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Thirteen new species are formally described: Cortinarius brunneocarpus from Pakistan, C. lilacinoarmillatus from India, Curvularia khuzestanica on Atriplex lentiformis from Iran, Gloeocantharellus neoechinosporus from China, Laboulbenia bernaliana on species of Apenes, Apristus, and Philophuga (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from Nicaragua and Panama, L. oioveliicola on Oiovelia machadoi (Hemiptera, Veliidae) from Brazil, L. termiticola on Macrotermes subhyalinus (Blattodea, Termitidae) from the DR Congo, Pluteus cutefractus from Slovenia, Rhizoglomus variabile from Peru, Russula phloginea from China, Stagonosporopsis flacciduvarum on Vitis vinifera from Italy, Strobilomyces huangshanensis from China, Uromyces klotzschianus on Rumex dentatus subsp. klotzschianus from Pakistan. The following new records are reported: Alternaria calendulae on Calendula officinalis from India; A. tenuissima on apple and quince fruits from Iran; Candelariella oleaginescens from Turkey; Didymella americana and D. calidophila on Vitis vinifera from Italy; Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing tip blight of Dianella tasmanica 'variegata' from India; Marasmiellus subpruinosus from Madeira, Portugal, new for Macaronesia and Africa; Mycena albidolilacea, M. tenuispinosa, and M. xantholeuca from Russia; Neonectria neomacrospora on Madhuca longifolia from India; Nothophoma quercina on Vitis vinifera from Italy; Plagiosphaera immersa on Urtica dioica from Austria; Rinodina sicula from Turkey; Sphaerosporium lignatile from Wisconsin, USA; and Verrucaria murina from Turkey. Multi-locus analysis of ITS, LSU, rpb1, tef1 sequences revealed that P. immersa, commonly classified within Gnomoniaceae (Diaporthales) or as Sordariomycetes incertae sedis, belongs to Magnaporthaceae (Magnaporthales). Analysis of a six-locus Ascomycota-wide dataset including SSU and LSU sequences of S. lignatile revealed that this species, currently in Ascomycota incertae sedis, belongs to Pyronemataceae (Pezizomycetes, Pezizales).
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Two new species of Phylloporus from Bangladesh forests dominated by Shorea robusta are described and illustrated, based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence. Phylloporus attenuatus is characterized by its wine-red to brownish-red pilei, decurrent lamellae that stain blue, downwards tapering stipe, a trichodermium pileipellis, and ellipsoidal-ovoid to ellipsoidal basidiospores (7-8 × 4-5 µm). Phylloporus catenulatus is characterized by its small-sized basidiomata with reddish-brown pilei, narrowly decurrent with distant lamellae that stain blue, a subepithelium pileipellis, and ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal-ovoid basidiospores (8-9.5 × 4-5 µm). Both new species of Phylloporus are distinctive from any known taxa based on phylogenetic analyses of partial sequences of the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS; including ITS1-ITS2 but not 5.8S) region, partial sequence of nuclear ribosomal large subunit (28S) domains D1 and D2, and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1α). Both species are compared with phenotypically similar taxa and illustrated with line drawings and photographs. A key to the species of Phylloporus known from Bangladesh is provided.
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Basidiomycota/classificação , Filogenia , Bangladesh , Basidiomycota/citologia , Basidiomycota/genética , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Dipterocarpaceae/microbiologia , Carpóforos/citologia , Técnicas de Tipagem Micológica , Fator 1 de Elongação de Peptídeos/genética , Especificidade da Espécie , Esporos Fúngicos/citologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the biological characteristics of Cordyceps ramosa mycelia. METHODS: The effects of temperature, pH, carbon source, nitrogen source and C/N ratio on the mycelial growth of Cordyceps ramosa were investigated. RESULTS: The optimum temperature, pH, carbon source, nitrogen source and C/N ratio for the mycelial growth were 25 degrees C, 5.0-7.0, soluble starch, yeast extract and 24:1, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results provide a reference for cultivation of Cordyceps ramosa.
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Cordyceps/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Micélio/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Carbono/metabolismo , Cordyceps/metabolismo , Meios de Cultura/química , Técnicas de Cultura/métodos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Micélio/metabolismo , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Amido/química , TemperaturaRESUMO
Species of Discinaceae are common macrofungi with a worldwide distribution. Some of them are commercially consumed, while a few others are reported as poisonous. Two genera were accepted in the family: the epigeous Gyromitra with discoid, cerebriform to saddle-shaped ascomata and the hypogeous Hydnotrya with globose or tuberous ascomata. However, due to discrepancies in their ecological behaviors, a comprehensive investigation of their relationship was not thoroughly explored. In this study, phylogenies of Discinaceae were reconstructed using sequence analyses of combined and separate three gene partitions (internal transcribed spacer [ITS], large subunit ribosomal DNA [LSU], and translation elongation factor [TEF]) with a matrix containing 116 samples. As a result, the taxonomy of the family was renewed. Eight genera were recognized: two of them (Gyromitra and Hydnotrya) were retained, three (Discina, Paradiscina, and Pseudorhizina) were revived, and three (Paragyromitra, Pseudodiscina, and Pseudoverpa) were newly established. Nine new combinations were made in four genera. Two new species in Paragyromitra and Pseudodiscina and an un-named taxon of Discina were described and illustrated in detail based on the materials collected from China. Furthermore, a key to the genera of the family was also provided. IMPORTANCE Taxonomy of the fungal family Discinaceae (Pezizales, Ascomycota) was significantly renewed on the basis of sequence analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU), and translation elongation factor (TEF). Eight genera were accepted, including three new genera; two new species were described; and nine new combinations were made. A key to the accepted genera of the family is provided. The aim of this study is to deepen the understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among genera of the group, as well as the associated generic concepts.
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Ascomicetos , Filogenia , Ascomicetos/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Fatores de Alongamento de Peptídeos/genética , DNA Fúngico/genéticaRESUMO
Species of Gyroporus from southern China were studied in this study. Based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU), and the mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate ATP synthase subunit 6 (atp6), Gyroporus was divided into four main branches in the phylogenetic tree, and four sections were firstly proposed i.e. Gyroporus sect. Castaneus, G. sect. Cyanescens, G. sect. Longicystidiatus and G. sect. Pallidus. Five new species, i.e. G. alboluteus, G. atrocyanescens, G. pseudolongicystidiatus, G. pallidus and G. subcaerulescens, were revealed from China, and their phylogenetic positions were also analysed. Among them, G. alboluteus and G. pallidus were nested into the sect. Pallidus, although morphologically similar to G. castaneus; G. atrocyanescens and G. subcaerulescens, with obvious cyanescent oxidation reactions, were nested into the sect. Cyanescens; and G. pseudolongicystidiatus characterised by its long cystidia and was nested into the sect. Longicystidiatus. The new species were formally described and illustrated in the present study, and a key to the sections and species of Gyroporus in China was provided.
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Based on phylogenetic analyses, some newly studied Chinese mushroom specimens were found to represent two distinct species within the genus Gymnopus. Along with G.fusipes (sect. Gymnopus) they form a distinct clade with high support, although their macromorphological characters seem to be closer to members of Gymnopus sect. Levipedes or sect. Vestipedes (Collybiopsis). When examined in detail, their micromorphological characters, especially the type of pileipellis, support them as new members of G. sect. Gymnopus. Therefore, two new species, G.omphalinoides and G.schizophyllus, and the emended circumscription of sect. Gymnopus are proposed in this paper. Detailed morphological descriptions, colour photos, illustrations of the two new species, morphological comparisons with similar taxa and the molecular-phylogenetic analyses of the combined nrITS and nrLSU data are presented. A key to the known species of G. sect. Gymnopus is also presented.
