Eradication of multi-drug resistant bacteria by a novel Zn-doped CuO nanocomposite.

Zinc-doped copper oxide nanoparticles are synthesized and simultaneously deposited on cotton fabric using ultrasound irradiation. The optimization of the processing conditions, the specific reagent ratio, and the precursor concentration results in the formation of uniform nanoparticles with an average size of ≈30 nm. The antibacterial activity of the Zn-doped CuO Cu0.88Zn0.12O in a colloidal suspension or deposited on the fabric is tested against Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) bacteria. A substantial enhancement of 10,000 times in the antimicrobial activity of the Zn-CuO nanocomposite compared to the pure CuO and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) is observed after 10 min exposure to the bacteria. Similar activities are observed against multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR), (i.e., Methicillin-resistant S. aureus and MDR E. coli) further emphasizing the efficacy of this composite. Finally, the mechanism for this enhanced antibacterial activity is presented.

Visible light-induced OH radicals in Ga2O3: an EPR study.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were found to exist in water suspensions of several metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), such as CuO, TiO2 and ZnO. Visible light irradiation enhanced the capability of TiO2 and ZnO NPs to generate ROS, thus increasing their antibacterial effects. Because of the possible toxic effects on the host tissue it is desired to find nano-metal oxides which do not produce ROS under room light, but only upon a strong external stimulus. Using the technique of electron-spin resonance (ESR) coupled with spin trapping, we examined the ability of Ga2O3 submicron-particle suspensions in water to produce reactive oxygen species with and without visible light irradiation. We found that in contrast to ZnO and TiO2 NPs, no ROS are produced by Ga2O3 under room light. Nevertheless blue light induced hydroxyl radical formation in Ga2O3. This finding might suggest that NPs of Ga2O3 could be used safely for infected skin sterilization.

Low-level visible light (LLVL) irradiation promotes proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells.

Low-level visible light irradiation was found to stimulate proliferation potential of various types of cells in vitro. Stem cells in general are of significance for implantation in regenerative medicine. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of low-level light irradiation on the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow, and light irradiation was applied at energy densities of 2.4, 4.8, and 7.2 J/cm(2). Illumination of the MSCs resulted in almost twofold increase in cell number as compared to controls. Elevated reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production was also observed in MSCs cultures following illumination with broadband visible light. The present study clearly demonstrates the ability of broadband visible light illumination to promote proliferation of MSCs in vitro. These results may have an important impact on wound healing.

Probing Polarity and pH Sensitivity of Carbon Dots in Escherichia coli through Time-Resolved Fluorescence Analyses.

Intracellular monitoring of pH and polarity is crucial for understanding cellular processes and functions. This study employed pH- and polarity-sensitive nanomaterials such as carbon dots (CDs) for the intracellular sensing of pH, polarity, and viscosity using integrated time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy (FA) imaging (TR-FAIM) and fluorescence lifetime (FLT) imaging microscopy (FLIM), thereby enabling comprehensive characterization. The functional groups on the surface of CDs exhibit sensitivity to changes in the microenvironment, leading to variations in fluorescence intensity (FI) and FLT according to pH and polarity. The FLT of CDs in aqueous solution changed gradually from 6.38 ± 0.05 ns to 8.03 ± 0.21 ns within a pH range of 2-8. Interestingly, a complex relationship of FI and FLT was observed during measurements of CDs with decreasing polarity. However, the FA and rotational correlation time (θ) increased from 0.062 ± 0.019 to 0.112 ± 0.023 and from 0.49 ± 0.03 ns to 2.01 ± 0.27 ns, respectively. This increase in FA and θ was attributed to the higher viscosity accompanying the decrease in polarity. Furthermore, CDs were found to bind to three locations in Escherichia coli: the cell wall, inner membrane, and cytoplasm, enabling intracellular characterization using FI and FA decay imaging. FLT provided insights into cytoplasmic pH (7.67 ± 0.48), which agreed with previous works, as well as the decrease in polarity in the cell wall and inner membrane. The CD aggregation was suspected in certain areas based on FA, and the θ provided information on cytoplasmic heterogeneity due to the aggregation and/or interactions with biomolecules. The combined TR-FAIM/FLIM system allowed for simultaneous monitoring of pH and polarity changes through FLIM and viscosity variations through TR-FAIM.

