The expression of HIF-1α was negatively correlated with enhanced patterns (type 1-4) (r=-0.596,P＝0.003),but not with tumor volume (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in MVD values between different enhanced patterns (type 1-4),and there was no correlation between the MVD and tumor volumes (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: CEUS can be used as a noninvasive tool to monitor tumor angiogenesis in tumor and the enhanced patterns may reflect the expression of HIF-1α inside the tumor.

Protective effect of tanreqing injection on axon myelin damage in the brain of mouse model for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of Tanreqing injection on axon myelin in the mouse brain of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS: An EAE model was established by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 immunization in C57BL/6 mice. Mice were randomly divided into the following groups: normal, model, prednisone acetate (PA) (6 mg/kg), Tanreqing high dose (5.14 mL/kg), Tanreqing low dose (2.57 mL/kg). On the day of immunization, both Tanreqing groups were treated by intraperitoneal injection, with the PA group treated by intragastrical perfusion after T cell response, and the other groups treated with saline. Changes in body weight, neurological deficit score, incidence rate, mortality rate, and course of disease were observed for all mice. Brain tissue was isolated and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and pathological investigations performed to evaluate axon myelin damage by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Myelin basic protein and microtubule associated protein-2 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Tanreqing injection significantly prolonged EAE latency and decreased the neurological deficit score, alleviated infiltration of inflammatory cells in the focus area, up-regulated hippocampal MBP expression at the acute stage and the remission stage, and increased microtubule associated protein-2 expression in the EAE brain to varying degrees in the acute stage. TEM analysis indicated that Tanreqing injection alleviates myelin damage in the EAE mouse and maintains the integrity of circular layer structures and alleviates axon mitochondrial swelling. CONCLUSION: Tanreqing injection alleviates EAE symptoms.

Road surface crack detection based on improved YOLOv5s.

In response to the issues of low efficiency and high cost in traditional manual methods for road surface crack detection, an improved YOLOv5s (you only look once version 5 small) algorithm was proposed. Based on this improvement, a road surface crack object recognition model was established using YOLOv5s. First, based on the Res2Net (a new multi-scale backbone architecture) network, an improved multi-scale Res2-C3 (a new multi-scale backbone architecture of C3) module was suggested to enhance feature extraction performance. Second, the feature fusion network and backbone of YOLOv5 were merged with the GAM (global attention mechanism) attention mechanism, reducing information dispersion and enhancing the interaction of global dimensions features. We incorporated dynamic snake convolution into the feature fusion network section to enhance the model's ability to handle irregular shapes and deformation problems. Experimental results showed that the final revision of the model dramatically increased both the detection speed and the accuracy of road surface identification. The mean average precision (mAP) reached 93.9%, with an average precision improvement of 12.6% compared to the YOLOv5s model. The frames per second (FPS) value was 49.97. The difficulties of low accuracy and slow speed in road surface fracture identification were effectively addressed by the modified model, demonstrating that the enhanced model achieved relatively high accuracy while maintaining inference speed.