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Cantharellus is a well-known genus of edible mushrooms, belonging to the family Hydnaceae in the class Agaricomycetes. In this study, a phylogenetic overview of Cantharellus subg. Cinnabarinus and C. subg. Parvocantharellus in China is carried out with the description of four new species. Species description are based on morphological characters of basidiomata and phylogenetic analyses of multi-locus dataset of 28S + tef1 + rpb2. Among the new species, two species, C. chrysanthus and C. sinocinnabarinus, belong to C. subg. Cinnabarinus and two new species, C. convexus and C. neopersicinus, belong to C. subg. Parvocantharellus. Species delimitation characters of the new taxa are compared with closely related species. In addition, three new records of Cantharellus are reported for China: C. albovenosus and C. citrinus of subg. Cinnabarinus and C. koreanus of subg. Parvocantharellus. A key to the species of subg. Cinnabarinus in China was provided.
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An actinomycete, designated strain GIMN4.002(T), was isolated from a tomato rhizosphere soil sample in Guangzhou, China. The strain produces white aerial mycelium and dark blue diffusible pigment on Gause's synthetic agar, and microscopic observation revealed that it produces looped chains of spiny spores. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of the strain are typical of the genus Streptomyces. Melanin was produced and antibacterial activity was detected against Gram-positive micro-organisms, such as Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain GIMN4.002(T) had highest similarity (99.4â %) to Streptomyces lincolnensis B91; however, DNA-DNA relatedness between strain GIMN4.002(T) and S. lincolnensis NBRC 13054(T) was only 32.17â %. Further, the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of strain GIMN4.002(T) are distinct from S. lincolnensis and other species of the genus Streptomyces with which this strain has high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (98-99â %). On the basis of the physiological and molecular properties observed, it is proposed that strain GIMN4.002(T) represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces caeruleatus sp. nov. is proposed, with GIMN4.002(T) (=CCTCC M 208213(T) =NRRL B-24802(T)) as the type strain.
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Antibiose , Pigmentos Biológicos/metabolismo , Streptomyces/classificação , Streptomyces/isolamento & purificação , China , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Solanum lycopersicum , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Rizosfera , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Microbiologia do Solo , Streptomyces/genética , Streptomyces/fisiologiaRESUMO
Eight peptide toxins were isolated and purified from basidiocarps of Amanita exitialis with high performance liquid chromatography and were subjected to ultraviolet, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. We identified seven peptide toxins, α-amanitin, ß-amanitin, amaninamide, phallacin, phallacidin, phallisacin and desoxoviroidin. The molecular weight (729.5 Da) of the eighth compound did not match that of any reported Amanita toxins and, although the UV absorption spectrum indicated it to be a phallotoxin, further studies are required to identify this component. This is the first report of amaninamide, phallacin, phallisacin and desoxoviroidin in this lethal mushroom species.
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Amanita/química , Carpóforos/química , Micotoxinas/química , Micotoxinas/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Espectrometria de Massas , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/isolamento & purificação , Espectrofotometria UltravioletaRESUMO
Two new Phallus species, P.cremeo-ochraceus and P.rigidiindusiatus were discovered in southwestern and southern China, respectively. Phalluscremeo-ochraceus is morphologically characterized by its cream to ochraceous receptacle, white to very slightly pinkish indusium, white to pinkish pseudostipe and white to slightly purplish pink volva. Phallusrigidiindusiatus is characterized by a white to yellowish white receptacle, a strongly rigid indusium usually without serrated margin and smaller basidiospores than those of P.serratus. Phylogenetic positions of the two species are located in two independent lineages respectively. Detailed descriptions, color photographs, illustrations and a key to the related species are presented.
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The genus Cantharellus, commonly known as chanterelles, has recently been divided into six subgenera; however, wider sampling approaches are needed to clarify the relationships within and between these groups. A phylogenetic overview of Cantharellus subgenus Parvocantharellus in China was inferred based on the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nrLSU), the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2), and the transcription elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1). A total of nine species from China were assigned to the subgenus, including seven novel species, namely Cantharellusaurantinus, C. austrosinensis, C. galbanus, C. luteolus, C. luteovirens, C. minioalbus, and C. sinominior, and two known species, namely C. albus and C. zangii. The detailed descriptions and illustrations were provided based on the newly obtained data, with the comparisons to closely related species. C. zangii was restudied based on the paratype specimens and multiple new collections from the type locality. Futhermore, the Indian species C. sikkimensis was identified as a synonym of C. zangii based on the morphological and molecular analyses. A key to the Chinese species belonging to the subg. Parvocantharellus is also provided.
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Members of Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus-complex or olive waxcaps have both ecological and economic significance. European and North American species diversity of this fungal group has been presented in recent molecular phylogenetic studies, but no Chinese materials were included. In this study, a phylogenetic overview of the H. olivaceoalbus-complex based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences was made, and a local popular edible species from southwestern China was described as a new species H. annulatus. This new species is characterized by grayish brown, olive brown to dark brown pileus disc, inflexed to deflexed pileus margin, obvious and dark brown annulus, basidiospores measuring (8.0-)8.5-11.0(-12.0) × 5.0-7.5(-8.0) µm, and the distribution in subalpine forests dominated by Abies and/or Picea in southwestern China.
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Blackening waxcaps (Hygrocybe subsect. Hygrocybe) are a group of colorful and attractive mushrooms. However, the species diversity of subsect. Hygrocybe in China is still poorly known due to the limited sampling. In this study, three new species of this group from Guangdong Province, China are described and illustrated based on their morphological characteristics and molecular analyses of the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit ribosomal DNA regions. Hygrocybe debilipes from grasslands of South China Sea islands is mainly characterized by its orange red to vivid red pileus, fragile stipe, and ellipsoid to oblong basidiospores; H. griseonigricans from woodlands is characterized by its whitish to dull yellow pileus, quick black discoloration and the globose, subglobose to broadly ovoid basidiospores; H. rubroconica from woodlands is characterized by the hemispheric to plano-convex pileus when mature, semitranslucent fibrose stipe, and globose to ellipsoid basidiospores.
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.61.46446.].
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Amanita fuligineoides, a lethal mushroom discovered in China, contains abundant cyclic peptide toxins that can cause fatal poisoning. However, the MSDIN gene family encoding for these cyclic peptides in A. fuligineoides has not been systematically studied. In this research, the transcriptome sequencing of A. fuligineoides was performed and its MSDIN family members were analyzed. A total of 4.41 Gb data containing 30833 unigenes was obtained; sequence alignments throughout several databases were done to obtain their functional annotations. Based on these annotations, MSDIN genes were found and verified by RT-PCR. A total of 29 different core peptides were obtained: 3 toxin genes, encoding ß-amanitin (ß-AMA), phalloidin (PHD), and phallacidin (PCD), and 26 genes encoding unknown cyclic peptides, 20 of which are reported for the first time and may encode for novel cyclic peptides. Analysis of the predicted precursor peptides indicated that octocyclic peptides were the main MSDIN peptides synthesized by A. fuligineoides, accounting for the 45%. A phylogenetic analysis suggested that studied precursor peptides could be clustered into 7 clades, which might represent different functionalities. Results suggested that A. fuligineoides might have a strong capacity to synthesize cyclopeptides, laying the foundation for their excavation and utilization.
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Amanita/genética , Peptídeos Cíclicos/genética , Alfa-Amanitina , Amanitinas , Sequência de Aminoácidos , China , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Alinhamento de Sequência , Toxinas Biológicas , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Hygrophorus subsect. Hygrophorus has been relatively well-studied in Europe and North America, but studies on the taxa in Asia, particularly in China, are still limited. In this study, phylogenetic overviews of genus Hygrophorus, based on the nuclear large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA gene and of subsect. Hygrophorus, based on the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were generated. Four new species, i.e. H. brunneodiscus, H. fuscopapillatus, H. glutiniceps and H. griseodiscus are described from southern China; and a rarely reported edible species H. hedrychii is described in detail, based upon the materials from north-eastern China. The main characteristics of the species under subsect. Hygrophorus worldwide are summarised in a table.