Understanding the antibacterial mechanism of CuO nanoparticles: revealing the route of induced oxidative stress.

To date, there is still a lack of definite knowledge regarding the interaction of CuO nanoparticles with bacteria and the possible permeation of the nanoparticles into bacterial cells. This study was aimed at shedding light on the size-dependent (from the microscale down to the small nanoscale) antibacterial activity of CuO. The potent antibacterial activity of CuO nanoparticles was found to be due to ROS-generation by the nanoparticles attached to the bacterial cells, which in turn provoked an enhancement of the intracellular oxidative stress. This paradigm was confirmed by several assays such as lipid peroxidation and reporter strains of oxidative stress. Furthermore, electron microscopy indicated that the small nanoparticles of CuO penetrated the cells. Collectively, the results reported herein may reconcile conflicting concepts in the literature concerning the antibacterial mechanism of CuO nanoparticles, as well as highlight the potential for developing sustainable CuO nanoparticles-based devices for inhibiting bacterial infections.

A Novel Facial Cream Based on Skin-penetrable Fibrillar Collagen Microparticles.

Background: Collagen protein plays a notable role maintaining firm skin. Topical creams containing collagen fibers are widely available, but their usefulness is questionable due to limited skin penetration. When applied in a cream, collagen does not penetrate the skin leaving the skin structure unaffected. Objective: We formulated micronized collagen in a cream base. Using human skin samples, we sought to investigate the ability of the micronized collagen cream to penetrate human skin. Methods: Particle sizes of micronized marine collagen were evaluated using electron microscopy. Optical profilometry was conducted to evaluate skin topography and roughness. The antioxidant activity of the collagen was evaluated using the electron paramagnetic resonance technique by measuring the changes in free radical production. Collagen penetration depth in human skin samples was monitored using a non-invasive optical technique known as iterative multiplane optical property extraction, which works based on the detection of laser light phase changes following the presence of collagen particles in deep skin layers. Results: According to the electron microscopy, collagen particles were found to be of various sizes, the smallest being about 120nm in diameter. Skin topography measurements revealed that the treated collagen cream increased skin smoothness of the samples. Our results derived from the iterative multiplane optical property extraction indicated that micronized collagen in a cream base penetrates both the stratum corneum and the deep epidermal layers toward the dermis. Conclusion: Our investigation suggests that the collagen in the studied cream formulation was able to penetrate the stratum coreum and deep epidermal layers in human skin samples.

Noninvasive Nanodiamond Skin Permeation Profiling Using a Phase Analysis Method: Ex Vivo Experiments.

Carbon-based nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in nanotechnology. Among them, nanodiamonds (NDs) are suitable for biotechnology and are especially interesting for skin delivery and topical treatments. However, noninvasive detection of NDs within the different skin layers or analyzing their penetration ability is complicated due to the turbid nature of the tissue. The iterative multiplane optical properties extraction (IMOPE) technique detects differences in the optical properties of the measured item by a phase-image analysis method. The phase image is reconstructed by the multiplane Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm. This technique, traditionally, detects differences in the reduced scattering coefficients. Here, however, due to the actual size of the NDs, the IMOPE technique's detection relies on absorption analysis rather than relying on scattering events. In this paper, we use the IMOPE technique to detect the presence of the NDs within tissue-like phantoms. In addition, we perform ex vivo pigskin experiments to estimate the penetration of the NDs to the different skin layers and show that their presence reduces at deeper layers. The significance signal of the NDs within the epidermis, dermis, and fat layers gradually reduces, with t test significance values that are smaller than 10-4, 10-3, and 10-2, respectively. The IMOPE results are corroborated by TEM results and Franz-cell experiments. These results confirm that the IMOPE profiled the skin-permeation of the NDs noninvasively.

Antifungal activity of ZnO nanoparticles--the role of ROS mediated cell injury.

