[Neural mechanisms of visual selective attention].

Because of a limited capacity of information processing in the brain, the efficient processing of visual information requires selecting only a very small fraction of visual inputs at any given moment in time. Attention is the main mechanism that controls this selection process, namely selective attention. Selective attention is the mechanism by which the subset of incoming information is preferentially processed from the complex external environment. Research on selective attention has two key issues. One is what targets (inputs) are selected by attention. There are three different types of selective attention according to its selected target: space-based, feature-based, and object-based attention. Another issue is how selective attention is generated. There are two different types of selective attention according to its generating source: top-down and bottom-up attention. In this review, these two issues are introduced to systematically discuss the neural mechanism of visual selective attention.

[Progress on pharmacokinetic study of antibody-drug conjugates].

Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a new class of therapeutics composed of a monoclonal antibody and small cytotoxin moieties conjugated through a chemical linker. ADC molecules bind to the target antigens expressed on the tumor cell surfaces guided by the monoclonal antibody component. The binding ADC molecules can be internalized and subsequently the toxin moieties can be released within the tumor cells via chemical and/or enzymatic reactions to kill the target cells. The conjugation combines the merits of both components, i.e., the high target specificity of the monoclonal antibody and the highly potent cell killing activity of the cytotoxin moieties. However, such complexities make the pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies of ADCs highly challenging. The major challenges should include characterization of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, investigation of underlying mechanisms, assessment of pharmacokinetic- pharmacodynamic relationship, and analytical method development of ADC drugs. This review will discuss common pharmacokinetic issues and considerations, as well as tools and strategies that can be utilized to characterize the pharmacokinetic and metabolic properties of ADCs.

[Effects of Simulated Nitrogen Deposition on Soil Microbial Carbon Metabolism in Calamagrostis angustifolia Wetland in Sanjiang Plain].

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition has a crucial impact on the structure and function of soil microorganisms of wetland ecosystems. Therefore, carrying out a study on the effects of soil carbon metabolism capacity has a great significance for the protection and utilization of wetland ecosystems. In this study, the effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on the carbon metabolic capacity of soil microorganisms in Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland for five consecutive years was investigated using Biolog-Eco technology. The results showed:① soil water content (SMC), pH, nitrate nitrogen (NO3-), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and total nitrogen (TN) contents were significantly different (P<0.05) under different nitrogen deposition conditions. ② The average well color development (AWCD) values of soil microorganisms within different N depositions were in the order of CK (control)>HN (high nitrogen treatment)>LN (low nitrogen treatment). LN significantly reduced the Shannon diversity index of soil microorganisms, and HN significantly reduced the Pielou index of soil microorganisms (P<0.05). ③ LN significantly inhibited the intensity of the utilization of carbohydrates, alcohols, amines, and acids by soil microorganisms (P<0.05); HN significantly promoted the utilization of esters by microorganisms, but HN caused soil microorganisms to inhibit the carbon sources of carbohydrates, amines, and acids (P<0.05). ④ Redundancy analysis showed that NH4+, DOC, and pH were the main environmental factors affecting the functional diversity of soil microbial communities in Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain. Long-term nitrogen deposition will lead to the reduction in soil microbial functional diversity; the microbial activity related to the utilization of carbon source substrates is also significantly reduced, and the ability of microorganisms to utilize a single carbon source substrate also changes.