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Two new lamellar species, Camarophyllopsis olivaceogrisea and Hodophilus glaberripes, of the family Clavariaceae were discovered in the subtropical zone of China. Camarophyllopsis olivaceogrisea is morphologically characterized by its hygrophanous basidiomata, greenish gray to dull green pileus, shortly decurrent lamellae, broadly elliptic basidiospores 4-5.5 × 3.5-4.5 µm in size, and cutis-like pileipellis composed of cylindrical cells. Hodophilus glaberripes is mainly characterized by its white to brownish pileus, glabrous stipe, slight yam bean smell, broadly elliptic basidiospores 5-6.5 × 4-5 µm in size, and epithelium-like pileipellis composed of inflated cells. Phylogenetic placement of the two species was determined by the combined analyses of a DNA data matrix containing ITS and LSU, and showed that collections of the two species formed two independent lineages in the Camarophyllopsis and Hodophilus clades respectively. The delimitation of C. olivaceogrisea and H. glaberripes were evaluated using molecular, morphological, and ecological methods. This is the first report of the genera Camarophyllopsis and Hodophilus in China.
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The type of Rossbeeverabispora and additional collections from the type location and adjacent areas were studied. Molecular data for R.bispora derived from the new collections are provided. In addition, R.griseobrunnea, a new species of Rossbeevera, is described from Xiangtoushan National Nature Reserve, Guangdong Province of China. The new species is characterized by its globose to subglobose sequestrate basidiomata with grayish white to grayish brown pileus, pale bluish discoloration in some parts of the hymenophore when injured becoming rusty brown to dark brown after being exposed to the air, fusoid (star-shaped in cross section) basidiospores 17-20 × 9-12 µm, and subcutis elements in the pileus. Based on multi-locus (ITS+nrLSU+tef1-α+rpb2) molecular phylogenetic analyses, both species appear as sister to R.paracyanea. We present color photos, macro- and micro-description, SEM basidiospores, molecular affinities of the species and compare them with morphologically similar taxa within the genus. A key to the species known from northern and southern hemispheres is provided.
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In this study, species relationships of the genus Aureoboletus were studied, based on both morphological characteristics and a four-gene (nrLSU, tef1-a, rpb1 and rpb2) phylogenetic inference. Thirty-five species of the genus have been revealed worldwide, forming eight major clades in the phylogenetic tree, of which twenty-four species have been found in China, including six new species: A. glutinosus, A. griseorufescens, A. raphanaceus, A. sinobadius, A. solus, A. velutipes and a new combination A. miniatoaurantiacus (Bi & Loh) Ming Zhang, N.K. Zeng & T.H. Li proposed here. A key to 24 known Chinese species has been provided.
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Entoloma subgenus Claudopus is widely distributed, yet the taxonomy and systematics of its species are still poorly documented. In the present study, more than forty collections of Claudopus were gathered in China and subsequently analysed, based on morphological and molecular data. The results revealed first a high level of species diversity of Claudopus in China and second, there is a wide ecological range regarding the substrates and the habitats ranging from temperate, tropical to subalpine locations. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, five novel species from China are proposed, viz. E. conchatum, E. flabellatum, E. gregarium, E. pleurotoides and E. reductum. Molecular phylogeny of Entoloma s.l. was also reconstructed, based on 187 representatives of Entoloma s.l. by employing the combined ITS, LSU, mtSSU and RPB2 sequences. Ten monophyletic clades (Claudopus, Leptonia, Nolanea, Cuboid-spored Inocephalus, "Alboleptonia", Cyanula, Pouzarella, Rhodopolia, Prunuloides and Rusticoides) were recovered, while 13 taxa could not be placed in any defined clades. The results confirmed that Claudopus in a traditional morphological sense is not monophyletic and the Rusticoides-group, previously considered within Claudopus, formed a separate clade; but section Claudopus and relatives of E. undatum belong to a distinctive monophyletic group. Despite some monophyletic groups in Entoloma s.l. being distinctive in both morphology and molecular phylogeny, they were still treated as subgenera of Entoloma s.l. temporarily, because accepting them as genera will make Entoloma s.l. paraphyletic.