Metal oxide nanoparticles have marked antibacterial activity. The toxic effect of these nanoparticles, such as those comprised of ZnO, has been found to occur due to an interaction of the nanoparticle surface with water, and to increase with a decrease in particle size. In the present study, we tested the ability of ZnO nanoparticles to affect the viability of the pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans (C. albicans). A concentration-dependent effect of ZnO on the viability of C. albicans was observed. The minimal fungicidal concentration of ZnO was found to be 0.1 mg ml(-1) ZnO; this concentration caused an inhibition of over 95% in the growth of C. albicans. ZnO nanoparticles also inhibited the growth of C. albicans when it was added at the logarithmic phase of growth. Addition of histidine (a quencher of hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen) caused reduction in the effect of ZnO on C. albicans depending on its concentration. An almost complete elimination of the antimycotic effect was achieved following addition of 5 mM of histidine. Exciting the ZnO by visible light increased the yeast cell death. The effects of histidine suggest the involvement of reactive oxygen species, including hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen, in cell death. In light of the above results it appears that metal oxide nanoparticles may provide a novel family of fungicidal compounds.

Enhanced inactivation of bacteria by metal-oxide nanoparticles combined with visible light irradiation.

BACKGROUND: In recent years nano-metaloxides which easily penetrate into the cells with special interest due to their higher chemical reactivity as compared to that of similar materials in the bulk form. Of particular interest are nano-TiO(2) and ZnO, which have been widely used for their bactericidal and anticancerous properties. PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to examine the bactericidal properties of nano-TiO(2) and ZnO combined with visible light on S. aureus and S. epidermitis, known for their high prevalence in infected wounds. STUDY: Using the technique of electron-spin resonance (ESR) coupled with spin trapping, we examined the ability of TiO(2) and ZnO nanoparticle suspensions in water to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) with and without visible light irradiation. The possibility of exciting these nanoparticles with visible light in order to enhance their antimicrobial activity was also tested. RESULTS: Electron-spin resonance measurements revealed that ZnO and TiO(2) nanoparticles are able to produce ROS in water suspension. A remarkable enhancement of ROS production was found following illumination with blue light. In addition, illumination significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that nanoparticles combined with visible light can be used for sterilization purposes and may be effective for treating infected wounds.

Visible light-induced killing of bacteria as a function of wavelength: implication for wound healing.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Visible light (400-800 nm) at high intensity was previously found to kill bacteria that are frequently found in infected wounds, while low-power white light enhances bacterial proliferation. The phototoxic effect was found to involve induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the bacteria. The aim of the present study was to identify the most effective wavelengths in the visible range for inducing a bactericidal effect. EXPERIMENTAL: ROS production in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as a function of wavelengths in the visible range (400-500, 500-800, 415, and 455 nm) was studied using the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping technique. The phototoxicity of 415 and 455 nm light at different fluencies on the survival of S. aureus and E. coli was assessed by colony count of the bacteria following irradiation. RESULTS: ROS production following blue (400-500 nm) light illumination was found to be higher than that of red (500-800 nm). Within the blue range, light of 415 nm induced more ROS than 455 nm, which correlated with results obtained for the reduction in colony count of S. aureus and E. coli following illumination using equal intensities of these two wavelengths. At low fluencies, both 415 and 455 nm enhanced proliferation of S. aureus but reduced viability of E. coli. CONCLUSION: Intense blue light, preferably at 415 nm, could be used for bacterial eradication. However, it should be noted that low intensity of visible light can be dangerous since it may promote proliferation of the microorganisms.

Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus strains to broadband visible light.

The phototoxic effect of illumination with broadband visible light on the viability of two Staphylococcus aureus strains was examined in the present study. A difference in the light sensitivity of the two strains was found. Illumination of the tested strains with a fluence rate of 180 J cm(-2) caused a reduction of up to 99.8% in the colony count of one of the strains (the "sensitive" strain). Illumination of the other strain (the "resistant" strain) resulted in a 55.5% reduction in viability. Proliferation of both strains was observed at low fluence rates of light. The phototoxic effect was found to be dependent on oxy radical production. The light-sensitive strain produced higher amounts of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals than the "resistant" strain. Adaptation to oxidative stress was exhibited only by the "resistant" strain. The "sensitive" strain produced ten times more endogenous porphyrins and secreted almost nine times more porphyrins than the resistant strain. Furthermore, the "resistant" strain produced twice as many carotenoids that protect the strain from illumination than the "sensitive" strain. These results indicate that high intensities of visible light cause bacterial photoeradication, a reaction which may assist wound healing by killing the infecting bacteria. On the other hand, low intensities of white light were found to enhance bacterial proliferation and thus prolong wound infection.

Topical Hyaluronic Acid Facial Cream with New Micronized Molecule Technology Effectively Penetrates and Improves Facial Skin Quality: Results from In-vitro, Ex-vivo, and In-vivo (Open-label) Studies.

Background: Topical hyaluronic acid (HA) has shown effectiveness in maintaining skin hydration. Topical creams containing HA are widely available, but their efficacy is limited by their lack of penetration into the skin due to the large molecule size of HA, the result of being formulated into a cream base. Objective: In this three-part study (in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo), molecule sizes, penetration levels, and antiaging qualities of a topical HA facial cream that was formulated using a new technology that micronizes HA molecules (m-HA) were assessed. Methods and Results: Particle sizes of m-HA were evaluated using electron microscopy, which showed varying sizes, the smallest of which was 100nm in diameter. The antioxidation capabilities of m-HA were measured using electron spin resonance and were found to be higher than original HA. Skin penetration of the m-HA formulation was evaluated via immunohistochemical staining of porcine skin samples, which demonstrated penetration of the formulation into the stratum corneum and the deep epidermal layers toward the dermis. Antiaging qualities of the m-HA formulation were assessed in an open-label clinical study that included 36 healthy adult women. Skin parameters were measured objectively (e.g., Corneometer, Cutometer) and subjectively via patient questionnaire, results of which indicated significant improvements in facial skin hydration, elasticity, and wrinkle depth. Conclusion: The topical HA facial cream with m-HA technology demonstrated penetration into the epidermal skin layer, and, to our knowledge, our formulation is the first HA facial cream to achieve this. Clinical application of the facial cream demonstrated objective and subjective improvements in facial skin quality of healthy adult female subjects. Our results support the use of this new HA facial cream with m-HA technology as an effective antiaging topical therapy. Larger randomized, controlled studies are needed to confirm our findings.

A possible mechanism for visible light-induced wound healing.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic wounds resistant to conventional therapy have been treated successfully with low energy lasers and light emitting diodes (LEDs) in the visible and near IR region. It has been proposed that production of low level reactive oxygen species (ROS) following illumination is the first step of photobiomodulation. It was also shown that white light (400-800 nm) has similar stimulatory effects as lasers and LEDs. ROS at higher levels are toxic to cells and bacteria. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, we examined the phototoxicity of broadband (400-800 nm, 120 J/cm(2)) visible light on the survival of several pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus 195, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1316, Escherichia coli 1313, and Serratia marcescens. These bacteria were chosen due to their high prevalence in infected wounds. The survival of bacterial cells following illumination was monitored by counting the number of colony forming units before and after exposure to light. RESULTS: Illumination with white light, 120 J/cm(2), caused a reduction of 62%, 83%, and 56% in the colony count of E. coli 1313, S. aureus 195 and S. marcescens, respectively, though no reduction in the viability of P. aeruginosa 1316 was demonstrated. The phototoxic effect was found to involve induction of ROS production by the bacteria. It was also found that illumination of S. aureus 195 and E. coli 1313 in the presence of pyocyanin, known to be secreted by P. aeruginosa, had a stronger bactericidal effect compared to illumination alone. CONCLUSION: Visible light at high intensity can kill bacteria in infected wounds. Thus, illumination of infected wounds with intense visible light, prior to low intensity illumination for stimulating wound closure, may reduce infection and promote healing.

Imparting Pharmaceutical Applications to the Surface of Fabrics for Wound and Skin Care by Ultrasonic Waves.

