RESUMO
Despite the rapid development of numerous types of treatment, including radiotherapy (RT) as the main strategy, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has a poor prognosis. Recent studies demonstrated that immunotherapy can improve the survival of patients with locally advanced and metastatic ESCC. Furthermore, previous studies reported that the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 is significantly associated with esophageal cancer prognosis. At present, several ongoing clinical trials have extended the use of immunotherapy from palliative and salvage treatments to neoadjuvant treatment with concurrent chemoradiation. The first- or second-line treatments were used to explore antitumor efficacy with reduced adverse events. The combination of RT and immunotherapy can exert a local therapeutic effect and improve the function of the immune system, enhancing antitumor efficacy. This review investigated the role of immunotherapy and radiotherapy in ESCC and described the potential efficacy of combining immunotherapy with radiotherapy in ESCC.
RESUMO
Synchronous breast and cutaneous metastases from colorectal adenocarcinoma as the initial clinical manifestation, without visceral metastases, are extremely rare. We herein report the case of a 68-year-old female patient who presented with pruritic skin lesions and a breast lump 6 years after abdominoperineal resection of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Such cases can be easily misdiagnosed as cutaneous metastasis from breast cancer. However, the management of colorectal metastases differs from that of primary breast cancer, and mastectomy may be unnecessary. Timely and accurate diagnosis requires a high level of suspicion, thorough medical clinical history and biopsy followed by immunohistological examination. Specific immunohistochemical markers, such as cytokeratin (CK)7, CK20 and CDX2, may help differentiate between primary breast and metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma.