Immunosuppressive therapy in elderly patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a retrospective multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: The risk-benefit relationship of immunosuppressive therapies (ISTs) for elderly patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is not well established. This study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of IST in elderly patients with NMOSD. METHODS: This retrospective study analysed IST efficacy and safety in 101 patients with aquaporin-4 antibody-positive NMOSD aged over 65 years, treated for at least 6 months at five Korean referral centres, focusing on relapse rates, infection events and discontinuation due to adverse outcomes. RESULTS: The mean age at disease onset was 59.8 years, and female-to-male ratio was 4:1. Concomitant comorbidities at NMOSD diagnosis were found in 87 patients (86%). The median Expanded Disability Status Scale score at the initiation of IST was 3.5. The administered ISTs included azathioprine (n=61, 60%), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (n=48, 48%) and rituximab (n=41, 41%). Over a median of 5.8 years of IST, 58% of patients were relapse-free. The median annualised relapse rate decreased from 0.76 to 0 (p<0.001), and 81% experienced improved or stabilised disability. Patients treated with rituximab had a higher relapse-free rate than those treated with azathioprine or MMF (p=0.022). During IST, 21 patients experienced 25 severe infection events (SIEs) over the age of 65 years, and 3 died from pneumonia. 14 patients (14%) experienced 17 adverse events that led to switching or discontinuation of IST. When comparing the incidence rates of SIEs and adverse events, no differences were observed among patients receiving azathioprine, MMF and rituximab. CONCLUSION: In elderly patients with NMOSD, IST offers potential benefits in reducing relapse rates alongside a tolerable risk of adverse events.

Impact of COVID-19 Infection and Its Association With Previous Vaccination in Patients With Myasthenia Gravis in Korea: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) were more susceptible to poor outcomes owing to respiratory muscle weakness and immunotherapy. Several studies conducted in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic reported higher mortality in patients with MG compared to the general population. This study aimed to investigate the clinical course and prognosis of COVID-19 in patients with MG and to compare these parameters between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients in South Korea. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective study, which was conducted at 14 tertiary hospitals in South Korea, reviewed the medical records and identified MG patients who contracted COVID-19 between February 2022 and April 2022. The demographic and clinical characteristics associated with MG and vaccination status were collected. The clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infection and MG were investigated and compared between the vaccinated and unvaccinated patients. RESULTS: Ninety-two patients with MG contracted COVID-19 during the study. Nine (9.8%) patients required hospitalization, 4 (4.3%) of whom were admitted to the intensive care unit. Seventy-five of 92 patients were vaccinated before contracting COVID-19 infection, and 17 were not. During the COVID-19 infection, 6 of 17 (35.3%) unvaccinated patients were hospitalized, whereas 3 of 75 (4.0%) vaccinated patients were hospitalized (P < 0.001). The frequencies of ICU admission and mechanical ventilation were significantly lower in the vaccinated patients than in the unvaccinated patients (P = 0.019 and P = 0.032, respectively). The rate of MG deterioration was significantly lower in the vaccinated patients than in the unvaccinated patients (P = 0.041). Logistic regression after weighting revealed that the risk of hospitalization and MG deterioration after COVID-19 infection was significantly lower in the vaccinated patients than in the unvaccinated patients. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the clinical course and prognosis of patients with MG who contracted COVID-19 during the dominance of the omicron variant of COVID-19 may be milder than those at the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic when vaccination was unavailable. Vaccination may reduce the morbidity of COVID-19 in patients with MG and effectively prevent MG deterioration induced by COVID-19 infection.

Distinct features of B cell receptors in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder among CNS inflammatory demyelinating diseases.

BACKGROUND: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) stands out among CNS inflammatory demyelinating diseases (CIDDs) due to its unique disease characteristics, including severe clinical attacks with extensive lesions and its association with systemic autoimmune diseases. We aimed to investigate whether characteristics of B cell receptors (BCRs) differ between NMOSD and other CIDDs using high-throughput sequencing. METHODS: From a prospective cohort, we recruited patients with CIDDs and categorized them based on the presence and type of autoantibodies: NMOSD with anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) with anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies, double-seronegative demyelinating disease (DSN), and healthy controls (HCs). The BCR features, including isotype class, clonality, somatic hypermutation (SHM), and the third complementarity-determining region (CDR3) length, were analyzed and compared among the different disease groups. RESULTS: Blood samples from 33 patients with CIDDs (13 NMOSD, 12 MOGAD, and 8 DSN) and 34 HCs were investigated for BCR sequencing. Patients with NMOSD tended to have more activated BCR features compare to the other disease groups. They showed a lower proportion of unswitched isotypes (IgM and IgD) and a higher proportion of switched isotypes (IgG), increased clonality of BCRs, higher rates of SHM, and shorter lengths of CDR3. Notably, advanced age was identified as a clinical factor associated with these activated BCR features, including increased levels of clonality and SHM rates in the NMOSD group. Conversely, no such clinical factors were found to be associated with activated BCR features in the other CIDD groups. CONCLUSIONS: NMOSD patients, among those with CIDDs, displayed the most pronounced B cell activation, characterized by higher levels of isotype class switching, clonality, SHM rates, and shorter CDR3 lengths. These findings suggest that B cell-mediated humoral immune responses and characteristics in NMOSD patients are distinct from those observed in the other CIDDs, including MOGAD. Age was identified as a clinical factor associated with BCR activation specifically in NMOSD, implying the significance of persistent B cell activation attributed to anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies, even in the absence of clinical relapses throughout an individual's lifetime.

Longitudinal follow-up of serum biomarkers in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

BACKGROUND: Recently, several serum biomarkers have been proposed in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) to monitor disease activity. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to evaluate the longitudinal clinical value of serum biomarkers in patients with NMOSD. METHODS: We prospectively recruited consecutive NMOSD patients with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody and obtained serum samples at enrollment, after 6-12 months of follow-up (main period), and at attacks. Using single-molecule array assays, we evaluated longitudinal changes of serum neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and GFAP/NfL levels. RESULTS: Overall, 64 patients (58 women) were enrolled (age: 51 years, disease duration: 6.7 years) and 133 samples were obtained. Among patients who did not develop new attacks during the main period (n = 62), serum levels of NfL, GFAP, and GFAP/NfL were significantly decreased over time in patients with attacks (<2 months) at enrollment (n = 14 (23%)), whereas serum NfL and GFAP levels gradually increased in the others (n = 48 (77%)). During the study, five (8%) patients developed new attacks; only serum GFAP levels increased consistently upon these events compared with baseline levels. To differentiate attacks from remissions, serum GFAP levels showed the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.876, 95% confidence interval: 0.801-0.951). CONCLUSION: Among NfL, GFAP, and GFAP/NfL, serum GFAP might be the most appropriate for monitoring NMOSD longitudinally, which warrants future confirming studies.

Comparison of MOG and AQP4 antibody seroprevalence in Korean adults with inflammatory demyelinating CNS diseases.

We aimed to compare seroprevalence of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies in Korean adults with inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IDDs) of the central nervous system (CNS), based on a multicenter nationwide database. Sera were analyzed using a live cell-based assay for MOG and AQP4 antibodies. Of 586 Korean adults with IDDs of the CNS, 36 (6.1%) and 185 (31.6%) tested positive for MOG and AQP4 antibodies, respectively. No participant showed double positivity. Seroprevalence of MOG antibodies was about five times lower than that of AQP4 antibodies in a large cohort of Korean adults with IDDs of the CNS.

Identification of extremely rare mitochondrial disorders by whole exome sequencing.

Whole exome sequencing (WES) is an effective tool for the genetic diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders due to various nuclear genetic defects. In this study, three patients affected by extremely rare mitochondrial disorders caused by nuclear genetic defects are described. The medical records of each patient were reviewed to obtain clinical symptoms, results of biochemical and imaging studies, and muscle biopsies. WES and massive parallel sequencing of whole mtDNA were performed for each patient. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and complex activity I and IV was measured. Patients 1 and 2 had exhibited global developmental delay and seizure since early infancy. Blood lactate, the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, and urinary excretion of Krebs cycle intermediates were markedly elevated. Patient 1 also was noted for ophthalmoplegia. Patient 2 had left ventricular hypertrophy and ataxia. Patient 3 developed dysarthria, gait disturbance, and right-side weakness at age 29. Brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated abnormal signal intensity involving the bilateral thalami, midbrain, or pons. Based on WES, patient 1 had p.Glu415Gly and p.Arg484Trp variants in MTO1. In patient 2, p.Gln111ThrfsTer5 and RNA mis-splicing were identified in TSFM. Patient 3 carried p.Met151Thr and p.Met246Lys variants in AARS2. Skin fibroblasts of three patients exhibited decreased OCRs and complex 1 activity, and mitochondrial DNA was normal. These results demonstrate the utility of WES for identifying the genetic cause of extremely rare mitochondrial disorders, which has implications for genetic counseling.

Factors predicting remission in thymectomized patients with acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive myasthenia gravis.

INTRODUCTION: Although thymectomy is an important therapeutic option for myasthenia gravis (MG), factors predicting remission after thymectomy are not well known. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients with acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR-Ab)-positive MG who had undergone thymectomy. Prognostic factors predicting remission were investigated. Changes in AChR-Ab titer before and after thymectomy were also evaluated. RESULTS: Among the 179 patients, 52.5% achieved complete stable or pharmacologic remission. Nonthymomatous pathology and mild preoperative status were favorable predictors of remission. The decrease in AChR-Ab titer after thymectomy was significant in nonthymomatous MG but not in thymomatous MG. DISCUSSION: Nonthymomatous pathology and mild preoperative status are prognostic factors that may predict remission after thymectomy. The decrease in AChR-Ab titer after thymectomy was significant in nonthymomatous MG but not in thymomatous MG, suggesting that the pathogenic role of the thymus differs according to pathology. Muscle Nerve 58:796-800, 2018.

Correlation between the CAG repeat size and electrophysiological findings in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.

INTRODUCTION: Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat in the androgen receptor gene. The relationship between the CAG repeat size and electrophysiological findings is not completely understood. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 62 SBMA patients to assess the correlation between their CAG repeat size and electrophysiological findings. RESULTS: In multiple regression analysis including age at examination and disease duration, we identified a negative correlation between the CAG repeat size and the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude. No significant correlation was found between the CAG repeat size and sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitude. DISCUSSION: Contrary to previous reports of motor- and sensory-dominant phenotypes correlating with CAG repeat sizes, the CAG repeat size was negatively correlated only with CMAP amplitude, and not with SNAP amplitude. Muscle Nerve 57: 683-686, 2018.

New grading system for the clinical evaluation of patients with spinal vascular lesions.

PURPOSE: Neurointerventional approaches have improved myelopathy in patients with spinal vascular lesions by providing effective management, particularly when surgical approaches are difficult. However, there have been challenges in describing and comparing recovery status during the post-treatment period. METHODS: We evaluated 43 patients with venous congestive myelopathy (VCM) using Aminoff-Logue Disability Scale for gait (AL-G) and micturition (AL-M) scores. These results were compared with our new PSMS grading system that evaluates four categories (grades 0-3): pain, sensory symptoms, motor deficit, and sphincter change. Simple linear regression was used to identify the association or trend among the scales. We also calculated an overall area under the receiver operating characteristic curve to compare the predictive ability of the PSMS system with that of the previous grading system (AL-G and AL-M). RESULTS: Compared with other grading system, the PSMS system was more sensitively correlated with patient status and the results were easy to compare with previous clinical statuses during follow-up. The PSMS system also measured pain, which is commonly associated with spinal dural arteriovenous fistula and not precisely evaluated by other grading system. CONCLUSIONS: The new PSMS grading system for patients with VCM correlated well with the previously used systems and included pain evaluation. This new grading system is an easy tool for the evaluation and comparison of outcomes before and after endovascular treatment.

Electrophysiologic features of POEMS syndrome compared with MGUS-related neuropathy.

INTRODUCTION: Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) are paraproteinemic disorders that can cause demyelinating polyneuropathy. Herein we assessed the findings of nerve conduction studies (NCS) in patients with POEMS syndrome and MGUS-related neuropathy to determine whether the NCS characteristics can help differentiate between these conditions. METHODS: We enrolled 24 POEMS and 37 MGUS-related neuropathy patients. NCS parameters, including compound muscle action potential (CMAP), motor conduction velocity (MCV), and terminal latency index (TLI), were evaluated. RESULTS: Compared with MGUS-related neuropathy patients, POEMS syndrome patients demonstrated a greater reduction in both the upper and lower limb CMAPs and a greater reduction in the median and ulnar MCVs. The TLIs were significantly higher in POEMS patients. DISCUSSION: NCS can help distinguish POEMS syndrome from MGUS-related neuropathy. Reduced CMAPs, slow MCVs, and high TLIs are indicative of POEMS syndrome rather than MGUS-related neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 56: E73-E77, 2017.

Histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient maps for differentiating primary CNS lymphomas from tumefactive demyelinating lesions.

OBJECTIVE: This study intended to investigate the usefulness of histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps for discriminating primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSLs), especially atypical PCNSLs, from tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDLs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-seven patients with PCNSLs and 18 with TDLs were enrolled in our study. Hyperintense lesions seen on T2-weighted images were defined as ROIs after ADC maps were registered to the corresponding T2-weighted image. ADC histograms were calculated from the ROIs containing the entire lesion on every section and on a voxel-by-voxel basis. The ADC histogram parameters were compared among all PCNSLs and TDLs as well as between the subgroup of atypical PCNSLs and TDLs. ROC curves were constructed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the histogram parameters and to determine the optimum thresholds. RESULTS: The differences between the PCNSLs and TDLs were found in the minimum ADC values (ADCmin) and in the 5th and 10th percentiles (ADC5% and ADC10%) of the cumulative ADC histograms. However, no statistical significance was found in the mean ADC value or in the ADC value concerning the mode, kurtosis, and skewness. The ADCmin, ADC5%, and ADC10% were also lower in atypical PCNSLs than in TDLs. ADCmin was the best indicator for discriminating atypical PCNSLs from TDLs, with a threshold of 556×10(-6) mm2/s (sensitivity, 81.3 %; specificity, 88.9%). CONCLUSION: Histogram analysis of ADC maps may help to discriminate PCNSLs from TDLs and may be particularly useful in differentiating atypical PCNSLs from TDLs.

Improved skin flap survival in venous ischemia-reperfusion injury with the use of adipose-derived stem cells.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of stem cell therapy as an adjuvant treatment for congested skin flap. METHOD: Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 21) were randomized into three groups. In group I, the flap was sutured without venous ischemia. In group II, the vein was selectively clamped for 4 hours, and complete medium was administered upon clamp removal. In group III, ADSCs were administered upon removing the clamp. On postoperative day 7, the survival areas and the histopathologic findings were assessed. In addition, the expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB was assessed using immunofluorescent staining and western blot analyses. RESULTS: Compared with group II, group III showed significantly increased flap survival (31.2% ± 11.9% vs. 51.6% ± 13.6%, P < 0.05). The degree of histological abnormalities was significantly lower in group III than in group II (9.38% ± 1.39 vs. 6.46% ± 2.57, P < 0.05). In addition, in group III, the expression of NF-κB was significantly lower (0.51 ± 0.21 vs. 0.34 ± 0.21, P < 0.05), whereas that of HO-1 was significantly higher (0.25 ± 0.11 vs. 0.43 ± 0.18, P < 0.01). Immunofluorescent staining also showed more HO-1-positive cells in group III than in group II (10.9% ± 1.6% vs. 16.0% ± 1.7%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that treatment with ADSCs significantly increased flap survival in venous ischemia-reperfusion conditions. Further investigation of these protective effects and optimization of the treatment protocol could make cell therapy a viable treatment.

Emotional disturbance in CADASIL: its impact on quality of life and caregiver burden.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recurrent strokes and cognitive dysfunction are the major symptoms of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). However, emotional disturbances in CADASIL patients are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate emotional disturbances in CADASIL and their impact on the patients' quality of life (QOL) and caregiver burden. METHODS: From 54 patients who were diagnosed as CADASIL between January 2000 and August 2012 in the Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, 23 patients were enrolled in this study. The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale was used for the assessment of depressive emotional disturbances (DED). For nondepressive emotional disturbances (NDED), the criteria of Kim and Choi-Kwon [Neurology 2000;54:1805-1810] were used for emotional incontinence (excessive/inappropriate expression of laughing or crying), and the modified Spielberger Trait Anger Scale was used for anger proneness (excessive/inappropriate expression of anger). Patients' QOL and caregiver burden were assessed with stroke-specific emotional QOL and the Sense of Competence Questionnaire (SCQ), respectively. Functional disability was assessed by the modified Rankin scale (mRS), and white matter ischemic changes and microbleeds were analyzed using brain magnetic resonance images. RESULTS: Twelve patients (52.2%) had various emotional disturbances including DED (n=10, 43.5%) and NDED (n=7, 30.4%). The presence of any emotional disturbances was associated with thalamic (p=0.012) and cortical (p=0.037) microbleeds, mRS (p=0.001), cognitive impairment (p=0.002), patients' low QOL (p=0.009) and increased caregiver burden (p=0.002). DED was associated with multiple (≥10) microbleeds (p=0.039), cognitive impairment (p=0.030) and mRS (p=0.030), and negatively influenced all domains of patients' QOL and caregiver burden. NDED was associated with cortical microbleeds (p=0.017) and mRS (p=0.014). Unlike DED, NDED was not associated with patients' poor QOL, except for thinking domain, but was significantly related to total SCQ and subscales 1 and 2 of SCQ (p=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: More than half the CADASIL patients had emotional disturbances, either DED or NDED. Both are associated with patients' poor QOL and increased caregiver burden, the former more markedly than the latter. Considering that CADASIL is a progressive disease with deteriorating patients' QOL, physicians have to pay more attention to emotional problems in CADASIL patients. Treatment strategies should be investigated in this regard to improve patients' QOL and reduce caregiver burden.

First-ever optic neuritis: distinguishing subsequent neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis.

To identify factors distinguishing subsequent neuromyelitis optica (NMO) from multiple sclerosis (MS) after first-ever optic neuritis (ON), we compared ophthalmic findings and MRI features of 24 NMO and 55 MS patients who initially presented with ON. The female-to-male ratio was higher, and bilateral ON was more common in NMO patients than in MS patients (p = 0.044 and p = 0.020, respectively). The visual acuity (VA) score was higher in NMO patients (p = 0.034), and a greater proportion of NMO patients had a VA score ≥ 5 (p = 0.003). The frequency of patients without pattern-reversal and flash visual evoked potentials was higher in the NMO group (p = 0.015). Brain MRI abnormalities were more common in the MS group (p = 0.001). The optic chiasm was affected in 25 % of NMO patients and was unaffected in MS patients, although it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.096). There were no differences with respect to the severity of swelling and enhancement of the optic nerve. In conclusion, severe optic nerve damage at the first ON attack was associated with subsequent development of NMO, whereas presence of brain MRI abnormalities was associated with developing MS.

Digital symbol-digit modalities test with modified flexible protocols in patients with CNS demyelinating diseases.

Cognitive impairment (CI) is prevalent in central nervous system demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). We developed a novel tablet-based modified digital Symbol Digit Modalities Test (MD-SDMT) with adjustable protocols that feature alternating symbol-digit combinations in each trial, lasting one or two minutes. We assessed 144 patients (99 with MS and 45 with NMOSD) using both MD-SDMT protocols and the traditional paper-based SDMT. We also gathered participants' feedback through a questionnaire regarding their preferences and perceived reliability. The results showed strong correlations between MD-SDMT and paper-based SDMT scores (Pearsons correlation: 0.88 for 2 min; 0.85 for 1 min, both p < 0.001). Among the 120 respondents, the majority preferred the digitalized SDMT (55% for the 2 min, 39% for the 1 min) over the paper-based version (6%), with the 2 min MD-SDMT reported as the most reliable test. Notably, patients with NMOSD and older individuals exhibited a preference for the paper-based test, as compared to those with MS and younger patients. In summary, even with short test durations, the digitalized SDMT effectively evaluates cognitive function in MS and NMOSD patients, and is generally preferred over the paper-based method, although preferences may vary with patient characteristics.

Blood sphingolipid as a novel biomarker in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

BACKGROUND: Sphingolipids are signaling molecules and structural components of the axolemma and myelin sheath. Plasma sphingolipid levels may reflect disease status of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). We aimed to examine plasma sphingolipids as disease severity biomarkers for NMOSD and compare their characteristics with those of serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP). METHODS: We measured plasma sphingolipids, sNfL, and sGFAP levels in NMOSD cases with anti-aquaporin-4-antibody. An unbiased approach, partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), was utilized to determine whether sphingolipid profiles differ according to the disease state of NMOSD (presence, moderate-to-severe disability [Expanded Disease Severity Scale, (EDSS) > 3.0], and relapses). RESULTS: We investigated 81 patients and 10 controls. PLS-DA models utilizing sphingolipids successfully differentiated patients with EDSS > 3.0, but failed to identify the presence of disease and relapses. Ceramide-C14-a significant contributor to differentiating EDSS > 3.0-positively correlated with EDSS, while its levels were independent of age and the presence of relapses. This characteristic was unique from those of sNfL and sGFAP, which were affected by age and relapses as well as EDSS. CONCLUSION: Plasma sphingolipids may be useful NMOSD biomarkers for disability with distinct characteristics compared to sNfL and sGFAP.

Differentiated pattern of complement system activation between MOG-IgG-associated disease and AQP4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Background: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG) immunoglobulin G (IgG)-associated disease (MOGAD) has clinical and pathophysiological features that are similar to but distinct from those of aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-IgG)-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (AQP4-NMOSD). MOG-IgG and AQP4-IgG, mostly of the IgG1 subtype, can both activate the complement system. Therefore, we investigated whether the levels of serum complement components, regulators, and activation products differ between MOGAD and AQP4-NMOSD, and if complement analytes can be utilized to differentiate between these diseases. Methods: The sera of patients with MOGAD (from during an attack and remission; N=19 and N=9, respectively) and AQP4-NMOSD (N=35 and N=17), and healthy controls (N=38) were analyzed for C1q-binding circulating immune complex (CIC-C1q), C1 inhibitor (C1-INH), factor H (FH), C3, iC3b, and soluble terminal complement complex (sC5b-9). Results: In attack samples, the levels of C1-INH, FH, and iC3b were higher in the MOGAD group than in the NMOSD group (all, p<0.001), while the level of sC5b-9 was increased only in the NMOSD group. In MOGAD, there were no differences in the concentrations of complement analytes based on disease status. However, within AQP4-NMOSD, remission samples indicated a higher C1-INH level than attack samples (p=0.003). Notably, AQP4-NMOSD patients on medications during attack showed lower levels of iC3b (p<0.001) and higher levels of C3 (p=0.008), C1-INH (p=0.004), and sC5b-9 (p<0.001) compared to those not on medication. Among patients not on medication at the time of attack sampling, serum MOG-IgG cell-based assay (CBA) score had a positive correlation with iC3b and C1-INH levels (rho=0.764 and p=0.010, and rho=0.629 and p=0.049, respectively), and AQP4-IgG CBA score had a positive correlation with C1-INH level (rho=0.836, p=0.003). Conclusions: This study indicates a higher prominence of complement pathway activation and subsequent C3 degradation in MOGAD compared to AQP4-NMOSD. On the other hand, the production of terminal complement complexes (TCC) was found to be more substantial in AQP4-NMOSD than in MOGAD. These findings suggest a strong regulation of the complement system, implying its potential involvement in the pathogenesis of MOGAD through mechanisms that extend beyond TCC formation.

Factors associated with the effectiveness of plasma exchange for the treatment of NMO-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.

To identify factors associated with plasma exchange response in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorders, the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of 31 NMO-IgG-positive patients receiving plasma exchange for steroid-resistant exacerbations were analyzed. Functional improvement was observed in 65% of the patients. A lower baseline Expanded Disability Status Scale score was associated with favorable response (p = 0.040). Patients without cord atrophy had a higher success rate than patients with atrophy (p = 0.016). Levels of NMO-IgG did not differ between responders and non-responders before and after plasma exchange. In conclusion, a minimal pre-existing disability is the primary determinant of the effectiveness of plasma exchange.

Clinical and neuroimaging characteristics in neurodegenerative overlap syndrome.

Neurodegenerative overlap syndrome has been considered as a wide spectrum of motor neuron disease (MND), parkinsonism, or dementia. Specially, clinically overt parkinsonism occurs more often than expected in patients with motor neuron disease (MND), and diverse clinical manifestations of concurrent parkinsonism have been reported. We aimed to clarify clinical and functional imaging characteristics in patients with combined MND and parkinsonism. Of 732 patients diagnosed with MND over 22 consecutive years, eight patients (all men; mean age 62.8 years) exhibited parkinsonism. According to their parkinsonian features and presence of other neurologic signs including dementia, extraocular movement abnormalities, and cerebellar or autonomic dysfunction, they were classified into two groups: MND-parkinsonism (MND-P, n = 5) and MND-parkinsonism-plus syndrome (MND-Plus, n = 3). In the MND-P group, parkinsonism was asymmetric, dominated by resting tremor, and responsive to levodopa. [(18)F] N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2ß-carbon ethoxy-3ß-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane (FP-CIT) positron emission tomography (PET) in two patients disclosed asymmetrically reduced uptakes in the dorsolateral putamen. In the MND-Plus group, parkinsonism was symmetric, with akinetic rigidity and postural instability dominance, and unresponsive to levodopa. [(18)F] FP-CIT PET scan in one patient showed decreased uptake in bilateral caudate nuclei and putamina. In conclusion, patients with MND and concurrent parkinsonism have heterogeneous clinical and imaging characteristics, which could be classified as features of PD and parkinsonism-plus syndrome. Patients with MND-P may have nigrostriatal dysfunction, and their parkinsonism may respond to levodopa treatment.

Fatigue in drug-naïve Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVES: Fatigue is common in Parkinson's disease (PD), causing serious negative effects on quality of life. Despite its clinical importance, the nature of fatigue in PD is poorly understood because its underlying neurobiology is unknown. Fatigue can be more complicated in advanced PD because of its chronicity. In order to find features that are innate to fatigue in PD, it would be useful to conduct a study looking at de novo PD. Assessing fatigue in de novo patients allows excluding at least one confounding factor. METHODS: We prospectively investigated 87 drug-naïve PD patients. Thirty-nine patients (44.8%) were found to have fatigue around the time of diagnosis of PD. RESULTS: We found that depression and difficulties with activities of daily living were independent risk factors for fatigue; however, motor dysfunction was not related. Clinically meaningful responses to dopaminergic medication were observed. DISCUSSION: Our study determined that fatigue occurs in the early stages of PD. It can inform clinical decision-making to significantly benefit PD patients with fatigue.