In this review, we report the functionalization of textiles composed of nanoscale reactive materials in the treatment of wounds and skin diseases such as acne. In view of the growing demand for high-quality textiles, much research is focused on the creation of antimicrobial finishings for fabrics, in order to protect customers from pathogenic or odorgenerating microorganisms. We present coatings from inorganic, organic and biochemical nanoparticles (NPs) on surfaces that impart the ability to kill bacteria, avoid biofilm formation and speed up the recovery of wounds. In all three cases, sonochemistry is used for immobilizing the nanoparticles on the surfaces. The Introduction broadly covers the progress of nanotechnology in the fields of wound and skin care. The first section of this review outlines the mechanism of the ultrasound-assisted deposition of nanoparticles on textiles. The coating can be performed by an in-situ process in which the nanoparticles are formed and subsequently thrown onto the surface of the fabrics at a very high speed. This approach was used in depositing metal-oxide NPs such as ZnO, CuO and Zn-CuO or the organic NPs of tannic acid, chitosan, etc. on textiles. In addition, the sonochemical process can be used as a "throwing stone" technique, namely, previously synthesized or commercially purchased NPs can be placed in the sonication bath and sonicated in the presence of the fabric. The collapse of the acoustic bubble in the solution causes the throwing of the immersed commercial NPs onto the textiles. This section will also outline why sonochemical deposition on textiles is considered the best coating technique. The second section will discuss new applications of the sonochemically- coated textiles in killing bacteria, avoiding biofilm formation and more. Two points should be noted: 1) the review will primarily report results obtained at Bar-Ilan University and 2) since for all textiles tested in our experiments (cotton, polyester, nylon, nonwoven) similar results were obtained, the type of textile used in a specific experiment will not be mentioned - textiles will be discussed in general. It is also worth emphasizing that this review concentrates only on the sonochemical coating of textiles, ignoring other deposition techniques.

Interpretations of complications following third molar extraction.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical removal of third molars is often associated with complications. The aim of the present study was to analyze the incidence of complications following extraction of third molars relative to the risk factors. METHOD AND MATERIALS: This retrospective study included 463 patients who had mandibular third molar extraction (performed by a single surgeon, DSA) in the years 2001 to 2011. In total, 665 mandibular third molars were extracted. The average patient's age was 29 ± 11.30 years, median 26 years, and the patient age ranged from 13 to 75 years. Patients' records were obtained for medical/general data. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of postsurgical complications was 17%. Dry sockets showed the highest incidence (11.6%). Partially impacted teeth showed the highest incidence of complications (67.3%). Cigarette smoking correlated with increased complications and dry sockets, and complications were more prevalent on the left side (62.8%). CONCLUSION: Complications after mandibular third molar extraction increase with age, level of impaction, side of extraction, and cigarette smoking.

Sonochemical co-deposition of antibacterial nanoparticles and dyes on textiles.

The sonochemical technique has already been proven as one of the best coating methods for stable functionalization of substrates over a wide range of applications. Here, we report for the first time on the simultaneous sonochemical dyeing and coating of textiles with antibacterial metal oxide (MO) nanoparticles. In this one-step process the antibacterial nanoparticles are synthesized in situ and deposited together with dye nanoparticles on the fabric surface. It was shown that the antibacterial behavior of the metal oxides was not influenced by the presence of the dyes. Higher K/S values were achieved by sonochemical deposition of the dyes in comparison to a dip-coating (exhaustion) process. The stability of the antibacterial properties and the dye fastness was studied for 72 h in saline solution aiming at medical applications.

Enhanced pharmacological activity of vitamin B12 and penicillin as nanoparticles.

Sonochemistry has become a well-known technique for fabricating nanomaterials. Since one of the advantages of nanomaterials is that they have higher chemical activities compared with particles in the bulk form, efforts are being made to produce nano organic compounds with enhanced biological activities that could be exploited in the medical area. This study uses the sonication technique to prepare nano Vitamin B12 and nano Penicillin, and demonstrates their enhanced biological and pharmacological activity. The size and morphology of the nano Penicillin and nano Vitamin B12 were investigated using electron microscopy as well as dynamic light scattering techniques. The sizes of Penicillin and Vitamin B12 nanoparticles (NPs) were found to be 70 and 120-180 nm, respectively. The bactericidal effect of nano Penicillin was studied and found to be higher than that of the bulk form. Reducing the size of Vitamin B12 resulted in their enhanced antioxidative activity as observed using the electron paramagnetic spectroscopy technique. The penetration depth of these organic NPs can be detected by an optical iterative method. It is believed that nano organic drugs fabrication will have a great impact on the medical field.

Antibiotic nanoparticles embedded into the Parylene C layer as a new method to prevent medical device-associated infections.

Tetracycline nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and simultaneously deposited on Parylene-C coated glass slides using ultrasound irradiation. The optimization of the process conditions, the specific reagent ratio and the precursor concentration resulted in the formation of uniform NPs with an average size of ∼50 nm. These novel tetracycline NP coated-surfaces were tested against two common bacterial pathogens, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and were found to be extremely potent against both bacteria, suggesting that these antibiotic NPs provide the Parylene surface with self-sterilizing properties. Finally, the mechanism describing the formation of tetracycline NPs and their subsequent deposition on the Parylene C surface is presented.

Making the hospital a safer place by sonochemical coating of all its textiles with antibacterial nanoparticles.

The ability to scale-up the sonochemical coating of medical textiles with antibacterial nanoparticles is demonstrated in the current paper. A roll-to-roll pilot installation to coat textiles was built taking into consideration the requirements of the sonochemical process. A long-run experiment was conducted in which 2500 m of fabric were coated with antibacterial ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). The metal oxide NPs were deposited from an ethanol:water solution. In this continuous process a uniform concentration of coated NPs over the length/width of the fabric was achieved. The antibacterial efficiency of the sonochemically-coated textiles was validated in a hospital environment by a reduction in the occurrence of nosocomial infections. NP-coated bed sheets, patient gowns, pillow cover, and bed covers were used by 21 patients. For comparison 16 patients used regular textiles. The clinical data indicated the reduced occurrence of hospital-acquired infections when using the metal oxide NP-coated textiles. In order to reduce the cost of the coating process and considering safety issues during manufacturing, the solvent (ethanol:water) (9:1 v:v) used for the long-run experiment, was replaced by water. Although lesser amounts of ZnO NPs were deposited on the fabric in the water-based process the antibacterial activity of the textiles was preserved due to the smaller size of the particles.

New life for an old antibiotic.

Restoring the antibacterial properties of existing antibiotics is of great concern. Herein, we present, for the first time, the formation and deposition of stable antibiotic nanoparticles (NPs) on graphene oxide (GO) sheets by a facile one-step sonochemical technique. Sonochemically synthesized graphene oxide/tetracycline (GO/TET) composite shows enhanced activity against both sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The size and deposition of tetracycline (TET) nanoparticles on GO can be controlled by varying the sonication time. The synthesized NPs ranged from 21 to 180 nm. Moreover, ultrasonic irradiation does not cause any structural and chemical changes to the TET molecule as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The virtue of π-π stacking between GO and TET additionally facilitate the coating of TET NPs upon GO. A time dependent release kinetics of TET NPs from the GO surface is also monitored providing important insights regarding the mechanism of antibacterial activity of GO/TET composites. Our results show that the GO/TET composite is bactericidal in nature, resulting in similar values of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). This composite is found to be active against TET resistant S. aureus at a concentration four times lower than the pristine TET. The sensitive S. aureus follows the same trend showing six times lower MIC values compared to pristine TET. GO shows no activity against both sensitive and resistant S. aureus even at a concentration as high as 1 mg/mL but influences the biocidal activity of the GO/TET composite. We propose that the unique structure and composition manifested by GO/TET composites may be further utilized for different formulations of antibiotics with GO. The sonochemical method used in this work can be precisely tailored for the stable deposition of a variety of antibiotics on the GO surface to reduce health risks and increase the spectrum of applications.